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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Impalpable testis cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the significance of ultrasonographically detected hypoechoic lesions of the testis when the clinical examination is normal, and to highlight the management difficulties thereafter. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a 2-year period four patients underwent radical orchidectomy where the sole indication for surgery was a hypoechoic lesion detected on ultrasonography (US). The indications for US were persistent scrotal discomfort in two men, contralateral orchitis, and the follow-up of testicular microlithiasis. The lesions were 4-11 mm in size and one man had several. None of the lesions were palpable; the tumour markers were normal in all patients. RESULTS: Three of the testes contained seminoma; in one there were two foci of seminoma and in all intratubular germ cell neoplasia was also identified. The remaining case was a Leydig-cell tumour. All tumours were staged as pT1 after radical inguinal orchidectomy. CONCLUSION: Impalpable lesions of the testis are likely to be malignant if they are hypoechoic on US and should be considered as seminoma until proved otherwise. The management thereafter is not straightforward, but must ensure an adequate histological diagnosis if the US appearances do not resolve.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of Actinobacillus seminis from the genital tract of rams in spain.

Actinobacillus seminis isolates were cultured from the semen (two isolates) and the left testis (one isolate) of two one-year-old rams in León, Spain. One animal showed lesions of chronic unilateral orchitis and epididymitis while the other appeared to suffer a subclinical infection and only a moderate number of pleomorphic rods and inflammatory cells were present in its semen. The isolates were biochemically similar to the A. seminis type strain NCTC 10851 and two other European A. seminis isolates, except that they produced acid from sorbitol; their identity was confirmed by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. The isolates were also tested against 30 antimicrobial agents, and only marbofloxacin was found active against all of them. As far as is known, this is the first report of A. seminis isolation from rams in southern Europe.

Actinobacillosis↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of islet cell antibodies (ICA) and islet cell surface antibodies (ICSA) in children and adolescents with antecedent mumps infection).

There is good evidence that viruses may play a role in some animal models of diabetes. Since mumps virus seems to be the most likely candidate, we studied the possible relationship of islet cell antibodies, islet cell surface antibodies and glucose tolerance in 86 children and adolescents in whom mumps infection had occurred 14 months previously. Impaired glucose tolerance was diagnosed in 3.5% (n = 3) but symptomatic diabetes did not appear. No relationship existed between complications of antecedent mumps infection (pancreatitis, orchitis, meningitis) and glucose tolerance. The prevalence of ICA and ICSA was 78% and 36%, respectively. The simultaneous prevalence of ICA and ICSA was 33%. The pathogenetic role of mumps infection and ICA/ ICSA and their possible relation to slow progressive beta cell destruction remains to be elucidated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Metabolic, hormonal, and immunological alterations in subjects with antecedent mumps infection.

Since mumps virus seems to be one of the most likely candidates in viral etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) we studied the possible relationship of glucose tolerance (75 g oGTT), beta cell function, diabetes associated HLA antigens, haptoglobin phenotype, islet cell antibodies (ICA) and islet cell surface antibodies (ICSA) in 125 subjects with antecedent mumps infection. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was diagnosed in 3.2% (n = 4) but onset of diabetes did not appear within 14 months after mumps infection. There was no relationship between glucose tolerance and complications of antecedent mumps infection (e.g. pancreatitis, meningitis, orchitis). The prevalence rate of ICA was 76%. ICSA were detectable in about 36% of children and 62% of the adults tested (p less than 0.01). There was no relationship between ICA/ICSA and diabetes-associated HLA antigens, haptoglobin phenotype or beta cell function (fasting C-peptide and insulin response to 75 g oGTT). However, adults with circulating ICA were characterized by a significantly lower insulin response to glucose. Fifty two "risk" subjects characterized by IGT, diabetes associated HLA antigen(s), ICA or ICSA either alone or combined were studied again 26 months after mumps infection. No symptomatic diabetes appeared and IGT was diagnosed in one case only. ICA and ICSA persisted in more than 50% of subjects in whom ICA or ICSA were present 14 months after mumps infection. Since the used immunological techniques do not clearly distinguish organ-specific from non-organ-specific antibodies the results must be interpreted with caution. To summarize, the preliminary results do not support a close temporal relationship between mumps infection and the onset of IDDM. The pathogenetic role of mumps virus and ICA/ICSA and their possible relation to a slow progressive beta cell destruction has still to be determined.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Computed tomographic studies of the scrotal contents, particularly the testis].

CT examination of the testes was carried out in 49 patients for the investigation of testicular tumours. Hypodensity and inhomogeneity were typical of teratomas and hyperdensity and relative homogeneity of seminomas. Granulomatous orchitis and lymphomas showed the same characteristics as seminomas. Three testes in the abdomen could be localised and classified. One non-palpable primary tumour was found as well as an old partially calcified tumour, three old torsions and one lipo-sarcoma. In about 10% it was not possible to distinguish between tumour and inflammatory lesions. Compared with sonography, CT has advantages, particularly in the diagnosis of old torsion.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

[Differential sonographic diagnosis of scrotal diseases].

High-resolution scrotal sonography proves valuable in addition to clinical investigation. On the basis of a retrospective analysis of 282 sonographic examinations this method's contributions to the differential diagnosis of diseases of the scrotum are shown. It is usually possible to distinguish testicular from extratesticular tumours; certain signs of inflammation allow the distinction between orchitis and tumour. Sonography is very important for the study of acute painful lesions of the scrotum, which are not palpable, such as rupture following a trauma, severe inflammation and even tumours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Echographic differential diagnosis of scrotal contents. A contribution to evaluation of the method].

Ten patients were selected from a clinical material comprising 336 sonograms of the scrotal contents in order to discuss the differential diagnosis of testicular and extra-testicular conditions. The decision whether a tumour is testicular or extra-testicular does not usually pose a problem, but may be impossible for small peripheral tumours. The shape of the epididymis and vas deferens and the structure of the testes is of significance in the differentiation between torsion and epididymitis. Rare diseases--myxoliposarcoma, infiltrating urothelial carcinomas from the bladder growing along the vas, lymphangiomas--are considered in the differential diagnosis of space-occupying lesions. Lymphangiomas produce a typical appearance on ultrasound. The criteria for the diagnosis testicular trauma, rupture, parenchymal tears and haematocoeles are defined. Differentiating liquid from solid is rarely a problem. A testicular abscess in the presence of chronic orchitis can simulate a solid tumour.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

Locus controlling Bordetella pertussis-induced histamine sensitization (Bphs), an autoimmune disease-susceptibility gene, maps distal to T-cell receptor beta-chain gene on mouse chromosome 6.

Pertussis toxin (PTX) is the primary component responsible for eliciting the majority of biological activities associated with Bordetella pertussis, including the induction of several tissue-adjuvant models of organ-specific autoimmune disease. PTX, when administered in vivo, enhances vascular permeability, which is made manifest by a concomitant increase in sensitivity to a variety of agents and treatments affecting the vascular bed. One such agent is histamine, and the response to PTX, as measured by hypersensitivity following vasoactive amine challenge, is genetically controlled by the Bphs locus. Susceptibility to the induction of both experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) in mice is associated with, and in the latter case linked to, a susceptible allele at this locus. We report here the mapping of the Bphs locus to mouse chromosome 6, telomeric of Tcrb and centromeric of Prp (D6Nds8). This region also contains a number of loci of immunologic relevance including Igk, Ly-2, Ly-3, Il-5r, Ly-35, Ly-4, and Tnfr-2.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Bancroftian filariasis in Kwale District of Kenya. I. Clinical and parasitological survey in an endemic community.

A cross-sectional parasitological and clinical survey for Wuchereria bancrofti infection was carried out in an endemic community of south-eastern Kenya, to obtain background epidemiological information for detailed serological studies on bancroftian filariasis in the same community. Quantitative examination of night blood samples (100 microliters) from 1129 individuals (76% of the population), using the counting chamber technique, revealed circulating microfilariae in 13.7% of the study group. Prevalence increased with age, and was higher in males (15.9%) than in females (11.6%). The geometric mean intensity among infected individuals was 223 microfilariae/ml blood (336 microfilariae/ml for males and 212 microfilariae/ml for females). Approximately 16.5% of the males aged > or = 15 years had hydrocele and 2.4% of the population had elephantiasis. The prevalence of these conditions increased with age; in those aged > or = 50 years, 23.8% of males had hydrocele and 6.1% of the total population had elephantiasis. Acute cases of epididymo-orchitis, adenolymphangitis and funiculitis were also seen. The microfilarial prevalence in males with hydrocele was not significantly different from that in asymptomatic males, but none of the elephantiasis cases had microfilaraemia. The striking difference in microfilaraemia pattern between hydrocele and elephantiasis patients may reflect different mechanisms underlying the development of these two chronic manifestations. The overall prevalences of microfilaraemia and clinical manifestations in this community were moderate when compared with those found in other studies carried out along the coast of eastern Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Infective endocarditis in children: profile in a developing country.

With the object of studying the profile of infective endocarditis in Indian children younger than 16 years of age, a retrospective study of 37 patients with infective endocarditis admitted to this hospital between January 1984 and December 1990 was carried out. There were 26 boys and 11 girls (aged 2-16 years (mean (SD) 10.3 (3.8)). Eighteen (48.6%) patients had underlying congenital heart disease, 13 (35.1%) had associated rheumatic heart disease whilst the remaining six had no pre-existing heart disease. All six patients with a normal heart and infective endocarditis had preceding extra-cardiac bacterial illnesses (epididymitis and orchitis in one, pneumonia in five). Blood cultures were positive in only 16 (43.2%): Staphylococcus aureus was grown in nine, Streptococcus viridans in six and Candida albicans in one. Sixteen (43.2%) of the 37 patients died owing to worsening cardiovascular haemodynamics, uncontrolled septicaemia and our inability to offer emergency surgery. The profile of infective endocarditis in developing countries is different from that in Europe and the United States of America, and the disease carries a very high mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aortic angiosarcoma clinically mimicking polyarteritis nodosa.

We report two patients in whom angiosarcoma of the aorta (ASA) with distal emboli and skin metastases was initially clinically misdiagnosed as polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Both presented with features highly suggestive of systemic necrotizing vasculitis, including constitutional symptoms, orchitis (in one), leg pain with sensory neuropathy, livedo, focal areas of skin necrosis, painful cutaneous nodules demonstrating vasculitis or inconspicuous changes on biopsy, raised acute phase reactants, and transient improvement with systemic corticosteroids. Repeated skin biopsies revealed an atypical endovascular cell proliferation with strong reactivity for factor VIII. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) demonstrated an intra-luminal aortic tumour at the infra-renal level. In retrospect, the (PAN)-like features appeared to involve exclusively the lower part of the body in these patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

HK-ATPase expression in the susceptible BALB/c and the resistant DBA/2 strains of mice to autoimmune gastritis.

Neonatal thymectomy (NTx) in mice induces a group of alterations in the immune system homeostasis that results in the development of a variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as gastritis, thyroiditis, oophoritis and orchitis. Given the importance of self-antigen expression in thymus for the control of autoreactive cells and generation of regulatory cells, we have compared the expression of parietal cell antigen in two strains of mice with the same H-2: BALB/c (susceptible to develop gastritis after NTx) and DBA/2 (resistant). We detected mRNA of HK-ATPase alpha and beta chains in day 1 thymi of both strains. Fifty percent of BALB/c mice presented mRNA levels similar to DBA/2. However, lower mRNA levels were found in the remaining BALB/c mice that may correspond to those that would develop AIG after NTx. Since the presence of the antigen in periphery is also necessary for the induction of regulatory cells, we have compared both strains observing in day 1 stomachs from resistant DBA/2 strain, a significantly higher content of positive cells for HK-ATPase subunits than stomachs from susceptible BALB/c strain. Also, the presence of antinuclear Abs in NTx BALB/c mice makes this model a useful experimental system for analyzing the responsible mechanisms breaking the non-specific self-tolerance.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

T-cell-mediated cytotoxic immune responses to F9 teratocarcinoma cells: cytolytic effector T cells lyse H-2-negative F9 cells and syngeneic spermatogonia.

Murine thymus derived (T) lymphocytes primed in vivo to mouse 129 (H-2bc) derived H-2-negative F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and rechallenged in vitro with X-irradiated F9 stimulator cells differentiated into anti-F9 cell immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Using CBA mouse derived splenic responder T cells, F9 stimulator cells triggered a primary cytotoxic anti-F9 response. The CTL generated lysed the F9 antigen-positive target cells F9. PCC3 and PCC4, but not the F9 antigen-negative mouse 129 derived PYS tumor cells, nor LPS induced H-2bc blast cells. Mouse 129 anti-F9 cell antisera but not H-2k anti-H-2bc antisera blocked the lytic interaction with F9 target cells. Similarily unlabeled F9 cells but not H-2bc blast cells inhibited the anti-F9 cell cytotoxicity H-2k anti-F9 cell immune CTL were found to be cytotoxic for syngeneic spermatogonia, known to express the F9 antigen. The results suggest not only that CTL can recognize and lyse H-2-negative target cells, but also that CTL precursors can be sensitized against H-2-negative stimulator cells. From the data available it may be inferred that anti-F9 Cell immune CTL recognize the F9 antigen, known to be linked with the T/t locus. Since anti-F9 cell immune CTL lyse syngeneic spermatogonia, the system may be useful to analyze in vitro the induction and effector phase of a T-cell-mediated cytotoxic autoimmune orchitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Thymus and autoimmunity: capacity of the normal thymus to produce pathogenic self-reactive T cells and conditions required for their induction of autoimmune disease.

BALB/c athymic nu/nu mice spontaneously developed organ-specific (gastritis, thyroiditis, oophoritis, or orchitis) and systemic (arteritis, glomerulonephritis, and polyarthritis) autoimmune diseases when transplanted with neonatal BALB/c thymuses. Transplantation of thymuses from adult BALB/c mice was far less effective in inducing histologically evident organ-specific autoimmune disease in nu/nu mice. Autoimmune disease developed, however, when adult thymuses were irradiated at a T cell-depleting dose before transplantation. Engrafting newborn thymuses into BALB/c mice T cell depleted by thymectomy, irradiation, and bone marrow transplantation produced similar organ-specific autoimmune disease as well, but thymus engrafting into T cell-nondepleted BALB/c mice (i.e., mice thymectomized as adults, but not irradiated) did not, despite the fact that transplanted thymuses grew well in both groups of mice. The mice with organ-specific autoimmune disease produced autoantibodies specific for the respective organ components, such as gastric parietal cells, thyroglobulins, oocytes, or sperm. The thymus-transplanted nu/nu mice also had hypergammaglobulinemia and developed anti-DNA autoantibodies, rheumatoid factors, and immune complexes in the circulation. These results indicate that: (a) the thymus of a murine strain that does not develop spontaneous autoimmune disease can produce pathogenic self-reactive T cells that mediate organ-specific and/or systemic autoimmune diseases; and (b) such self-reactive T cells, especially those mediating organ-specific autoimmune disease, spontaneously expand and cause autoimmune disease when released to the T cell-deficient or -eliminated periphery.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Unusual presentation of life-threatening Toscana virus meningoencephalitis.

This case report describes a brother and a sister with severe meningoencephalitis caused by Toscana virus (TOSv). The clinical presentation was characterized by stiff neck, deep coma, maculopapular rash, diffuse lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, renal involvement, tendency to bleeding, and diffuse intravascular coagulation. The boy had epididymo-orchitis. Recovery with neurologic sequelae as hydrocephalus was observed. Microbiological diagnosis was obtained by serological tests and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products from the S and M segments was carried out. TOSv may be a causative agent in severe meningoencephalitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Decrease of both stem cell factor and clusterin mRNA levels in testicular biopsies of azoospermic patients with constitutive or idiopathic but not acquired spermatogenic failure.

BACKGROUND: Sertoli cells nurse germ cells during spermatogenesis, and alterations of Sertoli cell functions have been suggested in cases of spermatogenic failures. METHODS: In this work, we measured stem cell factor (SCF) and clusterin mRNA levels, by quantitative RT-PCR, in RNA extracted from testicular biopsies of 49 azoospermic patients classified according to testicular histology as having normal spermatogenesis or spermatogenic failure. RESULTS: When related to the percentage of Sertoli cells counted on a histological section of a neighbouring tissue sample, SCF and clusterin mRNA levels were significantly lower in the 'spermatogenic failure' group compared with the control group (P = 0.0297 and P = 0.0043, respectively). These levels were also significantly lower in the cases of 'constitutive' (cryptorchidism and Yq microdeletion) and 'idiopathic' spermatogenic failures when compared with the control group; conversely, they were not significantly decreased in the group with 'acquired spermatogenic failure' (orchitis, testicular traumatism, chemoradiotherapy and varicocele). CONCLUSIONS: These data further demonstrate an alteration of Sertoli cell functions in some human spermatogenic failures and suggest that a lack of Sertoli cell maturation may be involved in cases of constitutive or idiopathic spermatogenic failures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Control and impairment of immune privilege in the testis and in semen.

It has long been known that the testis is an immunologically privileged site in the body, and that human seminal plasma possesses a generalized immunosuppressive activity. Multiple factors participate in the establishment of immunotolerance in the testis: the blood-tubular barrier; the local production of immunosuppressive molecules by Sertoli cells; and the Fas system as regulator of immunological homeostasis in both physiological and pathological conditions. Cytokine-induced up-regulation of Fas as well as of integrin ligands, which are known to be specific binding molecules for lymphocytes on the Sertoli cell surface, indicates that the 'nursing' cells of seminiferous epithelium might be important in the impairment of immune privilege, causing autoimmune orchitis. In addition, the soluble form of Fas-ligand protein present in the seminal plasma of infertile patients might suggest a role for this immunomodulatory protein in male infertility. Finally, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune privilege in the testis and in semen might help to clarify how cells expressing 'non-self' antigens (such as male gametes) can escape the immune system in both the male and female genital tracts.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Evaluation of tobramycin in severe urinary tract infection.

Twenty-five patients with severe urinary tract infections were treated with 3 mg of tobramycin/kg per day (given in two doses). Susceptible organisms were Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, and enterococcus. Clincal conditions in which treatment produced excellent bacteriological results included a wide range of urological disorders; the most common were pyelonephritis, cystitis, and epididymo-orchitis, Three patients had septicemia, and 12 had an infection that was the result of urinary tract obstruction requiring surgery.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗