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PubMed1988

On the mechanism of action of dexfenfluramine: effect on alliesthesia and appetite motivation in lean and obese subjects.

This study investigated the intensity of two phenomena--perceived pleasantness of sweet tasting solutions, and subjective motivations related to eating--in lean and obese subjects. The study also examined the way in which dexfenfluramine influenced these phenomena as the basis of a mechanism underlying the action of dexfenfluramine on satiation. Such investigations had not previously been carried out on obese people. In lean subjects, glucose-induced negative gustative alliesthesia (NGA) was present but was not affected by drug administration. Dexfenfluramine did, however, markedly influence motivational ratings and subsequent food consumption in a test meal. In obese subjects, NGA was not present nor was it instated by drug treatment. Motivational ratings were strongly influenced by dexfenfluramine. Although hunger ratings were very low in obese subjects, they were further suppressed by the glucose load and by the drug. Hunger suppression was greater in obese than lean subjects. These results suggest that a decline in the pleasantness of a sweet taste is not a mechanism through which fenfluramine exerts an anorectic action. The data suggest that the suppression of subjective motivation to eat is implicated in the reduction of food intake by dexfenfluramine in lean subjects, and in the weight loss observed in obese people.

Appetite Regulation↗
PubMed1981

[Beta-lipotropin as a factor in food motivation].

Food motivation in rabbits injected intravenously with beta-lipotropin (3-5 microliters, 91.5 X 10(-6) mumole/ml, in a physiological saline) was studied in different stages of food motivation excitation. It was found that the effect of beta-lipotropin depended on initial motivation of the animals. In hungry rabbits, beta-lipotropin primarily inhibited instrumental food motivation. Meanwhile the number of incomplete instrumental reactions not accompanied by food intake rapidly increased. The satiated animals showed a remarkable activation of the food instrumental behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Stable syndrome of reinforced food motivation in rabbits].

In freely moving rats, a chronic focus of excitation was created in the initiative centers of food motivation by longterm subthreshold electric stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). This stimulation resulted in a progressive formation of a syndrome reinforced by food motivation, which was manifested in a significant increase in the number of food motivation instrumental reactions and in putting on weight. Concurrently the rabbits demonstrated an intensification of the orienting-investigative behavior and general locomotor activity. The syndrome induced was not strongly connected with the beginning of the electric stimulation and persisted without weakening for a long time (2--4 weeks) after chronic electric stimulation was discontinued. By the character of development, manifestations and persistence the syndrome overtly differed from other phenomena of hyperphagia which were obtained by other workers during chronic electric stimulation of LH. It is assumed that at the basis of the syndrome there lies a formaton of a longterm generator of excitation in the "pacemaker" of food motivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Early intervention for alcohol use: family physicians' motivations and perceived barriers.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate family physicians' motivations concerning early intervention for alcohol use and their perceived barriers to such intervention. DESIGN: Qualitative study with the use of focus groups and semistructured interviews. SETTING: Community-based, fee-for-service family-medicine practices in London, Ont. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve focus-group participants recruited through telephone contact by two family physicians on the project team. Participants were required to be physicians in family practice in London. Twelve interview participants recruited through a grand-rounds presentation at two local hospitals. Participants were required to be physicians in a community-based family practice in which primary care was not delivered by residents and to have agreed to participate in all phases (e.g., needs assessment, training and evaluation) of a training program on interventions to help patients reduce alcohol consumption or quit smoking. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Motivations concerning early intervention for alcohol use and perceived barriers to such intervention, as identified by physicians. RESULTS: Physicians in the focus groups and those interviewed endorsed their role in helping patients to reduce alcohol consumption and cited several reasons for the importance of that role. There was strong support for viewing alcohol use as a lifestyle issue to be dealt with in the context of a holistic approach to patient care. Participants cited many barriers to fulfilling their role and were particularly concerned about the appropriateness of asking all adolescent and adult patients about alcohol use, even at visits intended to discuss other issues and concerns. Physicians gave several motivations for improving their work in reduction of alcohol consumption, including their current frustration with the lack of a systematic strategy or tangible materials to help them identify and manage patients. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions with patients who use alcohol should be framed in the context of a holistic approach to family medicine. Qualitative knowledge of the motivations and barriers affecting physicians can inform future research and educational strategies in this area.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Utilization of anonymous HIV testing by the federal health office--developments and motives].

In the state-run health office in Ulm a survey of the frequency of anonymous HIV-antibody tests was taken between 1985 to 1991, of the age and gender representation from 1988 to 1991, of the test motives from 1.1.1990 to 1.3.1991. The result was a regressive trend following the test boom of 1987 and 1988, which is becoming more and more stable. The relation of men and women has been amounting to 6:4 in the last four years; the proportion of women receding slightly but constantly. The main motive of being tested was finding out about a high-risk or potentially high-risk sexual contact, mostly at the beginning of a new partnership. The motive ranking second in frequency was the investigation of the consequences of blood exposure, mostly relating to medical work. The third place was taken by irrational anxieties as a test motive. The article discusses the fact that test at the beginning of a new partnership frequently have the meaning of a sacrifice and a symbol of bondage in combination with a vow to be faithful. In case of irrational anxieties about AIDS the test-counsellor gets a chance to diagnose a possibly neurotic development at a very early stage, so that painful and expensive chronification and generalisation could be stopped or eased.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1997

The determinants of dumping: a national study of economically motivated transfers involving mental health care.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and determinants of economically motivated transfers (aka "dumping") from hospitals treating mental illness. DATA SOURCES: A composite data set constructed from three national random-sampled surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989: (1) of hospitals providing mental health care, (2) of community mental health centers, and (3) of psychiatrists. STUDY DESIGN: The study uses reports from administrators of community mental health centers (CMHCs) to assess the extent of patient dumping by hospitals. To assess the determinants of dumping, reported perceptions of dumping are regressed on variables describing the catchment area in terms of the proportion of for-profit hospitals, intensity of competition among hospitals, extent of utilization review, and capacity of the local treatment system, as well as competition among community mental health centers. To assess if dumping is motivated by factors distinct from those affecting other aspects of access, comparable regressions are estimated with ease of hospital admission as the dependent variables. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Economically motivated transfers of psychiatric patients were widespread in 1988: according to the reports of CMHC administrators, 64.7 percent of all hospitals providing inpatient mental health care engaged in transfers of this sort. The extent of dumping was higher in catchment areas with more competition among hospitals, more proprietary hospitals, and less inpatient capacity in the public sector. Dumping appeared to be more sensitive to capacity in the public sector but less sensitive to involvement by for-profit hospitals than were other measures of access to care. CONCLUSIONS: Economically motivated transfers of patients with mental illness were widespread in 1988 and likely have increased since that time, affecting the viability of the community mental health care system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1965

PHYSICAL DISABILITY AND MOTIVATION.

Motivating the physically handicapped individual to assist in his own rehabilitation is a complex problem. Difficulties in motivation are often based on disturbances in body image, which in turn are related both to the premorbid personality and the handicap. Treatment must be directed at the body image as well as the physical disability. Emotional disturbance following body injury should be expected and its absence is abnormal. Adequate rehabilitation entails a consideration of the effect of the rehabilitation process on the disabled person. The patient's basic abilities must be used to improve motivation. Rehabilitation procedures must focus on practical ways of coping with everyday life. Physical disability can mobilize underlying inferiority feelings and increase the need for dependency. Judicious use must be made of success and frustration in the rehabilitation program.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Motivation-related neuronal activity in the object discrimination task in monkey septal nuclei.

Septal nuclei are suggested to work as an interface between the hippocampal formation, involved in higher cognitive functions, and the hypothalamus, involved in motivational behaviors such as feeding, drinking, and intracranial self-stimulation. In the present study, to elucidate a role of the septal nuclei in motivational behaviors, single neuron activity was recorded from water- and food-deprived monkeys during discrimination of objects associated with juice, and during ingestion of juice. Of 349 neurons recorded from two monkeys, 67 responded in the ingestion phase of the object discrimination task. Of these 67 neurons, 31 were further tested with the noncontingent liquid (juice or water) test in which liquid was provided until the animals became satiated. These 31 septal neurons were classified into two groups: type I neurons (n = 10) responded to juice ingestion with inhibition, and type II neurons (n = 21) responded with excitation. The spontaneous firing rates of the type I neurons were higher in the deprived condition and decreased as the animal became satiated by intake of liquid. Nine type II neurons responded to the sight of a white object associated with juice as well as ingestion of juice. The response magnitudes of the type II neurons to both the sight of the white object and ingestion of juice also decreased by satiation. However, spontaneous firing rates of the type II neurons did not change. These activity changes of both type I and II neurons were well correlated with changes in motivational state of the monkey estimated by the behavioral test. The results suggest that the activity of type I neurons reflects thirst or hunger drive levels, and that responses of type II neurons are related to reward perception. These type I and II neurons were located mainly in the anterior part of the septal nuclei. Results of the present study suggest, along with previous lesion and anatomical studies, that the septal nuclei exert a powerful influence on the motivational/drive systems through the projection to the hypothalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Motivations for running and eating attitudes in obligatory versus nonobligatory runners.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between motivations to run and eating disturbances in a sample of obligatory and nonobligatory runners. METHOD: 240 males and 84 females were evaluated for running habits, motivations for running, and eating and weight concerns. 26.2% of the men and 25% of the women were classified as obligatory runners. RESULTS: Obligatory runners were more motivated to run by negative factors such as guilt for stopping, scored significantly higher on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), and had lower weights. These effects were strongest in women. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that female obligatory runners may be at increased risk for eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Motivating factors, exchange patterns, and reciprocity among caregivers of parents with and without dementia.

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of background characteristics, motivating factors, exchange patterns, and diagnosis of dementia on caregiver reciprocity. Adult children of parents with dementia (n = 110) and without dementia (n = 195) completed the Caregiver Reciprocity Scale, Motivating Factors Index, Exchange Patterns Index, and a demographic data sheet. ANCOVA analysis indicated adult children of parents with dementia gave more direct instrumental and supervisory care, received more negative and fewer positive exchanges, and reported significantly lower levels of warmth and regard, intrinsic rewards of giving, and balance within family caregiving when compared to adult children of parents without dementia. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that 64% of the variance of warmth and regard; 42% of intrinsic rewards of giving; 48% of love and affection; and 31% of balance within family caregiving was explained by antecedent demographic variables, motivating factors, exchanges given and received, and dementia. Surprisingly, the diagnosis of dementia did not contribute to explained variance in caregiver reciprocity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Quitting motives and barriers among older smokers. The 1986 Adult Use of Tobacco Survey revisited.

BACKGROUND: Adults aged 50-74 years comprise more than 20% of the population and more than 22% of all smokers. Smoking is a risk factor for 7 of the 14 major causes of death for older adults, including cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. Moreover, older smokers can experience significant dramatic health benefits from quitting, including improvements in circulation and pulmonary function and declines in risks for heart disease, heart attacks, and stroke. METHODS: Smoking patterns, quitting motives, and barriers among older smokers were examined by comparing responses of older smokers (aged 50-74 years) and younger smokers (aged 21-49 years) who took part in the 1986 Adult Use of Tobacco Survey. RESULTS: Older and younger smokers differed little in current smoking patterns or in past quit attempts, motives, and methods. Survey results show that older smokers are far less likely to accept smoking health harms and more likely to view smoking as a beneficial coping and weight control tactic. CONCLUSIONS: Motivational strategies should be tailored to the unique health beliefs and cultural history of older smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The effect of motivation on loose thinking in schizophrenics as measured by the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test.

Administered the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder to 40 male schizophrenics. Half of them received a monetary reward for their performance, and half did not. The efficacy of this motivation-enhancing manipulation was verified by the fact that the group that was working for the money completed a card sorting task significantly faster than the group that received no compensation. However, the former group also exhibited more thought disorder on the grid test. The results were interpreted in terms of drive theory. It was argued that the rewarded group was more motivated and therefore more highly aroused and that this high arousal level disrupted performance on the more complex task. The findings do not support the hypothesis that lack of motivation contributes to schizophrenic cognitive deficit.

Arousal↗
PubMed2004

Does legal education have undermining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values, and well-being.

We evaluated changes in subjective well-being (SWB), motivation, and values occurring over the law-student career. In study 1, law students began with levels of SWB higher than a comparison sample of undergraduates, but by the end of the first year their SWB had plummeted. These changes were correlated with the sample-wide decreases in intrinsic motivation over the first year, and were also correlated with increases in appearance values and decreases in community service values. Those with the most intrinsic motivations attained the highest grades, but, ironically, high grades in turn predicted shifts in career preferences towards "lucrative" and higher-stress law careers, and away from "service"-oriented and potentially more satisfying law careers. The declines persisted over the second and third years of law school. In study 2, the basic effects were replicated for a different sample of first-year students at a different law school. Implications for legal education and the legal profession are discussed.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2004

Accuracy in the estimation of body weight: an alternate test of the motivated-distortion hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE: Inaccuracies in self-reported weight are believed to represent a motivated distortion, but cognitive or perceptual biases have not been excluded. We examined the ability of participants to estimate the weight of a target person as a means of distinguishing between motivated distortions and perceptual biases. METHOD: Participants (restrained eaters and unrestrained eaters; women and men) estimated the weight of a target individual, which was compared with the actual weight of the target individual. RESULTS: Restrained and unrestrained eaters did not differ in their estimates of the target's weight, and men underestimated the target's weight to a greater extent than did women. DISCUSSION: The pattern of inaccuracies observed does not parallel those found in research on self-reported weight. This observation suggests that perceptual biases do not explain inaccuracies in self-reported weight and that such inaccuracies may be the result of motivated distortions. Issues regarding data analysis and presentation are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A motivational interviewing perspective on resistance in psychotherapy.

This article applies the motivational interviewing approach to resistance, which is conceptualized as the product of an interaction between the therapist and client rather than a static client characteristic. The underlying principles of motivational interviewing also are discussed, as are the overall therapeutic goals when using this approach. Sources of the resistance between the therapist and client are reviewed, as well as specific recommendations for responding. The motivational interviewing approach to resistance is applied to each of the three case vignettes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Motives to drink as mediators between childhood sexual assault and alcohol problems in adult women.

Two models are proposed to relate maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and alcohol-related problems for women with a history of childhood sexual assault (CSA). The distress coping model suggests only one motive-drinking to cope with negative emotions-mediates the relationship between CSA and alcohol problems. The emotion regulation model suggests two motives mediate the relationship between CSA and alcohol problems: drinking to cope with negative emotions and drinking to enhance positive emotions. These models were tested in a random community sample of 697 women, ranging from 25 to 75 years old. Both motives partially mediated the relationship between CSA and alcohol problems. Effects were small, but reliable.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The effect of psychological motivation on volumes voided during uroflowmetry in healthy aged male volunteers.

AIMS: To study the effect of psychological motivation on the voided volume during uroflowmetry in aged-male volunteers. METHODS: An open contest of free-flow rate was held for the elderly community. People over 60 years old with no prior history of lower urinary tract symptoms were invited to compete. Participants were given the suggestion to void only when strong desire was experienced because greater the volume, faster the flow. One month later, 20 of the male participants were asked to come back for an office uroflowmetry, given the instruction to hold until strong desire was experienced. The results of the maximum flow rate, mean flow rate, and voided volume were compared between these two tests. RESULTS: In the first uroflowmetry, the average voided volume for the 20 participants was 532+/- 109 ml; maximum flow rate and average flow rate were 27.1+/- 9.4, and 17.2+/- 6.4 ml/sec, respectively. The voided volume decreased significantly in the second uroflowmetry (338+/- 82 ml, P<0.01); the maximum and average flow rates did not changed significantly (24.2+/- 9.5 and 14.9+/- 6.9 ml/sec, respectively). No participant had a shift of more than one standard deviation between the two tests on the Siroky's flow-rate nomogram. CONCLUSIONS: With psychological motivation to win the contest, the participants showed greater tolerance to bladder filling. This suggests that the state of mind can affect the perception on bladder sensation. On the other, the performance on emptying function is not significantly improved by motivation.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Volunteers' motivations: a functional strategy for the recruitment, placement, and retention of volunteers.

A psychological strategy for understanding the motivational underpinnings of volunteerism is described. In a presentation that merges the theoretical interests of researchers with the practical interests of volunteer administrators, six different motivational functions served by volunteerism are identified, and an inventory designed to measure these motivations is presented. The implications of this functional approach for the recruitment, placement, and retention of volunteers are then elaborated. Finally, recommendations are provided for volunteer administrators who seek to increase the number of people who volunteer and to improve their human resource management.

Humans↗