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PubMed2003

The effect of Fränkel's function regulator type III on the apical base.

Dento-alveolar and skeletal effects of orthopaedic treatment have always been the subject of controversial scientific discussions. The objective of this retrospective study was to demonstrate the changes in the dental arch and the apical base of both jaws following therapy with Fränkel's function regulator type III (FR III). For this purpose, 42 Class III patients (28 females, 14 males, mean age 7.5 years) were selected according to strict criteria. The control group consisted of 16 patients (eight females, eight males, mean age 8.3 years) with minor malocclusion symptoms. Study models of all patients at the beginning and end of treatment were evaluated using a sophisticated measuring system. Apart from common parameters of model analysis, cusp inclination of the first molars, and apical bases of the maxilla and mandible were recorded to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of treatment effects (including growth). The FR III stimulated the development of the maxilla, thus resulting in a more physiological growth pattern. Mandibular prognathism, however, was still discernible after therapy in the Class III patients, even though mandibular growth did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1989

[Experimental study of the influence of removal of the zygomatic arch on craniofacial growth and development].

To observe effects of the procedure on craniofacial growth and development, the author removed 10mm of the right zygomatic arch from rats. The subjects (128 rats) were divided into 3 groups: operation group, sham-operation group, and control group. Surgical removal of the right side of the zygomatic arch was performed on 51 rats; sham operations were performed on 42 rats, and 35 rats served as controls. Operations were performed 30 days after the animals' births. The rats were sacrificed 60 to 120 days after birth. Lateral and parietal cephalograms of the crania were projected by means of a profile projector, model V-16, and enlarged 5 times. Because they reveal craniofacial-facial morphology most clearly, 15 lateral and 7 parietal points were selected. Coordinates of these points were plotted by means of an X--Y plotter system Tracings were composed as follows: For lateral cephalograms, the intersphenoid synchondrosis(S)was the zero point, and the line between S and the basion (Ba) was the abscissa. For parietal cephalograms, the occipital bone was the zero point; and the line between (0) and the upper central (Ui) was the abscissa. The masseter muscles were microsectioned for observation of changes in muscle fibers. Results 1. There were no significant differences among the body weights of the 3 groups (control, operation, and sham operation). 2. There were no significant differences in ulnar length among the 3 groups 3. Facial asymmetry and changes in occlusion were noted in the group observed 120 days after surgery. 4. Lateral cephalographic examination showed that the zygomatic arch has almost no influence on craniofacial growth and development in terms of relations among the points examined. 5. Parietal cephalographic examination showed that removal of the zygomatic arch promoted depth development and suppressed width development in the zygomatic-arch region of the side on which surgery was performed. This may indicate that the zygomatic arch acts to suppress anterior and posterior craniofacial growth and development while promoting growth and development in the lateral dimension. 6. Horizontal cytology of the masseter muscle showed atrophied masseteric tissue at the resected site of the zygomatic arch. But, because this was a partial resection, influence of muscular function is slight. And data obtained from this experiment must be considered the outcome of the removal of the zygomatic arch itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Doctors and dentists: review of a symposium.

A symposium entitled "Stuffy Noses, Long Faces and Dental Malocclusion" was sponsored by the University of Toronto and attended by dentists, orthodontists and otolaryngologists. The orthodontists presented a large body of evidence which supported the view that in children, obstruction of the upper airway contributed to anomalies in facial growth and dental development. The nasal airflow laboratory reported that elevated nasal airflow resistance was encountered in 691 of 1,000 consecutive pediatric patients suspected of nasal obstruction. In more than half of those with elevated resistance the obstruction was due to mucosal swelling, while 25% were obstructed by adenoid hypertrophy and only 16% by structural abnormality. A panel discussion revealed that the orthodontic practitioners were anxious for a rapid, effective treatment in patients with nasal obstruction in order to minimize the effects on dental development. On the other hand, the otolaryngologists tended more to the view that the problems of the airway would be self-limiting and that expectant therapy was sufficient. It became evident that better communication and interchange of ideas between the various medical and dental practitioners caring for these children would be beneficial.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2005

The effects of hybridization on growth allometry and craniofacial form in Sulawesi macaques.

The present research investigates the effects of hybridization between Macaca maurus and M. tonkeana on adult male form and patterns of growth allometry. Comparisons of adult hybrid mean phenotypic values with the adult averages of the parental species indicate a condition of heterosis for cranial vault length and crown-rump length. Negative heterosis is indicated for body mass. Regression parameters describing growth allometry are generated for four craniofacial measurement variables and one body measurement using both least squares and reduced major axis regression. Comparisons of hybrid and parental regression slopes and intercepts using analysis of covariance and t-tests suggest that there is a hybrid pattern of growth allometry characterized by an increase in regression slope values coupled with lower intercept values compared to those of the parental species and the parental averages for most regression parameters. Multivariate analyses of the adult and ontogenetic morphometric data indicate significant differences across species taxa in form and shape during development and adulthood. Our finding of significant differences between hybrids and their parental taxa in growth allometry and craniofacial form and shape during development challenges the assumption often made regarding the reproductive and taxonomic significance of observed ontogenetic divergence between Neandertals and modern humans. We propose that anthropological primatology, with its goal of developing nonhuman primate models for investigating human evolution, can provide a biologically relevant means by which to empirically estimate the taxonomic significance of morphological and ontogenetic divergence observed in the hominid fossil record.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Use of activator appliances in pediatric patients treated with costochondral grafts for temporomandibular joint ankylosis: analysis of 13 cases.

PURPOSE: The long-term outcomes and clinical results of costochondral transplants used for the treatment of condylar ankylosis of the mandible in children with and without application of postoperative activator appliances are evaluated and compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nonrandomized, retrospective clinical study of 13 cases of condylar ankylosis (16 joints) of the mandible surgically treated during a 9-year period from 1988 to 1997 was performed. All 13 patients were treated by condylectomy and immediate costochondral rib grafts. Nine of these patients underwent long-term postoperative therapy using removable activator appliances. Four patients did not undergo activator therapy postoperatively. Casts, radiographs, photographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 99Tc bone scans were used postsurgically to evaluate graft take, condylar growth and function, occlusion, and facial and condylar symmetry. RESULTS: The postoperative and long-term clinical results in both groups showed costochondral growth center transplants to be effective in restoring mandibular growth of the affected side. However, symmetry, arch coordination, correction of occlusal canting, mandibular deviation, facial growth, and prevention of reankylosis were obtained and better controlled only in those cases that underwent long-term orthodontic activator therapy postoperatively and were followed closely. CONCLUSIONS: Children with long-standing condylar ankylosis of the mandible and its resultant facial asymmetry and occlusal canting (secondary to a nonfunctional joint and maxillary compensation) treated with condylectomy and immediate costochondral rib graft reconstruction of the affected joint were treated more favorably when activators were used postsurgically. The patients that failed to comply with or continue activator therapy postsurgically developed complications relating to mandibular deviation, occlusal dysharmony, asymmetry and, in one case, reankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1999

Epidermal growth factor receptor function is necessary for normal craniofacial development and palate closure.

Craniofacial malformations are among the most frequent congenital birth defects in humans; cleft palate, that is inadequate fusion of the palatal shelves, occurs with an annual incidence of 1 in 700 to 1 in 1,000 live births among individuals of European descent. The secondary palate arises as bilateral outgrowths from the maxillary processes, and its formation depends on the coordinated development of craniofacial structures including the Meckel's cartilage and the mandible. Cleft lip and palate syndromes in humans are associated with polymorphisms in the gene (TGFA) encoding transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand made by most epithelia. Here we have characterized craniofacial development in Egfr-deficient (Egfr-/-) mice. Newborn Egfr-/- mice have facial mediolateral defects including narrow, elongated snouts, underdeveloped lower jaw and a high incidence of cleft palate. Palatal shelf explants from Egfr-/- mice fused, but frequently had residual epithelium in the midline. In addition, morphogenesis of Meckel's cartilage was deficient in cultured mandibular processes from Egfr-/- embryos. The secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was diminished in Egfr-/- explants, consistent with the ability of EGF to increase MMP secretion and with the decreased MMP expression caused by inhibition of Egfr signalling in wild-type explants. Accordingly, inactivation of MMPs in wild-type explants phenocopied the defective morphology of Meckel's cartilage seen in Egfr-/- explants. Our results indicate that EGFR signalling is necessary for normal craniofacial development and that its role is mediated in part by its downstream targets, the MMPs, and may explain the genetic correlation of human cleft palate with polymorphisms in TGFA.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Association of nasomaxillary asymmetry in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate and their parents.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested previously that increased width of midfacial structures is associated with the development of palatal clefting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of transverse craniofacial asymmetry between children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and their parents. Specifically, we hypothesized that parental transverse craniofacial asymmetry is a risk factor associated with the development of asymmetry in children with UCLP. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional investigation including affected children and their noncleft parents. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: A total of 64 children-parent sets of data (32 child-biological mother + 32 child-biological father) were included. Subject records included posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs obtained from 29 Costa Rican families with UCLP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The side of parental nasal asymmetry was significantly associated with the side of cleft in their children. For the majority of parents with children suffering from a left cleft, nasal width was larger on the left, compared with the right side. Similarly, in the majority of parents with children suffering from a right cleft, nasal width was larger on the right, compared with the left side. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that unilaterally increased nasomaxillary width in parents may play a key role in the development of ipsilateral palatal clefting in their offspring, therefore underscoring the importance of craniofacial form as a genetic etiologic factor in the genesis of clefting. Better understanding of the role of craniofacial form in cleft development will ultimately allow for the assessment of risk for cleft lip and palate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Tongue pathology and its effect on the stomatognathous system in juvenile cerebral movement disorders].

Studies in 146 children with cerebral palsy revealed a definite relation between malfunctioning, size, and location of the lingual muscle and the development of the dentition. The results may be regarded as a confirmation of the so-called functional adaptation theory first observed by ROUX in 1921. The formative influence of the maxillo-facial musculature-including the musculature of the tongue-on the development of the dentition is determined by the proper interaction of the various groups of muscles. Oral muscular malfunctioning, as is often observed in children with cerebral palsy, therefore has a direct influence on the malformation of the jaws and the dentition.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed2002

[Lasers in dentistry 7. The use of 3D imaging in dentistry].

Optical surface scanning accurately records the 3D nature of the face non-invasively and quantitatively. Programmes to analyse the data now enable the clinician to compare the changes in the face as the result of growth or of treatment and also to average groups of patients to provide an assessment of treatment. An average face has been obtained from groups of patients each year from 5 to 18 years. Growth of an individual can be compared with the norm for that age to determine which areas of the face show abnormal growth. Prediction of facial form for forensic and surgical purposes is possible. Programmes have been developed that analyse shape and curvature of areas of the facial surface. Such an analysis can be used to determine the changes in the facial surface as the result of growth, treatment, or drug therapy and to study genetic effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Deviations in craniofacial morphology in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate evaluated by Jarabak's analysis.

The study is based on evaluation of X-ray films of the head of 29 boys aged 5 years and 34 males aged about 20 years with complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate. Deviations in the craniofacial morphology were assessed using the Jarabak's analysis. Most linear dimensions were smaller in both children and adult patients. The exception was the posterior part of the cranial base the length of which was the same as in controls. The anterior part of the cranial base and the mandibular body were significantly shortened only in 5-year-old individuals while the maxillary body was shortened only in adult patients. The anterior facial height was elongated in adult patients. The mandible showed a posterior rotation, the gonial angle was increased in its lower part. The maxilla and mandible were retrusive with impaired vertical--and in adults also sagittal--jaw relations. Both upper and lower incisors showed retroinclination. In 5-year-old patients an anterior crossbite developed, a trend to open bite was evident in adult patients. The upper lip was retrusive while the lower lip was protrusive. Jarabak's method is not sufficient for an accurate analysis of the soft profile in patients with clefts.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The effect of bite-blocks with and without repelling magnets studied histomorphometrically in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

The effect of bite-blocks with and without repelling magnets as proposed for the treatment of open bite was analyzed. Twelve male juvenile monkeys were divided into three groups of four. Group A was used as control, group B was given bite-blocks containing samarium cobalt disks, and group C received identical bite-blocks without active magnets. The monkeys were observed for 24 weeks before death. Histomorphometric evaluation was then performed on the molar roots, their periodontal tissues, the zygomaticotemporal suture, and the pterygomaxillary suture. The root surfaces of the molars in both the bite-block group and the magnetic group were characterized by pronounced resorption that sometimes was active and occasionally undergoing repair with bony tissue. The sutures also clearly reflected the effect of both appliances used, although more markedly in the cases of bite-blocks containing active magnets. The surface density expressing the sutural area, was increased significantly, possibly as an adaptation to the altered functional demand. The cellular activity of the sutural surfaces also was increased markedly in both appliance groups, reflecting an ongoing adaptation. A steady state had not been reached. The study demonstrated a widespread effect of the force developed by bite-blocks with and without magnets. The final quantity and the reversibility of the effect is not known, however. More long-term studies should be undertaken to obtain this information.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

The effect of thyroxine on craniofacial morphology in the growing rat. Part I: A longitudinal cephalometric analysis.

The wide therapeutic use of hormones enhances the importance of detailed knowledge of the effects on skull growth. Thyroxine is known to regulate maturation of cell populations and long bone growth, but the influence on craniofacial bone remodelling is still obscure. One side effect of substitution therapy with thyroxine in children is premature closure of cranial sutures. The aim of the present study was to describe longitudinally the effect of different serum levels of thyroxine on craniofacial growth. In young rats injected with 20 micrograms/kg b.w. l-thyroxine for 28 days a change was found in craniofacial morphology measured by a cephalometric technique. A decrease in length of the viscerocranium was evident after 14 days, and occurred in connection with raised serum levels of thyroxine. In contrast, cranial base growth was increased between day 14 and 28 and also a catch-up growth in the viscerocranium was observed during this period. This observed change occurred after the induced peak in levels of thyroxine in serum had subsided. The inhibited forward directed growth of the viscerocranium was consistent with the fact that the skull in the thyroxine group developed a klinorhycial form in contrast to the normal orthocranialization. Thus, the craniofacial growth pattern was influenced by variations in the serum level of thyroxine. The effects of thyroxine on skull growth sites observed are consistent with reported effects of low dose of thyroxine on long bone growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dental treatment of predental and infant patients with clefts and craniofacial anomalies.

Children with cleft lip and/or palate differ in facial morphology and dentition from normal noncleft children. This paper reviews the current understanding of early dento-maxillary development in children with palatal clefts and the role of presurgical orthopedic treatment prior to primary palatal surgery. Finally, shortcomings of previous approaches to studying the outcome of treatment are presented, with a challenge to reevaluate how success is measured in the new millennium.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1990

[Application of the Ricketts analysis to children in the primary dentition. Fourth Report: development of lateral cephalogram analysis system and consideration of facial pattern].

A lateral cephalogram analysis system has been developed allowing an extended application of the Ricketts analysis to primary dentition. Using this system, we first examined the growth of facial patterns from the BA-NA ratio profilograms. As samples, we used records of children with normal occlusions stored at Nihon University School of Dentistry Department of Pedodontics. We then used the Fuzzy theory to change Vert's formula and obtained facial types. Lastly, we obtained compositional ratios of facial types within each age group. The results were as follows: 1) Facial patterns tended to show three divisions according to three age groups; from 3 to 5-year olds, from 6 to 7-year olds and from 8 to 10-year olds. 2) The Vert's values of the BA-NA ratio profilograms in each age group based on the data of 9-year olds tended to decrease as age increased. The change was mostly restricted to the range of Mesiofacial type. 3) As for the compositional ratio of facial types in each age group, a nearly normal distribution was observed mainly with the Mesiofacial type. 4) From the lateral cephalogram analysis system which has been developed and the profilograms of the average values for each age group which have been obtained by this system, we obtained the standard values for future evaluation of facial patterns of children with malocclusions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

[Craniofacial growth modified by the blood supply. 7. Dry weight of the skull and growth of the mandible].

The dry weight of the skull and jaw bone increases faster in operated rats than in the controls during the fourth and 12 months, but their rates of growth do not differ in the 8th month. The distances measured on the mandible reveal definite sexual dimorphism in the development of the different lengths and heights, these distance being greater in the male rats. Growth in the length of the processes predominated over the growth of the body of the mandible. Local changes in the bone were observed at the points of origin and attachment of muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Craniofacial development and growth in the dog.

Numerous types of veterinary orthodontic treatments are reported in papers and during meetings, however little is generally known concerning craniofacial growth in dogs. Most statements in veterinary dental publications are drawn from human-oriented studies. This makes decision making in veterinary orthodontics difficult. The purpose of this paper is to review studies of craniofacial growth performed in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The growth of growth.

Over a 40-year period, 1940 through the present, human growth research has increased for a minimal to a major part of physical anthropology. Such research, originally conducted at the major American growth centers, has become more diverse and more specialized, extending to National Probability Samplings, nutritional surveys, studies of twins, investigations restricted to the craniofacial complex, and studies of the growth and development of various primate species. Besides extending knowledge of growth and development in general and control mechanisms in particular, there has been major feedback into physical anthropology affording far greater understanding of human variability, ot taxonomic differences, and of changes previously believed to be phylogenetic in nature. To the larger extent, all physical anthropologists have some degree of growth awareness.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regulation therapy by Castillo-Morales in children with Down syndrome: primary and secondary orofacial pathology.

Since Castillo-Morales developed the Orofacial Regulation Therapy for children with Down syndrome in the mid 1970s, close observation of orofacial symptoms in the growing child has led to new findings. Primary orofacial signs are present at birth through age one; secondary alterations develop with untreated school-age children. A synopsis of the most important disorders in children with Down syndrome is given. Findings that relate to malfunction are summed up; these findings can be influenced by Orofacial Regulation Therapy.

Child↗