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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Chicano return migration to the Southwest: an integrated human capital approach.

"This study uses an integrated human capital framework to examine the relationship between human capital, employment and ethnic factors and return migration to the Southwest [United States] among Chicanos. The sample used in the study is derived from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Samples and contains 1,926 Chicano householders between the ages of 25 and 64 who were born in one of five southwest states, lived outside of this region in 1975, and worked in the civilian labor force at any time between 1975 and 1980. The results suggest that various human capital, employment and ethnic composition variables are important predictors of Chicano return migration."

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Immigration and ethnic origin: the effect of demographic attributes on earnings of Israeli men and women.

"The present article examines the separate effects of ethnicity and immigration on earnings by studying a sample of Israeli workers. The results indicate that immigrant status constitutes a major handicap in the Israeli labor market. Ethnicity, on the other hand, plays a minor role in the earnings determination process. The consequences of these results for labor market policies are discussed."

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Immigrant qualifications: recognition and relative wage outcomes.

"One aim of this study is to examine the labor market outcomes of immigrants relative to the Australian born.... In particular, this article examines both the extent of formal nonrecognition of overseas qualifications and the indirect implications for wage outcomes of a lack of full recognition of qualifications. Immigrant relative wage analysis...is the subject of the second part of this article...."

Australia↗
PubMed1994

The role of migration in labour-market adjustment: the British experience in the 1980s.

"In this paper the role of migration in bringing labour supply and demand into balance (or in mitigating imbalance) in Britain in the 1980s is investigated.... The major trends in migration and unemployment at national and regional scales are outlined, and the key characteristics of job-related migrants are identified. In the main part of the paper the author is concerned with the operationalisation of two contrasting methodological approaches designed to promote a greater understanding of the influences acting on changing migration patterns and the role of migration, alongside other factors in labour-market changes. First, the results from a shift-share approach are discussed; and second, the output from an application of the labour market accounts technique is described."

Demography↗
PubMed1994

Internal migration, earnings, and the importance of self-selection.

This paper analyzes the impact of internal migration on earnings within the human capital model framework. Since migrants constitute a non-random sample of population, the endogenous nature of migration decision warrants necessary correction for the selectivity bias in their earnings function. The Mincer-type earnings model is thus augmented to determine the extent of this bias. Besides estimating the standard Mincerian earnings model, the paper also attempts to verify the learn-as-you-go proposition by introducing migration duration variables in the earnings model. Based on the household level Population, Labor Force, and Migration (1979-80) survey data, the analysis yields the following important conclusions: (i) the data allowed a meaningful estimation of Mincerian earnings function for migrants and non-migrants; (ii) the level of schooling was one of the important determinants of the distribution of income both for migrants and nonmigrants--the four categorical variables of education were in general statistically significant with expected signs, implying that the hypothesis of a positive relationship between income and education was accepted; (iii) the rates of return to education improved systematically with higher levels of education, thus confirming the notion that education serves as a signalling device; (iv) the age-income profile was almost linear for migrants but showed concavity for nonmigrants; (v) the presence of sample-selection was observed for migrants; and (vi) even after controlling for the influence of personal characteristics, i.e., education and experience, the long-standing migrants earned relatively more at the destination than the more recent migrants.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Immigrants and the professions.

"The extent to which migrants holding professional qualifications have been able to put these qualifications to productive use in Australia has long been a contentious issue. This article provides some answers which we hope will allow the debate on the extent and causes of migrant professional progress in Australia to proceed on a firmer foundation." The authors find that "migrants have made a major contribution to Australia's professionally-qualified workforce. Those arriving pre-1980s and early 1980s have largely been able to convert their qualifications into professional level employment. However, later arriving migrants have been far less successful."

Australia↗
PubMed1997

Job displacement effects of Canadian immigrants by country of origin and occupation.

"Some previous Canadian studies have shown that considering the labor market as a whole and also pooling all immigrants as a group, immigrants do not have any job displacement effects on the Canadian born. This study presents some new evidence. It disaggregates immigrants by country of origin and by occupation groups and provides an analysis of job displacement effects of immigrants on the native-born Canadians by these dimensions. The study finds that (1) U.S. immigrants and the Canadians are substitutes [for] competing groups in the labor market and the effect is quite significant; (2) Canadians and Europeans are competing groups in certain occupations, while they have complementary skills in others; and (3) immigrants from the Third World and the Canadians are slightly competing groups in certain occupations."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of population on adolescents.

Adolescents are often overlooked in the efforts of developing countries to reduce population growth rates by lowering fertility and to care for aging populations in those countries that have been successful in reducing fertility. The September issue of the Asia-Pacific Population Journal contains an article by Professor Gavin Jones of the Australian National University entitled "Population Dynamics and Their Impact on Adolescents in the ESCAP Region," which overcomes that gap in information on the population aged 10-24. It examines aspects such as the growth of the adolescent population, age at marriage, educational developments, labor force participation, unemployment, and fertility among adolescents. The article concludes with an examination of the effects of demographic and educational changes, poverty, globalization, and urbanization on adolescents, drawing out a number of implications for policy purposes. Stating that most of today's adolescents will be still alive at mid-century, the article observes that "this cohort will play a crucial role in national development in an increasingly interconnected and high-technology world. From this perspective, it is tragic to note that many of these adolescents will still lack access to secondary schools--and in some cases, even to primary schooling--and will suffer from avoidable health problems." It also points out that, because adolescents greatly outnumber the elderly, care should be taken to ensure that policies towards them are not neglected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Why do rich countries prefer free trade over free migration? The role of the modern welfare state.

"According to traditional trade theory (Heckscher-Ohlin), free trade and free migration are equivalent measures of economic integration leading both to an equalization of factor prices. This prediction is in sharp opposition to the observed preference of rich countries for free trade over free migration. We provide an explanation for this inconsistency: the redistribution policies in the countries. Social welfare in countries with a relatively small number of low-skilled native workers is higher with free trade than with free migration due to redistribution of income towards immigrating workers."

Commerce↗
PubMed1988

Survey report: Senegal.

Senegal, situated on the west coast of Africa, has a history of high fertility and high infant mortality. Preliminary results of the 1986 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), administered by the Institute for Resource Development, Columbia, Md., indicate a slight decline in the birth rate and reveal a high prevalence of child health problems associated with poor sanitation and nutrition. Senegal's 7.1 million people (1987 estimate) are unevenly distributed throughout the country's dry, flat landscape. Some 40% of the population is urban, and about 1/2 of these urban residents live in the capital, Dakar. Heavy rural-to-urban migration has been encouraged by the high population growth rate--2.8% annually--and a poor standard of living in the countryside. With about 70% of the labor force dependent on agriculture, a drought-related drop in the yields of groundnuts and other cash crops contributed to the rural exodus and to growing unemployment in the capital. The 1986 survey of family planning and child health collected information from 4415 women 15-49 years of age, and measured the height and weight of their children between 6 and 36 months. The findings suggest that fertility may have fallen slightly since 1978. The Senegal DHS recorded a total fertility rate (TFR) of 6.5 average births/woman during the 1981 Senegal World Fertility Survey (WFS). The DHS also found that women at the end of their childbearing--age 45-49 in 1986--had borne 7.4 children on average, further evidence of a slight decline in births among the younger women. Senegalese women marry young. The average age at 1st marriage is only 16.1, according to the 1986 DHS, and family planning within marriage is not widely accepted. In 1986, 11.7% of the currently married women 15-49 used some form of birth control, but only 2.7% used a modern method. While this is a large increase over the 3.9% rate of contraceptive use recorded in the 1978 WFS, almost 3/4 of the gain was due to a higher reported use of abstinence and withdrawal. In fact, 29% of the married women had relied on abstinence some time in the past, while only 6% had ever used a modern method. Current use of the pill and the IUD increased 4-fold between 1978 and 1986, but the 1986 level is still too low to have much effect on fertility rates. The knowledge of various contraceptive methods did increase significantly between 1978 and 1986. For example, only 18% of the married women said they were familiar with the pill in 1978, while 51% knew about it in 1986. In general, knowledge of modern contraceptives grew from 20%-68% of married women, while knowledge of traditional methods increased from 50-90%., between 1978 and 1986. When asked why they did not use contraceptives, 34% of the women said they were trying to become pregnant, and 19% said religious proscriptions against birth control discouraged them from using contraceptives. The preliminary DHS report also showed that 43% of the children under age 5 had vaccination cards, according to their mothers, although interviewers were able to verify the existence of cards for only 23% of the children. Up to 77% of the children under age 5 living in the Dakar region had vaccination cards (46% verified by interviewers), in marked contrast to the rest of the country.

Africa↗
PubMed1987

The new immigration: implications for poverty and public assistance utilization.

Central to the controversy over the new immigration is the worry that it has promoted an increase in the level of poverty and welfare utilization among immigrants. This study documents and explains immigrant-native trends and differentials in poverty and public assistance utilization during the period from 1960-1980. Results show that there is ample evidence that the level of poverty among immigrants, particularly recent immigrants, increased over the 1960-1980 period. However, there was little indication of a commensurate rise in the propensity of families to receive public assistance. There is also little evidence of a disproportionate and increasing burden of immigrants on public assistance coffers as the new immigration proceeds. Recent immigrants are no more likely to receive welfare than otherwise comparable natives. Regarding average annual public assistance income among welfare families, the empirical results suggest that immigrants differ little from natives in their degree of utilization. Like immigrants of previous waves, the new immigrants appear to be industrious and able to capitalize on their labor force potential to keep them out of poverty. This conclusion derives from findings that 1) in both the tabular and multivariate context, multiple earners kept a greater % of immigrant than native families out of poverty, and 2) immigrants showed a relative disinclination to use welfare as an income maintenance strategy. Still, the decline over time in ameliorative impact of multiple earners should be a source of concern. Also central to the concern over the new immigration is the increasing prevalence of nonwhites among immigrant cohorts. The sizable Hispanic component of the new immigration is particularly controversial. Among the most consistent findings of this study is the apparent deterioration in the economic status of white immigrants and the noticeable lack of any similar deterioration among Hispanic families. For example, among all the groups studied, recent white immigrants registered the largest increases in poverty over time. Poverty among recent Hispanic immigrants did not increase as sharply. Also, Hispanics became increasingly reluctant to use public assistance income whereas recent white immigrants did not, and revealed an increase in mean annual welfare receipt not nearly as great as that for white and Asian families. Admittedly, rates of poverty and public assistance receipt continue to be greater among Hispanics than whites. Still, changes over time reveal a marked deterioration among whites but no such deterioration among Hispanics.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1987

Remigration and social change--prospects for the migrant worker sending countries of the Middle East.

The author examines sociocultural aspects of the remigration of workers in the Middle East. He "suggests that migrants adopt, collectively, new cultural attitudes which they will attempt to maintain after getting re-settled back home." Consideration is given to consumerism and the religious beliefs of the repatriated workers. Special emphasis is given to return migration to Egypt and Pakistan.

Acculturation↗