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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Underwood Memorial Lecture: human zinc homeostasis: good but not perfect.

Three selected aspects of human zinc homeostasis and requirements are reviewed with special reference to studies undertaken by the author and his colleagues: 1) the implications for the calculation of physiologic requirements for zinc of the interrelationship between two key variables of zinc homeostasis, intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc and total absorbed zinc, are examined at levels of absorption below those necessary to meet physiologic requirements; 2) a method for deriving average dietary zinc requirements from zinc-stable isotope tracer/metabolic studies is illustrated with examples of studies being conducted in developing countries; and 3) the effect of reduction of high intakes of phytic acid on zinc bioavailability is examined with test meals prepared from low-phytic-acid maize or isohybrid wild-type control maize.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ESBRA-Nordmann 1996 Award Lecture: ethanol drinking behaviour in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats.

Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats have been selectively bred for high ethanol preference and consumption over 16 years and 39 generations. The present paper briefly reviews some recent studies from this laboratory characterizing ethanol drinking behaviour in this rat line. Under the two-bottle regimen of free choice between 10% (v/v) ethanol and water, sP rats consume daily >4 g of ethanol/kg and avoid water almost completely. Relevant features of ethanol drinking behaviour in sP rats are: (a) attainment of high ethanol intake from the first day of exposure to ethanol, suggestive of an immediate disclosure and acquisition of ethanol reinforcement; (b) titration of daily ethanol intake in distinct binges during the nocturnal phase of the light/dark cycle, indicative of their ability to regularize both ethanol dose and administration time; (c) achievement of pharmacologically relevant blood ethanol levels at each drinking episode; (d) substitution of the calories provided by ethanol for a part of those taken from food; (e) maintenance of constant ethanol intake (in g/kg/day) in the presence of ethanol concentrations varying from 7 to 30% (v/v). These results suggest that voluntary ethanol intake in sP rats is sustained by the search for specific pharmacological effects of ethanol. Anxiolysis is likely to be one of these effects; indeed, voluntarily consumed ethanol reversed the innate, high levels of anxiety in sP rats. These results portray sP rats as a valid model for investigating the association between ethanol drinking and anxiety. Finally, the breeding programme as well as results of neurochemical studies are also described.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

The management of Hodgkin's disease: half a century of change. The Kaplan Memorial Lecture.

The results of treating more than 2600 patients with Hodgkin's disease at Stanford over a 35-year period are summarized. It is now a reality that Hodgkin's disease can be cured with initial treatment programs in virtually all patients, except the elderly. Histologic factors, staging methods, and prognostic groups are becoming less and less relevant. The current protocols used at Stanford and elsewhere will be reviewed to emphasize that combined modality is really the key to improving the cure rate and minimizing late complications.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Wilhelmine E. Key 1994 invitational Lecture. Plant genetic diversity and the struggle to measure selection.

The fundamental research program of population genetics has been to seek a quantitative assessment of the role of the various forces of evolution in shaping patterns of genetic variation. This goal has been pursued on both empirical and theoretical fronts. The introduction of biochemical and molecular techniques into population genetics more than 25 years ago revealed vast stores of genetic variation within populations. This level of genetic diversity is difficult to reconcile with balancing selection, and as a consequence, recent thinking has emphasized the role of mutation and genetic random drift as the primary determinants of genetic diversity. The resulting neutral theory of molecular evolution has dominated population genetic thought for more than 20 years. Nonadaptive theories have also emphasized the role of deleterious mutations in driving evolutionary change. New insights into the relative importance of selection and genetic random drift can now be obtained from samples of DNA sequences of genes drawn from within species. The elaboration of coalescence theory, together with the accumulation of data on gene genealogies, permits an integration over relatively long periods of evolutionary time. The ability to integrate over long periods of evolutionary time permits the detection of small selection intensities and it reveals some information about the mode of selection. When the genealogy is consistent with a neutral process, the effective population size can be estimated, as can the age of the coalescent, thus providing new empirical approaches to the estimation of these important parameters. Applications of these approaches in plant population genetics are still in their infancy, but they have already provided new insights into effective population sizes and they are beginning to illustrate how selection for domestication has affected plant genomes.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Wilhelmine E. Key 1996 Invitational Lecture. Sexual selection: a driver of genetic change in Hawaiian Drosophila.

Within the last five million years, the Hawaiian archipelago has successively added 14, spaced, subaerial volcanoes at its southeast end. Each has received endemic terrestrial colonists; established populations appear to stem mainly from the immediately adjacent older island. Chromosome markers were used to trace the evolution of a phylad of 106 unique and closely related Drosophila species. With one exception, each species is restricted to one of the four groups of islands; 57 species appear to be restricted to single volcanoes. Founding of new populations across each of the three major oceanic channels appears to be infrequent. Genetic and morphological analysis suggests that each founding event has resulted in a newly organized, highly specific gene pool, not simply a transplanted colony of the source species. Progressive volcanic forces have thus provided an instructive spatiotemporal environment for the formation of new species. In Drosophila genetic change involves primarily spectacular premating sexual behavior, marked by novel male characters that appear to have evolved under the driving force of sexual selection. Permanent genetic changes in reproductive biology are thus elicited by selection for intrademe Darwinian fitness of individuals and are not the result of ad hoc selection for interpopulation reproductive isolation. The facts reinforce the view that reproductive isolation from other species is largely an incidental by-product of selection imposed by both the ambient and sexual environments in local populations.

Animals↗