A quantitative study of the "closing-in" symptom in normal children and in brain-damaged patients.
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Age Factors↗
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Performance of complex arm and facial movements after focal brain lesions.
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Adolescent↗
Motor planning in Parkinson patients.
This study was designed to determine if Parkinsonian patients exhibited a deficit in motor planning. Thirty adult males, 15 with Parkinson's disease and 15 normal controls, were given a gestural test which had two components. The first component required the symbolic representation of implement usage on verbal command and on imitation (representational items) and the second component required the imitation of non-symbolic hand positions (non-representational items). The results indicated that Parkinsonian patients performed at a significantly lower gestural level on the representational tasks and made significantly more spatial errors on non-representational tasks than the normal controls.
Aged↗
Hemispheric asymmetry of processing temporal aspects of repetitive movement in two patients with infarction involving the corpus callosum.
Two right-handed patients with infarction involving the forebrain commissural fibres produced irregular but rapid repetitive movements with their left hands while producing normal movements with their right hands as well as having normal oral expression. The abnormality was more conspicuous when producing slow tapping patterns. When required to reproduce rapid tapping patterns of around 5 beats/sec, one of the patients produced a comparatively regular tapping pattern. Thus, we believe that both hemispheres are equipped with the faculty to produce rapid repetitive patterns and that only the left hemisphere is responsible for the temporal processes involved in producing required repetitive patterns.
Aged↗
Perception of time-altered monosyllables in a specific group of phonologically disordered children.
Temporal auditory processing of open (e.g. pie) versus closed (e.g. pipe) syllables in a specific group of phonologically impaired children who deleted word-final consonants and normal phonologically developing children between the ages of 4 and 7 yr was investigated. The disordered group demonstrated significantly poorer discrimination at the faster but not slower rates of speech. Imitation of word-final consonants did not significantly increase in the disordered subjects when presented with time-expanded speech although certain individuals made noticeable improvements. Discussion of temporal auditory processing deficits from a neuropsychological perspective which suggests different etiologies is offered.
Articulation Disorders↗
Imitating gestures and manipulating a mannikin--the representation of the human body in ideomotor apraxia.
Imitation of meaningless gestures was examined in patients with left brain damage (LBD), right brain damage (RBD) and controls. In addition to imitation on the own body, patients were asked to replicate the gestures on a life-sized mannikin. Manual dexterity was assessed by manipulation of beads, and general visuospatial abilities by block-design. LBD patients who displayed apraxia when imitating gestures on their own bodies scored dramatically worse than any other group when imitation was assessed on the mannikin. By contrast, on block-design and manipulation of beads patients with RBD were inferior not only to LBD patients without apraxia but also to apractic patients. Analysis of CT scans revealed that apraxia occurred with frontal, parietal and deep lesions, and that the impairment on the manipulation of the mannikin was present regardless of lesion site. The results support the contention that the basic deficit underlying impaired imitation of meaningless gestures in apraxia is to be sought at a conceptual level. Possibly, patients with apraxia are not able to evoke and represent conceptual knowledge about the human body which is necessary for performing the apparently simple task of imitating gestures.
Aged↗
Face and voice expression identification in patients with emotional and behavioural changes following ventral frontal lobe damage.
Impairments in the identification of facial and vocal emotional expression were demonstrated in a group of patients with ventral frontal lobe damage who had socially inappropriate behaviour. The expression identification impairments could occur independently of perceptual impairments in facial recognition, voice discrimination, or environmental sound recognition. The face and voice expression problems did not necessarily occur together in the same patients, providing an indication of separate processing. Poor performance on both expression tests was correlated with the degree of alteration of emotional experience reported by the patients. There was also a strong positive correlation between the degree of altered emotional experience and the severity of the behavioural problems (e.g. disinhibition) found in these patients. A comparison group of patients with brain damage outside the ventral frontal lobe region, without these behavioural problems, was unimpaired on the face expression identification test, was significantly less impaired at vocal expression identification and reported little subjective emotional change. The expression identification deficits in ventral frontal patients may contribute to the abnormal behaviour seen after frontal lesions, and have implications for rehabilitation.
Facial Expression↗
Social support networks and the crisis of bereavement.
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Crisis Intervention↗
An investigation of repetition and language processing in a case of conduction aphasia.
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Aphasia↗
An assessment of cerebral dominance in language--disordered children via a time-sharing paradigm.
A time-sharing paradigm was used to assess language lateralization in language-disordered and normal children aged 4-7 years. Several expressive language tasks as well as a vocal, but nonlinguistic, task were administered concurrently with unimanual finger tapping. Dependent variables were percent disruption scores and number of syllables produced per concurrent trial. All language concurrent tasks produced tapping reductions for both hands for both groups. This result contrasts to similar time-sharing studies claiming asymmetrical interference and hence language lateralization in children (N. White & M. Kinsbourne, 1980, Brain and Language 10, 215-223; J. Obrzut, G. Hynd, A. Obrzut, & J. Leitgeb, 1980, Brain and Language 11, 181-194). A multiple regression analysis revealed a significant interaction effect differentiating language-disordered from normal children. Normals exhibited a parallel response pattern for speech and tapping (both increased or decreased in rate) under all lateralization conditions. Language-disordered children exhibited an inverse response pattern (e.g., if speech output increased, tapping rate decreased) only under left-hemisphere time-sharing.
Child↗
Amer-Ind versus ASL: recognition and imitation in aphasic subjects.
The imitation and recognition ability of brain-damaged and normal subjects was tested for 30 pairs of semantically matched ASL signs and corresponding Amer-Ind gestures. Subjects were rated according to severity and site of lesion. They were 6 nonaphasic, right-hemisphere brain-damaged subjects, 12 aphasic subjects, and 12 non-brain-damaged geriatric subjects. Results indicated that the Amer-Ind gestures were significantly easier to imitate and to recognize than the matched ALS signs. The relationships between these gestural abilities and severity of aphasia, site of lesion, Amer-Ind transparency ratings, and subjects' performance on a standardized aphasia test are outlined. The theoretical implications that concern the neural systems which mediate spoken and limb gestures are discussed.
Aged↗
The imitation of madness: the influence of psychopathology upon culture.
Psychiatry and ethnography have been reluctant to consider the possibility that psychosis may provide a model for social organisation and belief. The situations in which this may occur are considered and two examples discussed: the historical leader of a Jewish messianic movement and the contemporary founder of a Trinidadian sect. Individual delusions may be converted into a shared public culture by the manipulation of previously accepted symbolism and a simple inversion of the traditional values in some area may enable the whole community to attain a more sophisticated conceptualisation. In particular, antinomian acts rooted in psychopathology may generate more universal dispensations out of systems of dual classification.
Black or African American↗
Imitative suicide on the Viennese subway.
The number of subway suicides in Vienna increased dramatically between 1984 and mid-1987. In the second-half of 1987 there was a decrease of 75% which has been sustained for 5 yr. This reduction in subway suicides began when a working group of the Austrian Association for Suicide Prevention developed media guidelines and initiated discussions with the media which culminated with an agreement to abstain from reporting on cases of suicide. The characteristics of suicide and attempted suicide on the Viennese subway are discussed and appropriate guidelines for media coverage of suicidal acts are presented.
Adult↗
Hemisphere functioning and motor imitation in autistic persons.
Previous research has found that a high proportion of autistic individuals exhibit an atypical pattern of hemispheric specialization suggestive of impaired left hemisphere functioning: namely, right hemisphere dominance for both verbal and visual-spatial processing. Studies of brain-damaged persons have suggested that the left hemisphere is specialized for the use of nonverbal gesture. Since a major characteristic of autism is an impairment in the use of gesture, it was predicted that autistic persons would also show atypical hemispheric specialization for motor imitation. To test this hypothesis, hemispheric activation was measured using EEG recordings of alpha rhythm in autistic and matched normal control subjects during four motor imitation tasks. Autistic subjects showed significantly greater right hemisphere activation during the imitation tasks, than normal subjects. This pattern was particularly evident in younger autistic subjects and during oral, rather than manual, imitation tasks.
Adolescent↗
Synchronization of respiration.
In order to study synchronization of respiration, three different videofragments were presented to 21 normal subjects. Each fragment showed a 'therapeutic interview' specially performed for this purpose, with a 'patient' breathing in a particular way. The respiration of model 1 was deep, slow and clearly audible, the pattern of model 2 was rapid, superficial and slightly audible and that of model 3 was normal and hardly perceptible. The fragments were presented in three different sequences and each sequence was followed by seven subjects. Respiration amplitude (Vt), respiration irregularity (SD of Vt), respiration frequency (RF) and frequency of skin conductance responses (SCRF) were measured. Changes in mean values of these variables were demonstrated during the fragments; an increase in RF was the most pronounced and reliable change. These 'overall' physiological changes did not support the synchronization hypothesis, nor were they at variance with it: they seemed to be effects of attention. A detailed (cycle by cycle) analysis did reveal a synchronization effect in fragment 1. The number of cycles in the subject which were in rhythm with the model's respiration was significantly larger than could have been expected by chance. The effect of synchronization, however, was small and transient as it did not affect the mean RF and Vt of fragment 1.
Adult↗
Dendritic spine loss and enlargement during maturation of the speech control system in the mynah bird (Gracula religiosa).
Three types of neurons were identified in Golgi-Cox preparations of the telencephalic nucleus HVc of the mynah bird with the Sholl method. In a comparison of birds of 10 weeks and speech-trained birds of one year of age a reduction of dendritic spine density and an enlargement of the remaining spines was found in a large isopolar cell type. These findings are interpreted in terms of the mynah's shrinking potential with age to imitate new sounds and the stabilization of the acquired repertoire.
Age Factors↗
Perceived control over pain: individual differences and situational determinants.
Determinants of perceived control over pain were varied to assess their impact on pain tolerance to electric shock in an experimental setting where variably tolerant models were used to influence pain reports and behaviour. On the basis of locus of control scores, subjects were assigned to internal and external groups. Instructions were presented emphasizing personal or environmental determinants of pain. Fifty subjects were assigned randomly to 5 groups based on these instructions and whether they were paired with a model who was tolerant, intolerant or inactive. Findings indicated internals manifested greater pain tolerance, but that the instructions on situational as contrasted with personal sources of control over pain did not influence pain behaviour. As expected, the models promoted or inhibited exposure to the shocks consistent with the model's role. Subsequent disclosure of the model's roles, followed by further pain tolerance assessment, did not lead to changes in pain behaviour, indicating that the training effect was persistent. The discussion examines relative contributions of individual differences and situational factors to pain behaviour.
Electroshock↗
Pain and families. I. Etiology, maintenance, and psychosocial impact.
This is the first part of a two-part extended review on the interdependency between chronic pain and families. This paper will address the role of the family in the etiology and maintenance of chronic pain and will describe the reciprocal impact of chronic pain on families. Different conceptualizations of the role of the family and the available empirical evidence related to 3 central questions, namely, 'do families play an etiological role in chronic pain?,' 'does the family maintain the chronic pain problem?,' and 'is there a negative impact of chronic pain on the family?' will be critically examined. The second, companion paper will address the issue of the inclusion of family members in the assessment and treatment of chronic pain. Finally, recommendations for future research will be made.
Adaptation, Psychological↗