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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Viewing distance variation and related ophthalmological changes in office activities with and without VDUs.

This experimental study was conducted on 14 volunteer female clerks to measure viewing distance variation and related ophthalmological changes in office activities with (session 1) and without (session 2) VDU. A video camera connected to an electronic elaborator was used to determine eye-screen distance of the VDU operators during the task. Before and after each of the two work sessions far refraction, far phorias, near point of accommodation (APP), and fusional convergence were measured. Blinking rate of each subject was measured by a transducer only during the "VDU session'. The objective measurements of the eye-screen distance, whose range was between 48.42 and 65.33 cm, allowed a precise quantification of the occupational visual load during session 1. The accommodation was about 1.5-2D on average and the fusional convergence 10-13 delta on average. The symptomatology shows a number of disturbances in session 1 (71.4%) clearly higher than in session 2 (35.7%). The study of refraction before and after the task has shown a slight excess of accommodation compared to the theoretical value in both sessions, more marked in session 1. The APP shows no statistical significative variation. A tendency to exophoria was registered at the beginning and at the end of the trial and the fusional convergence clearly decreased, especially in the first session.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2004

The use of dye in ophthalmology.

Dyes are used in current ophthalmological practice, both as diagnostic and therapeutic aids. Commonly used dyes include sodium fluorescein, indocyanine green, rose bengal and methylene blue. The properties of these agents are outlined, along with indications for their use. The article concentrates mainly on intravenous sodium fluorescein and fundus fluorescein angiography, although topical and intracameral use of other dyes is highlighted. Ocular tissue responses are discussed, in particular those of the retinal vasculature and choroidal circulation. The normal blood-retinal barriers and pathology of abnormal angiography findings is presented. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dye are discussed, along with potential systemic complications.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A real-time video pattern generator for use in ophthalmology.

An automated real-time microcomputer-based video pattern generator for use in optometry and ophthalmology is presented. The system can generate various vision pattern tests including a static and dynamic random dot stereogram that can be used to test depth perception. The patterns are generated in real time, which provides the ability to generate programmable images with objects that can move at different speeds. This feature is very useful in testing depth perception among infants and non-communicative people by correlating the movement of the eye with the movement of the object. The system also can generate other patterns such as checkerboards, vertical and horizontal bars, and provide the ability to sweep the size of the checkers and bars. These patterns are also useful for testing visual acuity. The system hardware is based on the TMS34010 graphics processor and hardware circuits and is connected to a host computer through a RS-232C serial communication port. Both control and application programs are written in assembly language. The system is fast, versatile and flexible with affordable cost.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of epilepsy.

This review summarizes the major neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of epilepsy. Positive or negative visual manifestations such as hallucinations or visual loss may be seen. There is considerable overlap of the visual manifestations with migrainous aura and transient ischemic attack (TIA), making a detailed history important for accurate diagnosis. Oculomotor manifestations, such as tonic eye deviation, are often recognized to have localizing value. Nystagmus or repetitive blinking may be present and offer clues in clinically subtle seizures.

Epilepsy↗
PubMed2002

Prediction of the progression of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy at first ophthalmologic examination: use of a neural network.

In the present work we analyzed patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) at various clinical stages of disease progression and implemented a model of neural analysis for disease classification and prediction of progression. We studied 246 patients (group 1), seen only once because they had absent, minimal, or inactive TAO and 152 patients (group 2), seen two or more times because of active and/or progressive TAO. The ophthalmologic assessment included: (1) lid fissure measurement; (2) Hertel; (3) color vision; (4) cover test and Hess screen; (5) visual acuity; (6) tonometry; (7) fundus examination; (8) visual field; (9) orbital computed tomography (CT) scan or ultrasound. A back propagation model of neural network was based on the relative variations of 13 clinical eye signs (input variables) for classification and prediction of disease progression (output variable). Approximately 300 eyes (20%) were randomly selected as a test group. Correlation between expected and calculated patients' classification was highly significant (p < 0.00001). Concordance between clinical assessment and the neural network prediction was obtained in 78 of 117 eyes (67%). We have developed a neural model that allows classification of TAO and preliminary prediction of disease progression at the first clinical examination. The results are validating the classification into the two groups on which our initial assumption was based.

Disease Progression↗
PubMed1992

Ophthalmological examinations of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome selected from a rheumatological practice.

Ophthalmological examination of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) (n = 44) taken randomly from a rheumatological practice revealed that in this population group the eyes were frequently but not seriously involved (n = 42). Primary SS patients (n = 44) could not be separated from patients suspected of primary SS, in whom the diagnosis had been excluded (n = 21) on the basis of ocular examination, but they were clearly distinguishable from healthy controls (n = 26). The diagnostic value of the tests currently in use to establish the diagnosis keratoconjunctivitis sicca in primary SS such as Schirmer's, tear film break up time and rose bengal staining tests appeared to be limited. These results demonstrate the heterogeneity of the syndrome, the influence of patient selection on patient characteristics in different primary SS populations and the limited value of using the present classification criteria for the diagnosis primary SS in individual patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ophthalmologic findings in patients with nonsyndromic plagiocephaly.

The purpose of this article was to study the prevalence of strabismus and astigmatism in children with nonsyndromic plagiocephaly. Children with deformational plagiocephaly do not have an increased prevalence of strabismus compared with the general population but do have an increased prevalence of astigmatism, whereas children with nonsyndromic craniosynostotic plagiocephaly have an increased prevalence of strabismus and astigmatism. This observational cohort study retrospectively reviewed patients in a multidisciplinary craniofacial clinic between 1993 and 2001. Patients were referred for evaluation and management of plagiocephaly or craniosynostosis. One hundred eleven patients had deformational plagiocephaly, and 45 had synostotic plagiocephaly. Patients with lambdoid craniosynostosis, hemifacial microsomia, any syndromic form of craniosynostosis, or without a formal diagnosis were excluded. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmologic, ocular motility, and craniofacial examinations. Diagnosis was based on clinical and radiographic findings. Patients were evaluated between birth and age 14 years (mean = 13 months; SD = 22 months). Only 1 of 111 (<1%) patients with deformational plagiocephaly had an esodeviation, and none had an exodeviation. Three of 45 patients (7%) with synostotic plagiocephaly had an exodeviation, and none had an esodeviation. Eight of 93 patients (9%) with deformational plagiocephaly had unilateral astigmatism, and 14 (15%) had bilateral astigmatism (mean = 1.82 diopters). Three of 43 patients (7%) with synostotic plagiocephaly had unilateral astigmatism, and 9 (21%) had bilateral astigmatism (mean = 1.83 diopters). Patients with deformational plagiocephaly do not appear to have a higher prevalence of horizontal strabismus than the normal population. Exotropia is more common in patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostotic plagiocephaly than in the general population. The prevalence of astigmatism in patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostotic plagiocephaly appears to be greater than in the general population, but this higher prevalence requires further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Intestinal giardiasis associated with ophthalmologic changes.

In an ophthalmologic study of 90 children with symptomatic giardiasis, ocular alterations were found in 10. Eight of these subjects presented an extensive "salt and pepper" degeneration of the pigmented epithelium involving 360 degrees of the midperiphery of both eyes. In one of the eight children, the pigmented epithelium showed atrophic areas, and in another there was a small hard exudate in the left eye. Of 2 remaining of the 10 children with ocular alterations, 1 presented with slight decoloration of the temporal half of the optic disc, and the other was affected by chorioretinitis. After single-dose antiprotozoic therapy (tinidazole 50 mg/kg), parasitologic tests were negative in all subjects and remained so throughout a 1-year follow-up. However, the characteristic epithelial lesion remained unaltered in all eight children for the entire follow-up period, as well as the optic disc decoloration in the only observed case. The child affected by chorioretinitis recovered after 3 weeks of combined treatment with bethametasone plus deflazacort. In two control groups, 1 of 200 healthy children and 1 of 200 children with gastrointestinal symptoms but without giardiasis, no case of "salt and pepper" degeneration of the pigmented epithelium or other significant ocular alterations was found.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Mitochondrial disorders in neuro-ophthalmology.

The pathogenesis of mitochondrial disorders relevant to neuro-ophthalmology has been further clarified by identifying and correlating to disease manifestations the three primary pathogenic mutations of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, and by correlating genetic, biochemical, and histochemical abnormalities in the mitochondrial myopathies and encephalomyopathies.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Acute onset of a bilateral areflexical mydriasis in Miller-Fisher syndrome: a rare neuro-ophthalmologic disease.

Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) is characterized by variable ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and tendon areflexia. It seems to be a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), but unlike in GBS, there is a primitive involvement of the ocular motor nerves, and in some cases there is brainstem or cerebellum direct damage. The unusual case of MFS in the current study started with a bilateral areflexical mydriasis and a slight failure of accommodative-convergence. Ocular-movement abnormalities developed progressively with a palsy of the upward gaze and a bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia to a complete ophthalmoplegia. In the serum of this patient, high titers of an IgG anti-GQ1b ganglioside and IgG anti-cerebellum. anti-Purkinje cells in particular, were found. The former autoantibody has been connected to cases of MFS, of GBS with associated ophthalmoplegia, and with other acute ocular nerve palsies. The anti-cerebellum autoantibody could explain central nervous system involvement in MFS. The role of these findings and clinical implications in MFS and in other neuro-ophthalmologic diseases are discussed.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2000

Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of neuroendocrine carcinoma.

The neuro-ophthalmologic findings of parasellar neuroendocrine carcinoma are reported. Two patients with parasellar neuroendocrine carcinoma had headache, ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. In both patients, neuroimaging revealed a parasellar mass with extension into the cavernous sinus. The tumors initially were believed to be pituitary adenomas, but histopathology confirmed neuroendocrine carcinoma. Clinicians should be aware of neuroendocrine carcinoma in the differential diagnosis of sellar/parasellar lesions causing ophthalmoplegia.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Imaging advances in neuro-ophthalmology.

Magnetic resonance imaging has provided many advances in the field of neuro-ophthalmology. Refinements in magnetic resonance imaging allow excellent evaluation of the brainstem, cranial nerves, and sellar and suprasellar regions. Gadopentetic acid enhancement allows identification of subtle lesions, which may not otherwise alter morphology, as this agent may cross an abnormal blood-brain barrier. This year I have focused on imaging advances in evaluation of optic gliomas, radionecrosis of the optic nerves and chiasm, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and facial pain and hemifacial spasm.

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Recent advances in hereditary disease and neuro-ophthalmology.

Recent advances in genetics tend to center on the discoveries of molecular biology. A disease is first linked to a region on a chromosome, a gene is later cloned, or a candidate gene identified, point mutations described, phenotype-genotype correlations made, and rationales for treatment proposed. Several neuro-ophthalmological diseases have recently been studied in this way; including Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and other mitochondrial diseases, autosomal dominant (Kjer) optic atrophy, Wolfram syndrome, or DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness), Usher syndrome, neurofibromatosis types I and II, and two disorders of the paired box genes: aniridia and Waardenburg's syndrome. Apart from molecular biology there are still some new disease entities being described and new inheritance patterns identified for some syndromes, such as periodic alternating nystagmus.

DNA-Binding Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis remains a pathophysiologic enigma. The epidemiology has recently been reexamined and appears to lend credence to a greater genetic basis than previously believed. Neuro-ophthalmologic signs and symptoms in multiple sclerosis are extremely common and often present to the eye care practitioner. Although diagnostic methodology is progressing, treatment of multiple sclerosis is currently undergoing a revolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Eye-movement recordings in the evaluation of ophthalmologic and neurologic disorders.

This review focuses on the use of quantitative eye-movement recordings in the diagnosis of ophthalmologic and neurologic disorders and in the investigation of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of and possible treatments for these disorders. Recently developed methods for measuring eye movements about all three axes of rotation (horizontal, vertical, and torsion) are emphasized. These techniques are providing important insights into the basic physiology of eye-movement control and into the mechanisms of ocular motor disturbances in which torsion plays a significant role.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2001

Evidence-based neuro-ophthalmology: advances in treatment.

This review presents highlights and updates from of the most significant clinical trials in neuro-ophthalmology to date, the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial, the Controlled High-Risk Avonex Multiple Sclerosis Prevention Study, and the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial. The quality of evidence for treatment efficacy from these trials and other recent investigations of giant cell arteritis and idiopathic intracranial hypertension is classified herein according to published criteria based on sample size and study design.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2001

Use of botulinum toxin in neuro-ophthalmology.

Botulinum toxin produces a temporary chemical denervation, which initially was used to reduce the diplopia associated with paralytic strabismus. Subsequently, the drug was found to be effective in the management of dystonias, including hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm. More recently, there is evidence that botulinum toxin may lessen the pain associated with some movement disorders, tension headache, and migraine. The effect of botulinum toxin in temporary, but the therapeutic benefit usually is maintained even after repeated injections. The form of botulinum toxin used in clinical practice is the A serotype. Other serotypes may have a therapeutic role in the future. The mode of action and the clinical experience of botulinum toxin in neuro-ophthalmology is discussed.

Blepharospasm↗
PubMed2005

Amniotic membrane use in ophthalmology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent and relevant clinical and experimental data about the use of amniotic membrane in ophthalmology. RECENT FINDINGS: The amniotic membrane is a biologic tissue that has been used as a graft for corneal and conjunctival reconstruction in a variety of ocular surface diseases. It is avascular and possesses anti-angiogenetic, anti-scarring and antiinflammatory properties. It is not a substitute but rather a substrate upon which cells can migrate and regenerate, forming new and healthy tissue. The amniotic membrane can also be used as a biologic patch, as a bandage, to treat acute inflammatory disorders. With the development of cell therapy, amniotic membrane can be also used as a carrier of limbal stem cells or their progeny, cultivated in vitro. SUMMARY: Amniotic membrane use in ophthalmic surgery has been shown to provide an alternative for corneal and conjunctival reconstruction in many clinically challenging situations; however, there is still a lack of scientific evidence based on randomized comparative studies to prove that its use is better than other alternative therapies for ocular surface reconstruction.

Amnion↗