Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Ownership”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Permanent versus temporary rural migrants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia--a logit analysis of their intentions of future mobility.

"The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting intentions of rural-migrants to return to their rural origins. Several socioeconomic, demographic, spatial, and temporal variables will be introduced to explore their explanatory power and interrelationship with the migrants' intentions. These variables are: Years lived in Riyadh, the current place of parents' residency, land ownership in the village, home ownership in the urban area, income, household size, and the area of origin. The data, which come from a sample survey of migrants conducted in Riyadh in 1983, will be analyzed by the means of binary logit model."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bronchial asthma and wheeze in a desert country.

A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted among school children (3300), aged 7-12 years, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the period January, 1988-February, 1990. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between asthma, allergic rhinitis, wheeze and eczema among Saudi school children. The relationship between pet-ownership and respiratory allergy was also studied. Detailed information was collected about wheeze and asthma in 3041 children and history of asthma and allergic rhinitis in their parents. The population sample had a high prevalence rate of diagnosed asthma (6.8%), history of wheeze (10.5%), allergic rhinitis (17.9%), and eczema (10.8%). Allergic rhinitis was the most frequently seen respiratory illness when compared to other respiratory symptoms. The prevalence rate of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among parents reflected the same pattern as that seen in the children. Prevalence rate for asthma in children with pets is twice that of children without pets (OR: 2.4; 95%, Cl: 1.8-3.1). The odds of having chronic cough (OR: 3.9; 95% Cl: 2.8-5.2), chronic wheeze (OR: 4.2; 95%, 3.3-5.4), allergic rhinitis (OR: 8.0; 95% Cl: 6.3-10.3) and eczema (OR: 2.8: 95 Cl: 2.1-3.7) was higher in children with pets than in children without pets. The present study revealed that pet-ownership was associated with increased respiratory symptoms.

Asthma↗
PubMed2005

Socio-economic health differences among the elderly population in Krakow, Poland.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether socio-economic health differences persist into old age in Poland and if there are SES-related differences in health by age group and gender. METHODS: 528 randomly chosen, not institutionalized elderly people aged 65-85 living in Krakow were interviewed about their socio-economic status (occupation, education, income, house ownership), health status (self-rated health) and quality of life (Cantril's ladder). RESULTS: People with higher level of education and higher occupational status reported significantly better health and better quality of life compared to people who were not as well off. Income level and house ownership had a significant influence on the quality of life of elderly people. In addition, some findings indicate differences in the patterning of health inequalities across particular age and gender groups. CONCLUSION: There are socio-economic differences in health and quality of life among the urban elderly population in Poland which are unfavourable for lower social strata.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

RESEARCH: Prospects for Preservation and Restoration of Riparian Forests in the Sacramento Valley, California, USA.

/ This GIS-based study analyzes the distribution and management of woody riparian vegetation in California's Sacramento Valley and discusses the prospects for its conservation. Although forests were the predominant floodplain vegetation prior to extensive settlement, only 3.3% of floodplain was covered by forest in the late 1980s. This remaining forest was fragmented into 2607 patches with an average area of 3.1 ha. Only 180 patches were >10 ha, with three patches >100 ha. Despite over two decades of conservation efforts, these forests are essentially unpreserved: Only 14.5% of extant forests are in public ownership or on land managed primarily for biological conservation. Some privately owned forests represent opportunities for preservation, but owing to their small size and scattered distribution, reforestation would be necessary to obtain a high cover of forest over large areas. Additionally, high property values, existing land uses, and regulated hydrology constrain conservation efforts. As a consequence of these constraints, and current distribution and ownership patterns, preservation or restoration of substantial areas of riparian forest would be extremely expensive and would divert conservation resources from other habitats in this rapidly developing state. Therefore, efforts to conserve these forests should satisfy two criteria: (1) that the specific goals are attainable with available funding and existing human uses, and (2) funding the effort will result in more effective regional conservation than would funding the conservation of other habitats.KEY WORDS: Central Valley; Conservation; Floodplains; Geographic information systems; Riparian vegetationhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n1p65.html

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Further research on accident rates in developing countries.

Earlier studies have shown that by using cross-sectional data for a group of developing countries, a significant relationship can be established between fatality rates and vehicle ownership levels. This paper updates relationships established in earlier years and identifies whether or not the slope of the regression line has continued to increase (and suggests that for the group of countries as a whole, there is a worsening in the safety situation). Similar relationships are also established for casualty rates. A detailed analysis is made of the relationship between fatality rates and parameters which describe, in part, the social, physical and economic characteristics of the developing countries. These include vehicle ownership, gross national product per capita, road density, vehicle density (per kilometre of road), population per physician and population per hospital bed. Again, comparisons are made with results obtained on earlier studies.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1993

Construction of a socio-economic index to facilitate analysis of health data in developing countries.

In order to plan, implement and monitor health interventions for the most deprived sector of the population, it is necessary to identify socioeconomic groups at risk. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used to construct a socio-economic index based on data collected from a sample of 2698 households in South-West district of the Ugandan Republic in 1988. This study is a part of the baseline survey done by the Government of Uganda in collaboration with UNICEF. Its aim was to reduce the incidence of death of children below 5 years from diarrhea. Two factorial axes, representing respectively the socio-cultural and the anthropological conditions, explained more than 80% of the total variability. Among the 11 variables employed the most useful in characterizing the socio-economic classification were: father's occupation, parent's literacy, father's professional position and ownership of a radio. A classification in 7 levels was obtained. The first two levels are characterized as professionals and civil servants. The bottom two levels include households where both parents are illiterate and where father's primary activity is agricultural at a subsistence level. The three middle levels represent a transitional situation. In order to classify the family into the different levels, the other related variables, such as father's professional position or ownership of radio or father's religion or presence of latrine proved to be very useful. A flow chart which identifies which level a household belongs to was constructed. A general and valid observation is that families classified into the last two levels (6 and 7) constituted the population at risk for health conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

How do economic status and social support influence survival after initial recovery from acute myocardial infarction?

There is much interest in the influence of psychosocial factors and social deprivation on health. This study investigates the influence of economic status (as measured by car-ownership) and social support on survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In addition, the possible influence of stressful life events and satisfaction with home, social and working/retirement life is also assessed. Cases with suspected AMI were identified through the Anglo-Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET). 1701 English patients completed a questionnaire. Patients were followed for between 4.7 and 6.3 years, with the single outcome measure being death from all causes. 1283 patients surviving 7 days were included in presented statistical analyses using Cox's regression. After adjusting for a broad range of clinical variables, patients with no car were at approximately 40% higher risk of dying following AMI than car-owners (hazard ratio 1.4, P = 0.007, 95% CI 1.1-1.8). Lack of social contacts or being unmarried were not significantly associated with survival after adjusting for car-ownership and clinical variables. Economic status and survival after AMI are associated. With the dominant psychosocial prognostic indicator in this study being economic status, attention focuses on the growing gap between the socially deprived and the more affluent, and its effects on health.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

General concepts in zoonotic disease control.

It is unlikely that human beings acquire a zoonotic infection from healthy cats without ectoparasites. The benefits of cat ownership to human mental health are well established. Veterinarians and physicians should work together closely to provide accurate information to cat owners so that logical decisions concerning cat ownership can be made by the owner.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Incidence, case-fatality rate and clinical pattern of firearm injuries in two cities where arm owning is forbidden.

OBJECTIVE: To review firearm injuries in five hospitals of Douala and Yaounde, both towns of Cameroon, a Sub-Saharan African country where ownership of firearm is forbidden. METHODS: This was a retrospective investigation carried out within the period January 1998 to December 2002. Records of the mortuaries, the emergency departments, the intensive care units, the operating rooms and the surgical units were all analysed to identify any injury caused by firearm. Our gold standard was any individual with a clear diagnosis of firearm injury, as determined by a medical doctor. RESULTS: 286 firearm injuries were found; 1.14 cases per 100,000 per year. 66% of cases were due to civilian assaults, 20% to armed forces, 8% to hunting accidents and 6% to accidental handling. There was no case of suicide or of shooting from a relative. The type of weapon was unknown in 31% of cases, it was a hand gun in 36%, a hunting type in 21% and an assault rifle in 12%. The mean age of victims was 33 years and the male:female ratio 5.5:1. The site of injury was unknown in 2%; the head in 6%, the chest in 12%, the abdomen in 31%, the extremities in 46%, the spine in 1% and multiple in 2%. The case fatality rate was 12.58%, and the victims were mainly criminals killed by armed forces assaults; the same ratio of survivors developed late complications. CONCLUSION: The incidence of firearm injuries in the two largest cities of Cameroon is five to fifty times lower than in many other towns, especially in Western countries. This may be due at least partially, to the current legislation on the ownership of firearm which is very restrictive in this country. Some efforts are however needed to reduce illegal access to weapons and to educate hunters on the safe handling of their gun.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Dog allergen (Can f 1) and cat allergen (Fel d 1) in US homes: results from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing.

BACKGROUND: Exposures to dog and cat allergens are believed to play important roles in the etiology of asthma; however, the levels of these allergens have never been assessed in a representative sample of US homes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate and characterize exposures to Can f 1 (dog allergen) and Fel d 1 (cat allergen) in US homes. METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, a nationally representative survey of 831 US homes. Vacuumed-collected dust samples from the bed, bedroom floor, living room floor, and living room sofa were analyzed for concentrations of Can f 1 and Fel d 1 (micrograms of allergen per gram of dust). RESULTS: Although a dog or cat had lived in only 49.1% of homes in the previous 6 months, Can f 1 and Fel d 1 were detected in 100% and 99.9% of homes, respectively. Averaged over the sampled sites, geometric mean concentrations (microg/g) were 4.69 for Can f 1 and 4.73 for Fel d 1. Among homes with an indoor dog and cat, respectively, geometric mean concentrations were 69 for Can f 1 and 200 for Fel d 1. Among homes without the indoor pet, geometric mean concentrations were above 1.0. The independent predictors of elevated concentrations in homes without pets were all demographic variables that were also linked to a higher prevalence of pet ownership. CONCLUSIONS: Can f 1 and Fel d 1 are universally present in US homes. Levels that have been associated with an increased risk of allergic sensitization were found even in homes without pets. Because of the transportability of these allergens on clothing, elevated levels in homes without pets, particularly among demographic groups in which pet ownership is more prevalent, implicate the community as an important source of these pet allergens.

Allergens↗
PubMed2005

Resolving border disputes in midlevel vision.

Two papers in this issue of Neuron specify the coding of border ownership, the basis of figure-ground segmentation, in early extrastriate visual cortex (area V2). Recording from a population of neurons, Qiu and von der Heydt show that border ownership assignments based on 2D images show the same bias when tested with stereopsis. Zhaoping shows that a neural model of V2 can make appropriate border assignments based on 2D images.

Form Perception↗
PubMed2005

Perspectives on Drug and Therapeutics Committee policy implementation.

BACKGROUND: Drug and therapeutics committees (DTCs) are expected to make difficult decisions that may have an impact on the clinical and economic outcomes of drug use. There have been few studies investigating the barriers to DTC policy implementation, and little is known about ways to improve the process. OBJECTIVES: The specific objectives of this qualitative study were to explore stakeholder opinions with respect to (1) the perceptions of barriers to Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC) policy implementation and (2) ways to improve DTC policy implementation. METHODS: Stakeholders of Australian DTCs participated in focus group discussions. Discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Six focus group discussions were conducted. A number of barriers were identified (lack of resources, lack of follow-up, lack of ownership, low DTC profile within the organization, and overreliance on pharmacy to implement policy). Participants were of the opinion that prioritizing decisions, optimizing pharmacy roles, provision of real-time information, and active procurement of organizational commitment were some of the ways to improve DTC policy implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study was conducted in an Australian setting, the challenges facing DTCs in other countries are likely to be similar. Ownership, social influence, and resources are important issues in the implementation of policy/guidelines for many DTCs, both in Australia and internationally. It is expected that these issues will have an impact on policy implementation. Therefore, the findings of this study may be widely applicable. This work reinforced the notion that the significance of DTCs lies beyond decision making alone. The time and expertise invested in decision making could be undermined, if DTC policies are not effectively implemented.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Childhood cat allergen exposure in three European countries: The AIRALLERG study.

INTRODUCTION: Cat allergen is a major cause of morbidity among sensitised asthma patients, but little is known about distribution of cat allergen exposure and its determinants in homes. METHODS: We measured cat allergen and potential determinants of cat allergen levels in more than 1000 homes. House dust was collected from children's mattresses and living room floors in approximately 360 homes in The Netherlands, Sweden and Germany and analysed for Fel d 1 in one central laboratory. Exposure was expressed both in concentration (ng/g) and in loads (ng/m2). RESULTS: Levels on mattresses were similar in Sweden and Germany but higher on Dutch mattresses. Dutch floors had higher concentrations than Swedish floors, which had higher concentrations than German floors. The differences in load were less clear. Cat allergen on mattress and floor were moderately to highly correlated. The most important variable quantifying cat allergen variation was the presence of a cat. Floor cover type and last time that floor was vacuumed were important in all three countries. The ratio of cat allergen loads between mattresses from homes with and without cats was higher for Sweden and Germany than for The Netherlands. This is likely related to higher prevalence of cat ownership in The Netherlands which leads to more contamination of homes in which cats were never held. Dust samples from 27-35% of mattresses from homes without cats contained more than 1000 ng/g cat allergen. CONCLUSION: With the exception of cat ownership and floor cover, questionnaire data on housing characteristics did not accurately predict cat allergen in the home.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2004

Social inequalities and disability in older men: prospective findings from the British regional heart study.

The independent association of socio-economic position with self-reported disability was assessed. The effect of home and car ownership as additional indices of socio-economic position within occupational social classes was explored. Data from a prospective study of a cohort of 7735 men aged 40-59 years at recruitment and representative of the occupational social class distribution of middle-aged men in Great Britain were used. Men were selected from one general practice in each of 24 towns in England, Wales and Scotland in 1978-1980. The present study concerns 5773 (88.4% of those able to take part) men aged 52-73 years at follow up in 1992 who completed the disability section of a postal questionnaire. A quarter (1453) of men reported disability. Socio-economic position measured as both occupational class (social class I vs. V: age-adjusted OR 5.0, 95% CI 3.4-7.5) and ownership of home and car (both vs. neither: age-adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.3-3.4) showed a graded relationship with likelihood of reporting disability in 1992. Within all social class groups, those owning both home and car had a lower risk of disability than those who owned neither, even after adjustment for a wide range of risk factors. Men from manual occupations were more likely than those in non-manual occupations to report disability on developing chronic diseases. The relationship between socio-economic position and severe, but not milder, disability appeared to be independent of disease status. Socio-economic position is a strong predictor of disability in later life independent of a wide range of lifestyle factors and presence of diagnosed disease. The likelihood of reporting disability between and within social class groups is influenced by material wealth.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Human cystic echinococcosis in two Mongolian communities in Hobukesar (China) and Bulgan (Mongolia).

In order to investigate the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in traditional Mongolian communities in western Mongolia and Xinjiang (northwest China), studies were carried out between 1995 and 2000, on two ethnically identical populations in Hobukesar (China) and Bulgan (Mongolia). The prevalence of human hepatic CE in the two communities was significantly different. In Hobukesar, human CE prevalence by ultrasound was 2.7% (49/1844), while in Bulgan it was 0.2% (4/1609) (P<0.001). Dog surveys showed that coproantigen-positive rates or dog necropsy positives were similar in both communities (35.0% in Hobukesar and 35.7% in Bulgan). Comparing possible risk factors, there appeared to be some significant differences between the two communities, which might contribute to the observed difference in CE prevalence. These included: the proportion of herdsman or farmers recorded; the proportions of dog ownership and livestock ownership; and the proportion of families practising home slaughter. The presence of a Russian dog-dosing programme up to the mid-1980s may explain the lower prevalence of human CE in the Bulgan population; no similar programme operated in the China-administered Hobukesar community.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Peripartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis in the National Hospital Discharge Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To determine nationally representative estimates of the incidence of peripartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis and to identify potential risk factors for these conditions. METHODS: We analyzed National Hospital Discharge Survey data for the period 1979-1991. Nationally representative estimates of risk were calculated by age, race, method of delivery, presence of pregnancy-related hypertension, census region, hospital ownership, and number of hospital beds. Multivariate models were developed using logistic and Poisson regression. RESULTS: There were an estimated 5484 cases of peripartum stroke and 4454 cases of intracranial venous thrombosis in the United States among 50,110,949 deliveries (risk, 10.3 cases of peripartum stroke and 8.9 cases of intracranial venous thrombosis per 100,000 deliveries). In both univariate and multivariate models, peripartum stroke was associated strongly with cesarean delivery, pregnancy-related hypertension, proprietary hospital ownership, and larger hospital size. Intracranial venous thrombosis was strongly associated with cesarean delivery and less strongly with smaller hospital size. CONCLUSIONS: Peripartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis are common complications of pregnancy. Although the associations identified in this study are plausible, further studies are required to confirm these associations and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Promoting the public health benefits of cycling.

The potential health gain from increased levels of cycling in Britain is large. This paper reviews current levels of bicycle ownership and use, and the factors which influence whether or not people choose to cycle in Britain. Cycle ownership is strongly associated with affluence and children. Males cycle more than females. Boys aged 11-15 years cycle the greatest number of miles per person per week, followed by men aged 16-59 years. Cycling to work is weakly associated with affluence. Modelling cycling to work patterns suggests that hilliness, traffic danger, rainfall and longer trip lengths are important deterrents to cycling. Cyclists identify cheapness, health, convenience and enjoyment as reasons for cycling. Non-cyclists identify danger, 'unpleasantness' (e.g. traffic fumes, weather), bike security and cycling not appealing as reasons for not cycling. Part of the lack of appeal of cycling reflects negative social attitudes towards cycling. Cycling has tended to be seen as a childhood activity and incompatible with an attractive and sophisticated image. Departments of Public Health Medicine and Health Promotion, in collaboration with other sectors, have an important role to play in promoting increased levels of cycling.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in schoolchildren in Trinidad.

The seroprevalence of toxocariasis was investigated in 1997/98 in 1009 schoolchildren (aged 5-12 years) throughout Trinidad. Infection, as measured by titre, was found to be high compared to values obtained from children in other countries. Using an excretory-secretory antigen and performing an ELISA test, it was found that 62.3% of children had an IgG antibody titre of > or = 1:100, indicating exposure to the parasite, while 27.2% had a titre of > or = 1:800, indicating a current or recent infection. Relationships were explored between seroprevalence and host factors including age, sex, school location, and other risk factors including geophagia, thumb-sucking, presence of other gastrointestinal-tract parasitism and pet ownership. There was no significant relationship between age and the presence of current or recent infection (P = 0.746). Boys were significantly more commonly infected than girls as were the attendees of rural schools versus urban schools (P < 0.001). The percentage of seropositivity among children varied widely from school to school. Pet ownership and the absence of pipe-borne water in the household were found to be significantly associated with positive serology (P < 0.05). Clinical symptoms mostly associated with positive serology were eczema, seizures and chronic cough. Recommendations derived from this study include health education in order to increase the public awareness on the transmission of the disease, de-worming all dogs and cats periodically and the curbing of stray dogs and cats. Environmental sanitation measures should include keeping children away from contaminated areas and practising proper hygiene after play.

Age Distribution↗