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PubMed1985

Plasma exchange-induced biological stress of the Hagemann-mediated systems: results of contact activation and plasma substitution.

Plasma exchange can induce changes in the biological systems of coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement and kinins, either by contact activation or plasma substitution. In order to know which of the two is responsible, the actual initial and final values and theoretical calculated final values were compared. Fibrinogen, Antithrombin III and platelets fell more than expected, and there was a significant increase in Platelet-Factor four and Betathromboglobulin which was greater than would produced by plasma substitution alone. Fibrinolysis is shortened and white cells rise. Complement and kinins were not significantly changed. During plasma exchange, contact activation actually triggers coagulo-fibrinolytic pathway and stresses cellular components.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Plasma renin activity, blood uric acid and plasma volume in pregnancy-induced hypertension.

UNLABELLED: Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone (PA), blood uric acid (BUA), plasma concentrations of catecholamines (Pcat) and plasma volume (PV) were measured simultaneously in 24 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). This hypertensive group was divided into labile (LH) and persistent hypertension (PH) groups according to the response of their blood pressure to home bed rest. Compared to normal theoretical values, PV was decreased in both hypertensive groups (LH = -7%; PH = -14%). Compared to a control group (C) of 16 normotensive pregnant women, PRA was higher in LH and lower in PH whereas PA was lower in both hypertensive groups. BUA was higher than in C in both hypertensive groups. No difference in PCat was found between the three groups. In the PH group negative correlations were found between BUA and PRA, as well as between BUA and PV but no correlation between PRA and PV nor between Pcat and BUA were found. IN CONCLUSION: LH and PH are two pathophysiologically different entities in PIH. In PH renin secretion is not appropriate to hypovolaemia and therefore not primarily involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypovolaemia may play a role in the increase of BUA in PIH.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[A case of so-called plasma cell granuloma of the stomach--demonstration of monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgM, K) in the plasma cells].

A patient with a surgically removed plasma cell granuloma of the stomach is reported. The patient was a 54-year-old male, the lesion was IIc-like on the anterior wall of the antrum. Histologically conspicuous features were marked thickening of the submucosa by fibrosis, hyperplastic lymph follicles and massive infiltration of mature plasma cells. However, immunohistochemical study using the PAP technique demonstrated the monoclonal nature of the infiltrating plasma cells which were positive for IgM, k. This is the fourth case of plasma cell granuloma reported in the literature, however, our findings also suggested that this might be an early stage of plasmacytoma.

Granuloma↗

PubMed1993

Factor VIII, factor IX and fibrinogen content in cryoprecipitate, fresh plasma and cryoprecipitate-removed plasma.

In order to provide accurate information for physicians, factor VIII, factor IX and fibrinogen content were determined in 40 bags of cryoprecipitate, fresh plasma and cryoprecipitate-removed plasma. A cryoprecipitate bag with a volume of 21.8 +/- 5.3 ml contained 139.5 +/- 42.9 units of factor VIII and 200.0 +/- 80.0 mg of fibrinogen. Fresh plasma with a volume of 208.0 +/- 22.5 ml contained 180.9 +/- 45.3 of factor IX, significantly higher than in cryoprecipitate-removed plasma. It was also found in this study that group O blood showed a significantly lower level of factor VIII.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1994

[Auer-rod-like bodies in plasma cells in patient with plasma cell dyscrasia].

Auer-rod-like bodies were found in plasma cells from a 74-year-old man with plasma cell dyscrasia. These bodies exhibited red purple staining by May-Giemsa staining and were indistinguishable from Auer bodies often found in acute myeloid leukemia. These bodies, however, failed to stain with peroxidase and showed acid phosphatase positivity. Bone marrow examinations were performed three times at the sternum or iliac crest. The proportions of plasma cells were 4.4%, 3.4% and 3.8%. The Auer-rod-like bodies were found in 0.05% (2/3824), 0.07% (4/6883) and 0.08% (2/2656) of the plasma cells.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Quality of plasma separated from (buffy coat + plasma). An alternative way of blood processing.

A CPD/ADSOL triple-bag system was used to produce plasma, buffy coat and resuspended erythrocytes. These components could be produced in a quadruple-bag system when working according to the conventional technique. In the experimental technique, buffy coat and plasma are transferred together into the satellite bag and are separated from each other only after the second centrifugation. The plasma complement system is not activated and factor IXa is not generated when applying the experimental technique. The quality of plasma meets the international requirements. The blood component processing technique using a triple-bag system is less expensive compared to the quadruple-bag one.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗

PubMed1994

[Preliminary results of a prospective randomized clinical study on the comparison of solvent- and detergent-inactivated plasma (SDP-TNBT/Triton X-100) and untreated fresh-frozen plasma].

We report on preliminary results of a randomised clinical study comparing solvent/detergent-inactivated plasma to untreated FFP. Factors V, VII, VIII:C and protein S in the plasma units and in 14 patients were determined. Additionally, we measured prothrombin fragments 1,2, fibrin monomers, D-dimers, thrombin-antithrombin III, plasmin-antiplasmin complexes and fibrinogen degradation products as markers of activated coagulation (MAC), and calculated ratios of MACpost/ MACpre. One batch of SD plasma (SDP 797) with very high FVII and very low protein S seemed to produce significant changes in vivo without any clinical relevance. The bad quality of this batch could be due to virus inactivation in the early phase of large-scale routine production from a plasma pool that was too small.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗

PubMed1987

Hemodynamic tolerance and plasma volume variations during plasma exchange. Replacement fluid: albumin alone or albumin plus gelatin?

Little is known about mechanisms of systemic hypotension frequently reported during plasma exchange (PE). Type of substitution fluids may interfere with hemodynamic tolerance. In a prospective study, right heart catheterization was performed during 18 PE by filtration with isovolumic substitution. Blood volume was measured with 51Cr tagged erythrocytes and plasma volume (PV) calculated from hematocrit. Substitution fluids were either albumin (A; n = 9) or A + gelatin (A + G; n = 9). In both groups, PE induces significant (p less than 0.01) decreases of mean arterial pressure: group A: - 21 +/- 14%; group A + G: - 23 +/- 15%; of pulmonary wedge pressure: group A: - 41 +/- 33%; group A + G: - 36 +/- 22%; of cardiac index: group A: - 38 +/- 18%; group A + G: - 25 +/- 15%. Plasma volume also decreases after PE: group A: - 13.5 +/- 4%; group A + G: - 18.5 +/- 4%. None of the variations are significantly different between the two groups. So we think that substitution with albumin alone has no advantage for hemodynamic tolerance.

Albumins↗

PubMed1984

Haloperidol. Plasma levels and prolactin response as predictors of clinical improvement in schizophrenia: chemical v radioreceptor plasma level assays.

The relationship between clinical response of schizophrenic patients to haloperidol and (1) blood levels of the medication, determined by both gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and radioreceptor (RR) assays, or (2) prolactin response to the medication, was examined in an inpatient study using several fixed doses of haloperidol. Regression analysis disclosed a substantial curvilinear relationship between steady-state GLC-determined plasma haloperidol levels and decrease in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Psychosis factor scores; however, no substantial relationship was found between clinical response and RR plasma haloperidol levels or serum prolactin response to haloperidol. Our results suggest that steady-state plasma levels of haloperidol determined by the GLC chemical assay are a better predictor of decreases in BPRS Psychosis factor scores than RR assayed plasma haloperidol levels or prolactin response to haloperidol.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Plasma nitrite/nitrate level is inversely correlated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.

BACKGROUND: Plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) is a stable end product of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). However, there are few reports about plasma NOx levels in humans. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to assess the availability of plasma NOx for evaluating basal endogenously-synthesized or endothelium-derived NO, and to examine whether NOx levels are lowered in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or its risk factors. METHODS: Plasma NOx levels were measured using an automated system based on the Griess reaction. NOx levels for a 24-h period reproducibly became lowest at 6 A.M. in restricted healthy volunteers, and became stable in inpatient volunteers at 6 A.M. within 4 days after admission. RESULTS: Based on these findings, NOx levels at 6 A.M. in inpatients can be considered as the basal levels. In 40 inpatients suspected of CAD (28 men, 12 women; mean age 60 +/- 11 years), the basal levels of NOx were not related to CAD and its risk factors, except for hypercholesterolemia. The NOx level of patients with hypercholesterolemia was significantly lower than that of patients with normal cholesterol (n = 16,34 +/- 16 mumol/l vs. n = 24, 49 +/- 23 mumol/l, p < 0.03). Furthermore, the NOx levels correlated negatively with the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = -0.40, p < 0.01; r = -0.47, p < 0.003, respectively), but not with other lipid fraction levels. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the quantity of basal endothelium-derived NO synthesis may be decreased in the presence of hypercholesterolemia.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1996

Different responses of plasma ACTH and corticosterone and of plasma interleukin-1 beta to single and recurrent endotoxin challenges.

In a parallel study in 10 individual rats, three time series of plasma concentrations of ACTH, corticosterone (CORT), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) were measured before (time 0) and at intervals between 15 and 480 min following intra-arterial (i.a.) infusions of 25 microgram/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All LPS injections were given at 9 AM. The first time series was performed on naive rats (day 1). A sequence of six daily injections (days 3-8) of the same dose of LPS followed. The post-LPS time course of the plasma ACTH, CORT and IL-1 beta levels were studies on days 3 (second injection) and 8 (seventh injection). The first LPS injection induced a rapid (30 min) eightfold rise in plasma ACTH and CORT, culminating in concentrations 30 times the baseline at 60 min (ACTH) and 15 times baseline at 120 min (CORT). Both hormones receded back to the initial basal level at 480 min. On the other hand, IL-1 beta increased slowly to peak at 13 times baseline 120 min before declining to minimal seven- to ninefold basal levels, 480 min and even 48 h post-LPS. During the second phase of the experiment starting 48 h after the initial LPS priming sequence, the ACTH and CORT responses to daily recurrent LPS injections again differed from those of IL-1 beta. The post-LPS time courses of the ACTH and CORT reaction displayed a typical pattern of a progressive attenuation studied at days 3 and 8. The peak amplitudes at days 3 and 8 were reduced to 60 and 10%, respectively, for ACTH, and to 85 and 45% for CORT of those observed at the first LPS test. The duration of the response (both) was also shortened from 480 min (first LPS test) to 300 min at days 3 and 8. The post-LPS patterns of the IL-1 beta responses were characterized, first by basal levels seven to nine times higher than the initial baseline values (day 1), and by a rapid suppression of the post-LPS response, with only a slight (30%) increase at day 3 and no increase at day 8. Thus, after both acute and recurrent LPS administration, ACTH/CORT and IL-1 beta reacted differently to the endotoxin challenge. The two LPS reactive systems were not correlated. This is inconsistent with the often proposed role of increased plasma IL-1 beta release as an intermediary factor in the LPS-induced recruitment of the corticotropic axis in general infections.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1987

Comparisons of proteins and glycoproteins in neuronal plasma membranes, axolemma, synaptic membranes, and oligodendroglial plasma membranes.

Neuronal membranes are unique in that they consist of several functionally distinct segments: the perikaryal plasma membrane, the axolemma, the synaptic membrane, and the dendritic membrane. Methods are now available to isolate the first three types of membranes as well as to isolate oligodendroglial plasma membranes. The protein and glycoprotein compositions for each set of membranes were analyzed by silver staining after separation by SDS polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and by radiolabeled lectin binding to glycoproteins transferred to nitrocellulose. Analysis of the composition of each set of membranes reveals that they are all complex structures consisting of heterogeneous mixtures of proteins and glycoproteins, ranging in molecular weights from greater than 200,000 to 15,000. Each membrane fraction presents a unique pattern of staining and of lectin binding. As there were proteins and glycoproteins in common among the membranes, there were also differences. Synaptic membranes and axolemma appeared to have more proteins of higher molecular weight than the other membranes. Neuronal plasma membranes had a major concanavalin A binding glycoprotein at 79 kDa, which was not found in the other membranes. The three neuronal membrane fractions had a common wheat germ agglutinin binding glycoprotein at 82 kDa. The most interesting finding was the intense binding of neuronal plasma membrane glycoproteins to Ulex europaeus, suggesting high levels of fucose-containing glycoproteins.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Influence of maternal plasma protein binding on fetal unbound plasma concentration of propranolol in the pregnant ewe.

According to theory, for a drug of nonrestrictive, flow-limited clearance, a change during pregnancy of the unbound fraction (fu) of drug in maternal plasma should cause a change in steady-state unbound plasma drug concentration (Cu) in maternal plasma, which should also cause a change in fetal Cu. This theory was examined in 14 chronically cannulated, unanesthetized pregnant ewes in which 28 separate experiments were performed during the latter part of gestation. An initial bolus dose and 3-h constant rate infusion of propranolol were administered via the maternal jugular vein and steady-state maternal and fetal carotid arterial plasma total and unbound propranolol concentrations were measured. Fetal Cu (32 +/- 21 ng/mL) was significantly less than maternal Cu (78 +/- 52 ng/mL), due to previously demonstrated fetal hepatic extraction of propranolol. Notwithstanding fetal elimination, there was a significant correlation between fetal Cu and maternal Cu (r = 0.41, p less than 0.025). There was also a strong correlation between fetal Cu and the maternal unbound fraction of drug (fu; r = 0.75, p less than 0.001). We conclude that for propranolol, a drug of nonrestrictive, flow-limited clearance, changes in maternal fu can have a significant influence on fetal Cu, and therefore would be expected to influence the pharmacological effect of the drug in the fetus.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Separation of selenium-containing proteins in human and mouse plasma using tandem high-performance liquid chromatography columns coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

An analytical method that uses two different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns in tandem has been developed that separates three major selenium-containing proteins (albumin, glutathione peroxidase, and selenoprotein P) found in human blood plasma. The first column was a heparin affinity column and the second was a gel filtration column whose outlet was directly connected to an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The method successfully separated plasma selenium into the three selenium-containing proteins and revealed the preferential retention of selenium in the form of selenoprotein P in a selenium-deficient human and in selenium-deficient mice. Our results also confirm the results of previous studies that showed a preference for supplemented selenium to be taken up as selenoprotein P in rats. Advantages of the tandem column method are that it allows rapid and convenient analyses of the distribution of plasma selenium, and that it is suitable for stable isotope tracer studies and metal interaction studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The liver is the main organ to clear plasma and tissue kallikreins from rat plasma, in vivo.

We report observations regarding the in vivo distribution of labelled kallikreins in plasma, liver and some other organs, twenty minutes following their intravenous injection in the rat. The kallikreins used were: tritiated homogeneous human plasma (HuPK) and horse urinary (HoUK) as well as highly purified iodinated rat plasma kallikrein (RPK). The main findings were: the liver cleared 15% of HuPK, 38% of RPK and 69% HoUK; with both types (plasma and tissue) of native kallikreins the liver was the main clearing organ.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Presence of normal human cell surface antigens in plasma of athymic mice bearing a human colon carcinoma and in normal human plasma.

The mixed haemadsorption (MHA) method was employed for detection of several normal antigenic components on the surface of human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29). The antigens were expressed by cells in monolayer cultures and in suspensions prepared by monolayer trypsinization, and by cells of tumours growing progressively in athymic mice. The plasma of such animals bearing medium sized and large, non-necrotic tumours contained all the antigens, as determined by the radial diffusion immune haemolysis method (RDIH); the plasma of animals with small or large heavily necrotic tumours did not contain detectable amounts of any of the determinants. The half-life of the determinants in the circulation as extracellular entities was ca. 20 h. The same antigens, and fibronectin, were found to be ubiquitously represented in normal human plasma. It is proposed that the presence of membrane antigens in plasma is the result of physiological shedding of cell surface constituents by living cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1988

Quantitative analyses of atrial myoendocrine cells and plasma atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) of the rat with special reference to the twenty-four-hour variations in secretory granules and plasma ANP concentrations.

Subcellular structures of atrial myoendocrine cells in the rat heart and plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) were examined at six evenly-spaced time points over 24 h, using morphometric techniques and radioimmunoassay. Myofibrils and mitochondria of the cells occupied 73.3% of the cytoplasm; 2% of the cytoplasm was occupied by secretory granules, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, structures characteristic of endocrine cells. Plasma ANP concentration was maximal at 08.00 h, when the individual volume of secretory granules was minimal. The numerical density of secretory granules was increased at 12.00 h. The plasma ANP concentration was minimal at 20.00 h, when the numerical density was minimal and the individual volume was maximal. The fluctuation in plasma ANP concentrations over 24 h was thus parallel to that in the numerical densities of secretory granules and inverse to that in individual volumes. These results suggest that in rats the secretory activity of atrial myoendocrine cells increases at the beginning of the resting period, whereas it decreases at the beginning of the active phase.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The influence of circadian variations in plasma iron on the measure of plasma iron turnover.

In 92 cases studied in vivo with 59Fe, the variations of plasma iron during the study were measured. Errors in calculation of plasma iron turnover of up to 25% can be made in normosideremic patients if such variations are not taken into account. In hypersideremic patients the variations of plasma iron are low or nil; in hyposideremic patients the slow variations of plasma iron concentration do not alter the rapid slope of radio-iron removal.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗