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PubMed2026

Copper-Containing Surface Engineering for Soft-Tissue Biomedical Devices: Structure-Function Relationships and Ion Release-Driven Biological Performance, A Systematic Review.

Copper and copper-based materials have gained increasing attention for the functional modification of implantable medical devices intended for prolonged soft-tissue contact, including vascular stents, catheters, and intrauterine devices. Owing to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, redox reactivity, and involvement in angiogenesis and cellular signaling, copper-based systems offer significant potential for multifunctional surface engineering. However, achieving a balance between antibacterial efficacy, corrosion behavior, controlled ion release, and cytocompatibility remains a critical challenge. This PRISMA-compliant systematic review analyzes copper-containing materials and surface modification strategies for soft-tissue biomedical applications. A structured search of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed (2015-2025) identified 65 eligible studies. The review encompasses bulk copper-containing alloys, electrochemical and chemical surface modification techniques, physical vapor deposition approaches, and advanced hybrid systems integrating copper with polymers, hydrogels, or metal-phenolic networks. Across the reviewed literature, antibacterial performance was strongly dependent on copper concentration, microstructural distribution, and spatiotemporal ion release profiles. Moderate, well-controlled copper incorporation frequently improved antibacterial efficacy while maintaining acceptable hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, particularly in vascular and blood-contacting devices. In contrast, excessive copper loading often accelerated corrosion and induced adverse cellular responses. Emerging multifunctional architectures demonstrated improved regulation of biological interactions, enabling simultaneous antibacterial, antithrombotic, and proendothelial effects. Overall, copper-based surface technologies represent a versatile platform for soft-tissue implant modification. Future translational progress will require precise control of copper release kinetics and comprehensive long-term in vivo validation to ensure safety and sustained therapeutic performance. From the authors' perspective, the most promising future direction involves multifunctional copper-based hybrid coatings capable of dynamically regulating ion release, host tissue integration, and antibacterial performance simultaneously. Strategies integrating hierarchical architectures, stimulus-responsive release systems, and clinically scalable fabrication methods are expected to play a key role in translating copper-containing surfaces from experimental concepts toward commercially viable soft-tissue biomedical devices.

Copper↗
PubMed2005

A conserved trimerization motif controls the topology of short coiled coils.

In recent years, short coiled coils have been used for applications ranging from biomaterial to medical sciences. For many of these applications knowledge of the factors that control the topology of the engineered protein systems is essential. Here, we demonstrate that trimerization of short coiled coils is determined by a distinct structural motif that encompasses specific networks of surface salt bridges and optimal hydrophobic packing interactions. The motif is conserved among intracellular, extracellular, viral, and synthetic proteins and defines a universal molecular determinant for trimer formation of short coiled coils. In addition to being of particular interest for the biotechnological production of candidate therapeutic proteins, these findings may be of interest for viral drug development strategies.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1999

Integrating knowledge resources at the point of care: opportunities for librarians.

Health sciences librarians at the University of Washington (UW) are partners in the evolution of Internet-based clinical information systems for two medical centers, University of Washington Medical Center and Harborview Medical Center, as well as the UW Primary Care Network clinics. Librarians lead information resource and systems development projects and play a variety of roles including facilitator, publisher, integrator, and educator. These efforts have been coordinated with parallel development efforts by the Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems (IAIMS) clinical informatics group in developing electronic medical record systems and clinical decision support tools. The outcome is MINDscape, a very heavily used Web view of the patient medical record with tightly integrated knowledge resources as well as numerous Web-accessible information resources and tools. The goal of this article is to provide a case study of librarian involvement in institutional information systems development at UW and to illustrate the variety of roles that librarians can assume in hospital settings.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2000

Patient safety: the challenges and opportunities for the ESRD program.

The Institute of Medicine's report, issued December 1999, entitled "To Err is Human; Building a Safer System," describes the magnitude of the problem of errors in medicine and carts an agenda for improving patient safety. The essential features include establishing patient safety as a national focus, identifying and learning from errors, passing legislation to protect reporting, and adopting the patient safety sciences. The presidential report of February 2000, issued by the Quality Interagency Task Force (QuIC), formulates a federal government response across all federal agencies. The challenges and opportunities facing the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Program and the ESRD Network Organizations include taking a leadership role, raising awareness, conducting educational programs, and facilitating making errors visible, for the purposes of learning and improvement.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The personal knowledge of family physicians for their patients.

The physician-patient relationship has always been of interest to family physicians. This paper describes a component of the physician-patient relationship in family medicine, originally identified by Michael Balint, that operates parallel to and in conjunction with the biopsychosocial model: the family physician's personal knowledge of patients. The physician's personal knowledge of patients is a personal information network about particular patients who the physician has cared for over a series of encounters spanning several years. It is a detailed portrait painted with layers of fact, intuition, and experience and is comprised of a mix of clinical art, science, psychodynamics, and ethics. It may be factual, intuitive, or contain components of countertransference; it differs from Kleinman's concept of explanatory model in that it belongs to the physician and is employed for the benefit of the patient. It is neither paternalistic nor static. The family physician's personal knowledge for his or her patients is a seldom-measured but common component of the process of making medical, ethical, and pragmatic patient care decisions. The presence of this knowledge and its skillful use may mark one difference between novice and seasoned clinicians. Qualitative methods are most appropriate for exploring the breadth and depth of this concept, while quantitative methods are useful for studying its implications for clinical decision making and quality of care in family practice.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Using methods that matter: the impact of reflection, dialogue, and voice.

In recent years, the field of community psychology has given considerable attention to how research and evaluation methods should be designed to support our goals of empowerment and social justice. Yet, as a field, we have given much less attention to whether the use of our methods actually achieves or supports our empowerment agenda. With the primary purpose of beginning to establish the norm of reporting on the impacts of our methods, this paper reports on the findings from interviews of 16 youth and adults who had participated in one participatory evaluation method (Photovoice). Two specific questions were examined: (1) What is the impact of participating in a Photovoice effort; and (2) How does the method of Photovoice foster these impacts? Overall, participants noted that they were significantly affected by their experiences as photographers and through their dialogue with neighbors during Photovoice group sessions. Impacts ranged from an increased sense of control over their own lives to the emergence of the kinds of awareness, relationships, and efficacy supportive of participants becoming community change agents. According to participants, Photovoice fostered these changes by (a) empowering them as experts on their lives and community, (b) fostering deep reflection, and (c) creating a context safe for exploring diverse perspectives. The implications of these findings for the science and practice of community psychology are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A grid-enabled lightweight computational steering client: a .NET PDA implementation.

The grid has been developed to support large-scale computer simulations in a diverse range of scientific and engineering fields. Consequently, the increasing availability of powerful distributed computing resources is changing how scientists undertake large-scale modelling/simulation. Instead of being limited to local computing resources, scientists are now able to make use of supercomputing facilities around the world. These grid resources comprise specialized distributed three-dimensional visualization environments through to massive computational systems. The scientist usually accesses these resources from reasonably high-end desktop computers. Even though most modern desktop computers are provided with reasonably powerful three-dimensional graphical hardware, not all scientific applications require high-end three-dimensional visualization because the data of interest is essentially numerical or two-dimensional graphical data. For these applications, a much simpler two-dimensional graphical displays can be used. Since large jobs can take many hours to complete the scientist needs access to a technology that will allow them to still monitor and control their job while away from their desks. This paper describes an effective method of monitoring and controlling a set of chained computer simulations by means of a lightweight steering client based on a small personal digital assistant (PDA). The concept of using a PDA to steer a series of computational jobs across a supercomputing resource may seem strange at first but when scientists realize they can use these devices to connect to their computation wherever there is a wireless network (or cellular phone network) the concept becomes very compelling. Apart from providing a much needed easy-to-use interface, the PDA-based steering client has the benefit of freeing the scientist from the desktop. It is during this monitoring stage that the hand-held PDA client is of particular value as it gives the application scientist greater freedom to leave his or her desk but still communicate with their simulation, with the proviso that they remain within the range of a wireless network.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed2006

Mass fatality management following the South Asian tsunami disaster: case studies in Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Following natural disasters, mismanagement of the dead has consequences for the psychological well-being of survivors. However, no technical guidelines currently exist for managing mass fatalities following large natural disasters. Existing methods of mass fatality management are not directly transferable as they are designed for transport accidents and acts of terrorism. Furthermore, no information is currently available about post-disaster management of the dead following previous large natural disasters. METHODS AND FINDINGS: After the tsunami disaster on 26 December 2004, we conducted three descriptive case studies to systematically document how the dead were managed in Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. We considered the following parameters: body recovery and storage, identification, disposal of human remains, and health risks from dead bodies. We used participant observations as members of post-tsunami response teams, conducted semi-structured interviews with key informants, and collected information from published and unpublished documents. Refrigeration for preserving human remains was not available soon enough after the disaster, necessitating the use of other methods such as dry ice or temporary burial. No country had sufficient forensic capacity to identify thousands of victims. Rapid decomposition made visual identification almost impossible after 24-48 h. In Thailand, most forensic identification was made using dental and fingerprint data. Few victims were identified from DNA. Lack of national or local mass fatality plans further limited the quality and timeliness of response, a problem which was exacerbated by the absence of practical field guidelines or an international agency providing technical support. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency response should not add to the distress of affected communities by inappropriately disposing of the victims. The rights of survivors to see their dead treated with dignity and respect requires practical guidelines and technical support. Mass fatality management following natural disasters needs to be informed by further field research and supported by a network of regional and international forensic institutes and agencies.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed2006

What do -omics mean for the science and policy of the nutritional sciences?

The development of systems biology is revolutionizing the way we are studying and learning about human health. It is a way of thinking and a systematic attempt to integrate information from several fields of study (physical, biological, chemical, engineering, etc) to develop a more kinetic and real-time understanding of complex biological processes. It uses mathematical modeling tools to chart dynamic interactions between the components of a biological system, eg, genes, transcripts, proteins, metabolites, and cells, to simulate and analyze networks and pathways and the spatial and temporal relations that exist in biological systems. The term -omics represents the rigorous study of various collections of molecules, biological processes, or physiologic functions and structures as systems, represented most prominently by genomics. In the field of nutrition, had a systems approach been applied to evaluating the effect of vitamin A status on mortality rates in young children in developing countries, it might not have taken 20 y to go from the initial epidemiologic observations to global vitamin A supplementation programs. Better understanding of the functional biology of retinoids on different tissues that mediate host resistance to infection, and their synergistic interactions in biological, metabolic, and functional terms, could have provided a plausible mechanism for the observed effect on mortality. There are 3 policy take-home messages: 1) When controversies exist, invest in the science needed to sort them out. 2) Increase the amounts of money available for health research and interventions relevant to developing countries. 3) Ensure that policymakers understand the issues and why they are important and understand the science and its relevance.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

On the holistic approach in cellular and cancer biology: nonlinearity, complexity, and quasi-determinism of the dynamic cellular network.

A keystone of the molecular reductionist approach to cellular biology is a specific deductive strategy relating genotype to phenotype-two distinct categories. This relationship is based on the assumption that the intermediary cellular network of actively transcribed genes and their regulatory elements is deterministic (i.e., a link between expression of a gene and a phenotypic trait can always be identified, and evolution of the network in time is predetermined). However, experimental data suggest that the relationship between genotype and phenotype is nonbijective (i.e., a gene can contribute to the emergence of more than just one phenotypic trait or a phenotypic trait can be determined by expression of several genes). This implies nonlinearity (i.e., lack of the proportional relationship between input and the outcome), complexity (i.e. emergence of the hierarchical network of multiple cross-interacting elements that is sensitive to initial conditions, possesses multiple equilibria, organizes spontaneously into different morphological patterns, and is controlled in dispersed rather than centralized manner), and quasi-determinism (i.e., coexistence of deterministic and nondeterministic events) of the network. Nonlinearity within the space of the cellular molecular events underlies the existence of a fractal structure within a number of metabolic processes, and patterns of tissue growth, which is measured experimentally as a fractal dimension. Because of its complexity, the same phenotype can be associated with a number of alternative sequences of cellular events. Moreover, the primary cause initiating phenotypic evolution of cells such as malignant transformation can be favored probabilistically, but not identified unequivocally. Thermodynamic fluctuations of energy rather than gene mutations, the material traits of the fluctuations alter both the molecular and informational structure of the network. Then, the interplay between deterministic chaos, complexity, self-organization, and natural selection drives formation of malignant phenotype. This concept offers a novel perspective for investigation of tumorigenesis without invalidating current molecular findings. The essay integrates the ideas of the sciences of complexity in a biological context.

Genotype↗
PubMed1990

Criteria of drug-induced liver disorders. Report of an international consensus meeting.

International reporting of adverse drug reactions by pharmaceutical manufacturers to national drug regulatory authorities requires internationally accepted standard definitions of reactions and criteria for assessment of causality. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) undertook a pilot project to prepare such definitions and criteria, and proposed to use as its model a series of expert consensus meetings organized in France by the pharmaceutical company, Roussel Uclaf, with the participation of the official French network of pharmacovigilance. Under CIOMS auspices, an international meeting was organized to test the feasibility of adapting for international use the outcome of the French consensus meetings on drug-induced liver disorders. The meeting resulted in a series of proposed standard designations of drug-induced liver disorders and criteria of causality assessment.

Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury↗
PubMed2005

Exploiting naturally occurring DNA variation and molecular profiling data to dissect disease and drug response traits.

Identifying the key drivers of common human diseases and associated signaling pathways remains one of the primary objectives in the biomedical and life sciences. In this respect, common inbred strains of mice have played a crucial role, and recent advances in the development of genomics and bioinformatics tools have significantly enhanced their utility for this purpose. These advances have enabled a more holistic, network-oriented view of biological systems that facilitates elucidation of the underlying causes of disease and the best ways to target them. Success in reconstructing gene networks underlying disease traits (or other complex traits like drug response) and identifying the key drivers of these traits now largely rests on integrative approaches that combine data from multiple different sources. Such integrative genomics approaches that take into account genotypic, molecular profiling and clinical data in segregating mouse populations have recently been developed. Key to this integration has been the development and application of sophisticated algorithms to mine the diversity of data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Inactivation of subtilisin Carlsberg by N-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)alanylprolylphenylalanyl)-O-benzoylhydroxyl- amine: formation of a covalent enzyme-inhibitor linkage in the form of a carbamate derivative.

The mechanism of inactivation of serine proteases by N-peptidyl-O-aroylhydroxylamines was studied by X-ray crystallography. Cocrystals of subtilisin Carlsberg inactivated with N-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)alanylprolylphenylalanyl)-O-nitrobenzoy lhydroxylamine were grown, and diffraction data to 1.8-A resolution were obtained. The resulting electron density maps clearly reveal that the gamma-oxygen of the catalytic serine forms a carbamate derivative with the inhibitor. The peptide part of the inhibitor does not form the usual antiparallel beta-sheet in the P binding cleft but protrudes out of the active site and is stabilized by a network of water molecules. These results, combined with kinetic characterization reported previously [Demuth, H.-U., Schoenlein, C., & Barth, A. (1989b) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 996, 19-22; Schmidt, C., Schmidt, R., & Demuth, H.-U. (1990) Peptides (Giralt, E., & Andreu, D., Eds.) ESCOM Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam] support the existence of at least one intermediate between the formation of the Michaelis complex and the final product. We suggest a mechanism for the inactivation of subtilisin Carlsberg by N-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)alanylprolylphenylalanyl)-O-benzoylhydr oxylamine whereby a negatively charged Michaelis complex undergoes a Lossen rearrangement giving rise to an isocyanate intermediate that reacts with the side chain of the active site serine.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

The digital code of DNA.

The discovery of the structure of DNA transformed biology profoundly, catalysing the sequencing of the human genome and engendering a new view of biology as an information science. Two features of DNA structure account for much of its remarkable impact on science: its digital nature and its complementarity, whereby one strand of the helix binds perfectly with its partner. DNA has two types of digital information--the genes that encode proteins, which are the molecular machines of life, and the gene regulatory networks that specify the behaviour of the genes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The case for interdepartmental research in primary care.

Research problems in human biology, clinical medicine, and health services delivery are complex, and increasingly require collaborative approaches. Despite the commitment of general internists, general pediatricians, and family physicians to comprehensive, coordinated, and longitudinal care, their substantial overlap in research topics, methods, and data sources, and their shared emphasis on research conducted in community-based settings, the three primary care disciplines rarely collaborate in research. The research enterprises of most primary care departments and divisions in the United States are small "cottage industries," while interdepartmental research units are rare. Interdepartmental research units can develop and maintain the critical mass of investigators, trainees, and staff that is necessary for an intellectually vibrant and financially sound primary care research enterprise. The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center School of Medicine has developed a successful interdepartmental research effort in primary care that includes joint fellowship training and faculty development programs and a Primary Care Research Unit that supports the analysis of secondary databases, practice-based research networks, and interdisciplinary research projects. Key elements of this collaboration include shared projects among faculty and trainees, proactive negotiation about resources, and shared research space, staff, and faculty. Such a collaboration provides the breadth of perspectives necessary to address complex health care problems, and the pragmatic infrastructure necessary to sustain research themes and careers.

Colorado↗
PubMed1990

Standardization of definitions and criteria of causality assessment of adverse drug reactions. Drug-induced liver disorders: report of an international consensus meeting.

International reporting of adverse drug reactions by pharmaceutical manufacturers to national drug regulatory authorities requires internationally accepted standard definitions of reactions and criteria for assessment of causality. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) undertook a pilot project to prepare such definitions and criteria, and proposed to use as its model a series of expert consensus meetings organized in France by the pharmaceutical company, Roussel Uclaf, with the participation of the official French network of pharmacovigilance. Under CIOMS auspices, an international meeting was organized to test the feasibility of adapting for international use the outcome of the French consensus meetings on drug-induced liver disorders. The meeting resulted in a series of proposed standard designations of drug-induced liver disorders and criteria of causality assessment.

Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury↗
PubMed2003

Victorian naturalists in China: science and informal empire.

This paper discusses the research of British naturalists in China during the period between the Opium War and the collapse of the Qing dynasty (1839-1911). China was defeated in the Opium War and forced to open treaty ports for trade with the Westerners. The foreign powers, particularly Britain, imposed upon the Qing government treaties, concession leases, favourable trade conditions, legal privileges and so on to reduce its political autonomy. In the shadow of the informal empire, not only did the British have more freedom to travel in China, first at the treaty ports and later in the interior, but they successively established diplomatic , commercial and missionary institutions in dozens of Chinese cities. The most important of them - the British Consular Service, the Chinese Maritime Customs and the Protestant missionary organizations - provided the talent and infrastructure for natural historical research and became networks for scientific information. The research into China's natural history epitomized the characteristics of British research on China in general: it engaged in collecting and circulating an ever-increasing amount of information and aimed at producing 'factual' and 'useful' knowledge about China. The paper modified current literature on scientific imperialism, which has dealt primarily with the colonial context, by examining the role of nineteenth-century British imperial science in the context of informal empire.

China↗