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PubMed2004

A psychological model that integrates ethics in engineering education.

Ethics has become an increasingly important issue within engineering as the profession has become progressively more complex. The need to integrate ethics into an engineering curriculum is well documented, as education does not often sufficiently prepare engineers for the ethical conflicts they experience. Recent research indicates that there is great diversity in the way institutions approach the problem of teaching ethics to undergraduate engineering students; some schools require students to take general ethics courses from philosophical or religious perspectives, while others integrate ethics in existing engineering courses. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to implement the integration of ethics in engineering education that is pedagogically based on Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2005

Moral pedagogy and practical ethics.

Online science and engineering ethics (SEE) education can support appropriate goals for SEE and the highly interactive pedagogy that attains those goals. Recent work in moral psychology suggests pedagogical goals for SEE education that are surprisingly similar to goals enunciated by several panels in SEE. Classroom-based interactive study of SEE cases is a suitable method to achieve these goals. Well-designed cases, with appropriate goals and structure can be easily adapted to courses that have online components. It is less clear that exclusively online methods can support the wide range of goals necessary to good moral pedagogy in SEE, though there seems no a priori reason to rule this out. Only careful, goal-based assessment of online case study SEE teaching can resolve this question.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

Educational technologies and the teaching of ethics in science and engineering.

To support the teaching of ethics in science and engineering, educational technologies offer a variety of functions: communication between students and instructors, production of documents, distribution of documents, archiving of class sessions, and access to remote resources. Instructors may choose to use these functions of the technologies at different levels of intensity, to support a variety of pedagogies, consistent with accepted good practices. Good pedagogical practices are illustrated in this paper with four examples of uses of educational technologies in the teaching of ethics in science and engineering. Educational technologies impose costs for the purchase of hardware, licensing of software, hiring of support personnel, and training of instructors. Whether the benefits justify these costs is an unsettled question. While many researchers are studying the possible benefits of educational technologies, all instructors should assess the effectiveness of their practices.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2006

A team-taught interdisciplinary approach to engineering ethics.

This paper outlines the development and implementation of a new course in Engineering Ethics at the University of Tennessee. This is a three-semester-hour course and is jointly taught by an engineering professor and a philosophy professor. While traditional pedagogical techniques such as case studies, position papers, and classroom discussions are used, additional activities such as developing a code of ethics and student-developed scenarios are employed to encourage critical thinking. Among the topics addressed in the course are engineering as a profession and its role in society; ethical successes and failures; risk, safety, and the environment; professional responsibilities; credit and intellectual property; and international concerns. The most significant aspect of the course is that it brings both engineering and non-engineering points of view to the topics at hand. This is accomplished in two ways. First, as mentioned previously, it is team-taught by engineering faculty with an interest in ethical and societal issues, and by philosophy faculty with expertise in the field of professional ethics and an interest in science and technology. Second, the course is offered to both engineers and non-engineers. This mix of students requires that all students must be able to explain their technical and ethical decisions in a non-technical manner. Work teams are structured to maximize interdisciplinary interaction and to foster insights by each student into the professional commitments and attitudes of others.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1989

Cognitive errors in diagnosis: instantiation, classification, and consequences.

To identify diagnostic errors caused by faulty clinical cognition, we analyzed 40 consecutive transcripts of problem-solving exercises published in a pedagogic series of clinical reasoning. The analysis disclosed multiple errors in cognition and produced a provisional classification of these errors based on a framework derived from cognitive science. Faults in cognition were identified in all steps of the diagnostic process, including triggering, context formulation, information gathering and processing, and verification. We instantiated each type of error by providing detailed specific examples, and identified the consequences of each error. We conclude that cognitive errors can be identified and classified, that they can produce serious morbidity, and that a classification of cognitive errors is a step toward a deeper understanding of the epidemiology, causes, and prevention of diagnostic errors.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

The working positions of schoolchildren.

The survey described was carried out at a school in a Danish provincial town. During a one-week period, teachers recorded the various working positions of the schoolchildren. The positions recorded were those intended by the teachers. The average percentage of time allocated to physically active functions was generally acceptable. However, on average four of the classes were seated for more than 60 min without breaks, which is found to be inexpedient, medically as well as pedagogically. The time spent sitting is roughly distributed equally between backward-learning and forward-leaning positions: a fact to be remembered when designing school furniture for the future.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

When reading is acquired but phonemic awareness is not: a study of literacy in Down's syndrome.

The concept of phonological awareness (PA) has loomed large in recent discussions of the acquisition of literacy in alphabetic orthographies (Bryant & Goswami, 1987). The term is usually taken to imply overt knowledge of how spoken words can be analysed into their constituent sounds ("phones"). This awareness is assessed by such tasks as requiring the child to produce (or recognize) rhymes, to indicate how many sounds there are in a particular word, or to delete a constituent (phone or syllable) of a word and pronounce the remainder. It has been asserted that these skills play a causal role in the development of reading ability (Bradley & Bryant, 1983). We provide evidence against the position that such skills are essential prerequisites for reading (and any other hypothesis that claims necessary causal links between reading and PA). It is shown that some children with Down's syndrome can learn to read despite their failure on a set of tasks conventionally employed to assess PA. The pedagogic implication is that reading should be taught by teaching reading skills (including letter-sound correspondences), not phonological awareness skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Microcomputer programs for complex epidemiologic procedures. I. Computation of adjusted rates.

In epidemiological cohort studies one measure of association based directly on incidence or mortality rates is the excess rate. This measure is defined as the excess in these rates between two groups with different exposure experience. At times the computation of these excess rates separately for each of the categories of a risk factor is crucial, as with these rates we can then determine whether the factor exerts a dose-response effect that may implicate a causal relation. Recently an indirect method of standardization has been reported, which computes the excess rates for a factor that are adjusted for the confounding effects of several other factors. The method involves a complex iterative procedure that cannot be carried out easily without the aid of a computer. The objective of this communication is to make available a microcomputer program that has been written to implement this laborious computation. In this pedagogic note the adjustment method is described and the application of the microcomputer program is illustrated.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1996

MRI electromagnetic field penetration in cylindrical objects.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging information depends on the knowledge of the behavior of the transverse, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields inside biological objects. Here we present exact results for the RF vector potential field inside and outside a cylindrical object that mimics the human body. These results are obtained by solving Maxwell Equations with appropriate boundary conditions, and take into consideration the object conductivity and dielectric constant and the presence of a cylindrical RF uniform-current-carrying coil. A computer code that evaluates RF magnetic field phase and magnitude is presented for two cases of interest: for a longitudinal and for a phi-directed current. Each of those cases is studied in free space and in the presence of a metallic shielding. The symbolic code will be of use for order-of-magnitude calculations in the clinical world and, for pedagogical uses in medical imaging courses.

Electric Conductivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simulation of micropopulations in epidemiology: tutorial. 3. Simulation model evaluation methods. A series of tutorials illustrated by coronary heart disease models.

This is the third in a series of tutorials concerning the simulation of micropopulation models to support epidemiological research. The series emphasizes techniques used in studies at the National Micropopulation Simulation Resource at the University of Minnesota. For pedagogic purposes, applications to coronary heart disease (CHD) models are used to illustrate the principles and methodologies employed. All of the models presented are implemented using available software. A variety of tests and techniques are used to evaluate these models. This tutorial presents some of those methods stressing the advantages and limitations of the tests rather than the formal definitions. To make the evaluation methods more understandable, some of the risk factors for CHD models are introduced. The interpretation of the evaluation depends critically on the goals of the modeling effort. The subset of evaluation methods presented includes investigations of the epidemiological, mathematical and statistical aspects of the models.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1994

Simulation of micropopulations in epidemiology: tutorial 2. Analytic forms of event probabilities. A series of tutorials illustrated by coronary heart disease models.

This is the second in a series of tutorials concerning the simulation of micropopulation models to support epidemiological research. The series emphasizes techniques that are included in studies at the National Micropopulation Simulation Resource at the University of Minnesota. For pedagogic purposes, applications to coronary heart disease models are used to illustrate the principles and methodologies employed. All of the models presented are implemented using available software. Both interpretation of the results of survey and surveillance data, and the simulation for predictive purposes of micropopulation models, depend upon the form chosen to represent the probability of the occurrence of an event associated with coronary heart disease. Four different forms are discussed; each can be used to represent the probability of transfer from the healthy state to one of the disease states or, in other words, the probability of occurrence of an event of interest. These four forms are by no means all-inclusive; rather they are ones that are convenient to use with micropopulation simulation models and that exhibit a variety of the different possibilities.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1995

Recent developments in psychiatric nurse education in the countries of central and eastern Europe.

Since the social and political revolutions of 1989 and the years that followed the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CCEE) have undergone radical changes in their health care systems, and among the most radical of these has been the restructuring and reorganisation of the psychiatric nurse training and education, with a weather eye to the potential of mental health demands that may result from the socio-economic turmoil. This paper, much of which was compiled while on secondment to the WHO, attempts to give a brief overview of the main policy developments in selected countries and to place them within a philosophical, social and pedagogical context. It cannot escape notice that the way in which countries choose to educate their nurses and what they can be expected to achieve in their work, reflects a more global understanding of mental health--and that may be why we should all learn from this experience.

Commonwealth of Independent States↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Review and synthesis of selected nursing studies on teaching empathy and implications for nursing research and education.

The mandate by caring theorists to integrate caring into nursing curricula could be accomplished without major curricula change. The integration of empathy training, with special emphasis on expanding one's awareness of self as well as others, espouses a pedagogical approach to caring. The continuing effort of nurse researchers and educators to clarify how to best teach empathy and to integrate heuristic methods into nursing education and practice settings is imperative to the essence of nursing--caring.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

Corporal punishment in elementary education: views of Barbadian schoolchildren.

Most previous research has suggested that children often express little unconditional disapproval of the use of corporal punishment in schools. However, this might be expected to change when pupils become aware that such treatment is no longer permitted in many countries, or hear it labelled as "abuse." This paper reports on research conducted in elementary schools in the Caribbean island of Barbados, where head teachers (or their authorized deputies) are still permitted by law to use corporal punishment. Findings indicated that approximately three-quarters of pupils surveyed still approved use of corporal punishment with their own age group, although their comments also suggested that a considerable amount of routine (and illegal) "flogging" or "lashing" by regular classroom teachers occurred, which many wished to see stopped. The growing risk of clashes between parents and schools was also identified. While this and other recent studies in Barbados provide little evidence of support for the total abolition of corporal punishment within the educational system, it is hoped that research may have some role to play in exerting pressure on schools to eliminate some of their more ritualized and pedagogically counterproductive practices.

Attitude↗
PubMed1985

Microcomputers and consultation psychiatry in the general hospital.

The microcomputer allows for the design of a system that functions integrally with both the day-to-day and long-term needs of a consultation-liaison psychiatric service. This article describes a microcomputer system and data structure that can accomplish many of the same research tasks as a minicomputer system. In addition, the same data item inputs can be used to develop management reports that can facilitate the administrative as well as the pedagogic needs of a consultation-liaison service. Because of the daily availability and review of output reports, supervisors' corrections are made that enhance the reliability of the data. The program format provides 1) an intake form with pertinent identifying demographic data; 2) an activity file that contains every encounter between the consultant and the patient as well as research, supervisory, and liaison activities (which permit cost-effectiveness analysis); 3) a master clinical data base containing 255 variables for each case seen; 4) a computer-generated chart note; 5) letters to referring physicians; 6) clinical activity descriptions for billing; and 7) a file for pertinent literature searches. Since certain analyses may be limited in the microsystem, its interactive capacity with mainframe computers allows for complex functions. The microsystem described presently emphasizes flexibility, accessibility, and step-by-step development of files as needed by a particular consultation-liaison service. Finally, microcomputers are available at a fraction of the cost of the minicomputer or mainframe systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The role of psychiatry in the training of primary care physicians.

The question of psychiatry's role in medicine, and in particular its role in the training of primary care physicians (PCPs), is heightened by the knowledge that 60% of the 15% of patients who have DSM-III diagnosable alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health (ADM) disorders are seen exclusively in the general health sector. In addition, although PCPs have a low recognition rate of ADM disorders and are pessimistic about their outcome even with treatment, they prescribe the majority of tricyclic and anxiolytic medications. Models of mental health training for PC residents in training are examined, with particular emphasis on competencies taught, pedagogic vehicles, disciplines of the mental health teacher, and the relationship to departments of psychiatry. A computerized approach to assist the mental health training of primary care physicians developed at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Northwestern is presented. Finally, critical policy issues with regard to psychiatry's future role in training is described.

Computers↗
PubMed1990

The sixth stool guaiac test: $47 million that never was.

In a 1975 paper, Neuhauser and Lewicki analysed a colorectal cancer screening policy approved by the American Cancer Society. Their analysis yielded an incremental cost per case detected in excess of $47 million. This vivid demonstration of the impact of marginal analysis is frequently cited by health economists and is often used for pedagogic purposes. The analysis is incorrect because of two fundamental errors. We have reanalysed the protocol in two stages. After correction for these errors, the $47 million disappears, the marginal cost is quite modest and the policy appears to be defensible on economic grounds.

American Cancer Society↗
PubMed1991

The nature of genetic variation among viruses.

Genetic variation among viruses may seem unimportant and academic--related only to pedagogical classification of things--but accurate determination of genetic relationships can have important implications, from characterizing the molecular basis of attenuation of viral vaccines to furthering knowledge about origins of viruses and even of life itself. It can even help to establish priority in the discovery of viruses when properly applied. The purpose of this brief review is to demonstrate how viruses change and what implications these changes can have on the delicate balance between the viral parasite and its host. Examples will be drawn from the hepatitis viruses when possible.

Animals↗