Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GLUCURONIC ACID”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The uniform galactose 4-sulfate structure in the carbohydrate-protein linkage region of human urinary trypsin inhibitor.

The carbohydrate-protein linkage region of a chondroitin 4-sulfate chain attached to urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) was isolated from human urine and characterized structurally. The chondroitin 4-sulfate chain was released from UTI by beta-elimination using alkaline NaBH4 then digested with chondroitinase ABC. These treatments resulted in only a single hexasaccharide alditol derived from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region. Chemical and enzymic analyses and 600-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the hexasaccharide alditol had the following structure: delta HexA alpha 1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) beta 1-4GlcA beta 1- 3Gal(4-sulfate) beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Xyl-ol, where delta HexA, GlcA and Xyl-ol represent 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-xylitol, respectively. This structure contained the novel 4-sulfated Gal residue, which was first demonstrated in one of the three linkage hexasaccharide-serines isolated from chondroitin 4-sulfate of rat chondrosarcoma [Sugahara, K., Yamashina, I., de Waard, P., Van Halbeek, H. & Vliegenhart, J. F. G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10168-10174]. This disulfated structure was recently identified as the sole structural component in the linkage hexasaccharide alditol fraction isolated from inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) in human plasma [Yamada, S., Oyama, M., Kinugasa, H., Nakagawa, T., Kawasaki, T., Nagasawa, S., Khoo, K.-H., Morris, H.R., Dell, A. & Sugahara, K. (1995) Glycobiology 5, 335-341]. The structural uniformity in the linkage hexasaccharide structure of ITI and UTI is in marked contrast to the heterogeneity demonstrated in the linkage hexasaccharides isolated from cartilaginous chondroitin sulfate whose linkage regions are sometimes but not always phosphorylated on the Xyl residue or sulfated on the Gal residue(s). The uniform structure containing the novel 4-sulfated Gal residue in the linkage region of UTI and ITI may imply its significance in the biosynthetic mechanism of chondroitin sulfate.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The cell wall polymer of the extremely halophilic archaeon Natronococcus occultus.

The cell wall polymer of Natronococcus occultus (DSM 3396) consists of L-glutamate, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 5:7:1:8:0.5:0.3. Partial acid hydrolysis of the cell wall polymer produced soluble fragments that could be separated by HPLC. A gamma-glutamyl dipeptide was isolated. In the intact cell wall polymer, the glutamate residues form a poly-(gamma-glutamine) chain with a length of about 60 monomers, which corresponds to a relative molecular mass of approximately 7700 Da. Two other soluble dimeric fragments, composed of glutamate and either glucosamine or galactosamine in a molar ratio of 1:1, were purified from the hydrolysate, suggesting the presence of two different oligosaccharides linked to the poly-(gamma-glutamine) chain of the intact polymer. The analysis of additional fragments, which were composed of an amino sugar and galacturonic acid or glucose indicated that one oligosaccharide consisted of a glucosamine pentamer in an alpha-1,3 linkage at the reducing end and an oligomer with at least five beta-1,4-linked galacturonic acid residues at the non-reducing end. The second oligosaccharide was comprised of a galactosamine dimer in a beta-1,3 linkage at the reducing end and a maltose unit at the non-reducing end. Both oligosaccharides were linked to the alpha-amide group of the glutamine residues of the poly-(gamma-glutamine) chain. The whole cell wall polymer, which represents a novel type of natural glycoconjugate, has a relative molecular mass of 54 kDa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Physiological diversity of rumen spirochetes.

Bovine rumen fluid contained relatively large numbers of spirochetes capable of fermenting polymers commonly present in plant materials. Polymers such as xylan, pectin, and arabinogalactan served as fermentable substrates for the spirochetes, whereas cellulose did not. Furthermore, spirochetes cultured from rumen fluid utilized as growth substrates hydrolysis products of plant polymers (e.g., D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic acid, cellobiose), but did not ferment amino acids. Viable cell counts of spirochetes capable of fermenting individual plant polymers or their hydrolysis products yielded minimum values ranging from 0.2 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) cells per ml of rumen fluid. Thirteen strains of rumen spirochetes were characterized in terms of their fermentation products from glucose, the guanine plus cytosine content of their DNA, their ultrastructure, and their ability to ferment pectin, starch, or arabinogalactan. Of the 13 strains, 6 fermented glucose mainly to formate, acetate, and succinate, whereas the remaining 7 strains did not produce succinate, but instead formed ethanol, in addition to formate and acetate. The succinate-forming strains had two periplasmic (axial) fibrils per cell, measured 0.2 to 0.3 by 5 to 8 micrograms, had a guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA ranging from 36 to 38 mol%, and lacked the ability to ferment pectin, starch, or arabinogalactan. The ethanol-forming strains had from 8 to more than 32 periplasmic fibrils per cell, tended to be larger in cell size than the succinate-forming strains, and had a guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA ranging from 41 to 54 mol%. Some of the ethanol-forming strains fermented pectin, starch, or arabinogalactan. The results of this study indicate that the bovine rumen is inhabited by a physiologically and morphologically diverse population of spirochetes. It is likely that these spirochetes contribute significantly to the degradation of plant materials ingested by the ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Characterization of metal-binding bioflocculants produced by the cyanobacterial component of mixed microbial mats.

Mixed-species microbial mats that were dominated by the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. and contained heterotrophic and purple autotrophic bacteria were constructed for specific bioremediation applications. When the mats were challenged with metals, production and secretion of metal-binding extracellular polysaccharide bioflocculants were observed. The concentration of these negatively charged polysaccharides was correlated with the removal of manganese from the water column beneath a surface microbial mat. Bioflocculants from an Oscillatoria sp. that was isolated from the mat were collected and concentrated for characterization. A chromatographic analysis revealed a heterogeneous population of polysaccharides with respect to charge density and molecular size. The subpopulation of polysaccharides which exhibited the highest level of flocculating activity was polyanionic and had a molecular weight of more than 200,000. A glycosyl analysis of the bioflocculants revealed the presence of galacturonic acid (2.2%) and glucuronic acid (1.86%). The presence of these components, which were negatively charged at the pH levels generated by the mats during photosynthesis (pH > 7.5), may account for the metal-binding properties of the mats.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1986

Biosynthesis of a galactose-and galacturonic acid-containing polysaccharide in Rhizobium meliloti.

Previous work showed that two different strains derived from a culture of Rhizobium meliloti 102F51 differed with respect to phage specificity, agglutinability by alfalfa seed lectin, and synthesis of a galactose-containing polysaccharide (R. A. Ugalde, H. Handelsman, and W. J. Brill, J. Bacteriol. 166:148-154, 1986). Inner membranes from the more competitive strain incorporated galactose from UDP-galactose when a thermostable factor was present. This factor has now been identified as UDP-galacturonic acid. UDP-glucuronic acid was also active as a donor; however, this activity may be due to the presence of a 4-epimerase. Galacturonic acid, together with galactose, is incorporated into the reaction product, which appears to be a polysaccharide formed by several repeating units of these two monosaccharides. Partial acid hydrolysis liberates the disaccharide with galactose at the reducing end.

Galactose↗
PubMed1991

Chemical characterization of Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of four nonencapsulated strains of the human enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni were chemically characterized. When applied to two of the strains, extraction by a modified phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether method (H. Brade and C. Galanos, Eur. J. Biochem. 122:233-237, 1982) gave better yields of LPS than did extraction by the conventional hot phenol-water technique. Constituents common to all LPS were D-glucose, D-galactose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, D-glucuronic acid, D-galactosamine, and phosphorylethanolamine. Phosphate was present in a relatively high amount. In addition, the LPS of three strains contained N-acetylneuraminic acid, whereas the LPS of the strain lacking this component contained 3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. The lipid A component contained phosphate with D-glucosamine and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose as the major amino sugars. Ethanolamine-phosphate was present also. The major fatty acids were ester- and amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic and ester-bound hexadecanoic acids, with a minor amount of ester-bound tetradecanoic acid. This is the first report of N-acetylneuraminic acid in the oligosaccharide moiety and diaminoglucose in the lipid A of C. jejuni LPS.

Campylobacter jejuni↗
PubMed1984

Isolation of calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibitor from rat kidney and urine.

Glycoproteins that slow the growth rate of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals were purified from rat kidney homogenate and urine by selective heat denaturation (for rat kidney homogenate), DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and gel permeation column chromatography. Both kidney and urine inhibitors were glycoproteins with an apparent mol wt of 1.4 X 10(4), as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. They contained gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and a high percentage of aspartic acid and glutamic acid but had few aromatic amino acid residues. Both inhibitors contained fucose, mannose, glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid but no glucuronic acid. Kinetic studies suggest that purified inhibitors bind to calcium oxalate monohydrate seed crystals according to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with similar dissociation constants of 14 X 10(-8)M for rat urine inhibitor and 8.7 X 10(-8) M for rat kidney inhibitor. The isolation of similar glycoproteins from kidney and urine suggests that urinary crystal growth inhibitor may be produced in the kidneys.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of two acidic polysaccharides having immunological activities from the root of Panax ginseng.

Two acidic polysaccharides, named ginsenan PA and ginsenan PB, were isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. They were homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and their molecular masses were estimated to be 1.6 x 10(5) and 5.5 x 10(4), respectively. They are composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratios of 11:22:1:6:1 (ginsenan PA) and 3:7:2:8:1 (ginsenan PB), in addition to small amounts of O-acetyl groups. Almost all (ginsenan PA) and part (ginsenan PB) of the hexuronic acid residues exist as methyl esters. Reduction of carboxyl groups, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and periodate oxidation studies indicated that their structural features include mainly both alpha-arabino-beta-3,6-galactan type and rhamnogalacturonan type structural units. Both polysaccharides showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test, pronounced anti-complementary activity and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activity in a dose dependent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Plant mucilages. XLIII. A representative mucilage with biological activity from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

A representative mucilage, called Hibiscus-mucilage RL, was isolated from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis, and its molecular mass was estimated to be roughly 1.0 x 10(7). Its intrinsic viscosity value in aqueous solution was 23.2. The major constituent is an acidic polysaccharide composed of L-rhamnose: D-galactose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 5:8:3:2. Methylation analysis, partial hydrolysis and nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicated its main structural features including a unique backbone chain composed of alpha-1,4-linked D-galactosyl alpha-1,2-linked L-rhamnosyl alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid units. The mucilage showed considerable anti-complementary activity.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Characterization of an acidic polysaccharide with immunological activities from the tuber of Pinellia ternata.

An acidic polysaccharide, called pinellian PA, was isolated from the tuber of Pinellia ternata Breit. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 11.8 x 10(4). Pinellian PA is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 5:15:1:3:3, in addition to small amounts of O-acetyl groups and peptide moieties. Reduction of carboxyl groups, methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance studies show that the core structural features include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose units. Some of the galactose units in the backbone carry beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl side-chains at position 6. Pinellian PA produces significant potentiation of the reticuloendothelial system, as shown by a carbon clearance test, and also exhibits potent anti-complementary activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Purification and biological activity of acidic polysaccharide from leaves of Thymus vulgaris L.

Polysaccharides are involved in biological responses and can activate complement system, which plays an important role in primary host defense mechanisms. We investigated anticomplementary activities from spice plants and selected thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) as a potent complementary activator. Acidic polysaccharide (TV-3-IIIA-IIa) purified from the hot-water extract of thyme leaves by DEAE-Toyopearl 650C, Butyl-Toyopearl 650M and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The purified polysaccharide, TV-3-IIIA-IIa showed potent anticomplementary activity via classical and alternative pathway with the increase proportional to dosage. TV-3-IIIA-IIa seemed to be a homogenous polymer from the results of HPLC and its molecular mass was estimated as 180 kDa. TV-3-IIIA-IIa mainly consisted of galacturonic acid (44.8 mol%), glucuronic acid (16.7 mol%), arabinose (11.1 mol%), rhamnose (9.2 mol%), galactose (8.9 mol%) and small amounts of glucose, xylose, mannose and fucose. By methylation analysis and reactivity to beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent, TV-3-IIIA-IIa was assumed to contain small amounts of type II arabinogalactan and large amounts of pectin-like polysaccharides in the structure. Based upon these results, TV-3-IIIA-IIa was suggested to be a complement activator.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Plant mucilages. XLII. An anti-complementary mucilage from the leaves of Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana.

A mucilage, designated as MSL-M, was isolated from the leaves of Malva sylvestris L. var. mauritiana Mill. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography. Its intrinsic viscosity value in aqueous solution was 12.0, and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 6.0 x 10(6). The major constituent is an acidic polysaccharide composed of L-rhamnose: D-galactose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 6:3:2:2. Methylation analysis of both the mucilage and the carboxyl-reduced derivative, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and partial hydrolysis studies indicated its main structural features. It has considerable anti-complementary activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Characterization of a polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera.

An acidic polysaccharide, named glycyrrhizan GA, was isolated from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glandulifera Reg. et Herd. It produced a single band on electrophoresis and a single peak on gel chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 85,000. Glycyrrhizan GA is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 22:10:1:2:1, in addition to small amounts of O-acetyl groups. Part of the hexuronic acid residues exist as methyl esters. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and periodate oxidation studies indicated that its structural features include mainly alpha-arabino-beta-3,6-galactan type structural units. Glycyrrhizan GA showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Astragalus mongholicus.

An acidic polysaccharide, designated as AMon-S, was isolated from the roots of Astragalus mongholicus BUNGE. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 7.6 x 10(4). It showed significant reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test. It is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 18:18:1:1, in addition to small amounts of O-acetyl groups and peptide moiety. A part of the hexuronic acid residues exist as the methyl esters. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and periodate oxidation studies enabled elucidation of its structural features and revealed mainly alpha-arabino-beta-3,6-galactan type structural units.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Structures of novel acidic galactooligosaccharides synthesized by Bacillus circulans beta-galactosidase.

The structures of acidic oligosaccharides synthesized by a transglycosylation reaction by Bacillus circulans beta-galactosidase, using lactose as the galactosyl donor, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and glucuronic acid (GlcUA) as the acceptors were investigated. Acidic oligosaccharides thus synthesized were purified by anion exchange chromatography and charcoal chromatography. The MS and NMR studies indicated that the acidic oligosaccharides from NeuAc were Gal beta-(1-->8)-NeuAc, Gal beta-(1-->9)-NeuAc, and Gal beta-(1-->3)-Gal beta-(1-->8)-NeuAc, and those from GlcUA were Gal beta-(1-->3)-GlcUA and Gal beta-(1-->4)-Gal beta-(1-->3)-GlcUA. These are novel acidic galactooligosaccharides.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1980

Some pathways of xenobiotic metabolism in the adult and neonatal marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

1. An oral dose of [carboxyl-14C]benzoic acid was excreted as hippuric acid or benzoylglucuronide by the adult marmoset Callithrix jacchus, and the relative proportions of the metabolites were dose-dependent over the range 1-100mg/kg body weight, the proportion of glucuronideincreasing with increasing dose level. 2. [14C]Aspirin was rapidly absorbed by the marmoset, giving peak blood levels within 1 h of dosing. Unchanged aspirin (trace to 5% dose) was excreted up to 3 h after dosage. Salicylic acid was the major metabolite, relatively little asalicyluric acid was excreted; glucuronic acid conjugates accounted for about 30% of the urinary metabolites and gentisic acid about 2%. 3. p-aminobenzoic acid administered to adult marmosets was excreted as p-acetamidobenzoic acid, the major urinary metabolite, unchanged p-aminobenzoates, p-aminobenzoyl glucuronide and p-aminohippuric acid each representing about 10% of the urinary metabolities; one-fifth of the p-aminohippurate was acetylated. 4. After oral administration of [35S]sulphadiazine to marmosets, peak blood levels of 35S occurred within 5 h dosing, and immediately fell to near-zero values at 24 h. Sulphadiazine and N-acetylsulphadiazine comprised 36% and 34% respectively of the urine 35S while the N1-glucuronide (tentative identification) accounted for 22%. Minor metabolites were the N4-glucuronide and N4-sulphate of sulphadiazine. 5. The extent of acetylation of sulphadimidine by marmosets corresponded to that of fast acetylators in man. 6. The metabolism of [14C]benzoate and of p-aminobenzoic acid in the neonatal marmoset was compared with that in similarly dosed neonatal rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Studies on the affinity of hyaluronic acid binding protein to glycosaminoglycans.

The affinity of hyaluronic acid binding protein (HBP) to different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was examined. The purified protein was pretreated with hyaluronic acid (HA), heparin, glucuronic acid and N-Acetyl-glucosamine and was loaded onto Hyaluronate-Sepharose affinity column. The binding of HBP to HA immobilized on sepharose column was specifically blocked only by pretreatment of HBP to HA and the elution of HBP was decreased proportionately with the addition of higher quantity of HBP. The specificity of HBP to HA was confirmed as it did not bind to Heparin-Sepharose or Chondroitin-4-Sulphate-Sepharose columns. The complex of HBP in association with HA was further shown on Sephadex G-200 and 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. All the experimental findings indicate that HBP binds specifically to HA only.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Characterization of the attachment of Treponema hyodysenteriae to Henle intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.

Properties of the attachment of Treponema hyodysenteriae to Henle intestinal epithelial (HIE 407) cells were examined. The frequency of attachment depended on the motility and viability of the spirochetes. Rabbit hyperimmune and swine convalescent antisera inhibited attachment. Treatment of HIE cells with neuraminidase had no effect on attachment; however, treatment of spirochetes with the enzyme decreased adherence significantly (P = 0.01). Attachment was inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid, D-glucuronic acid, and fetuin. Adherence was increased following coincubation with N-acetylglucosamine or yeast mannan. Surface antigens of T hyodysenteriae, isolated by chemical extraction, competitively inhibited adherence. Concentrated T hyodysenteriae culture supernatant fractions inhibited adherence, but concentrated phosphate buffered-saline washings of the spirochete and concentrated uninoculated media did not inhibit adherence. Sialic acid was detected in unwashed T hyodysenteriae and spent culture supernatant fractions in higher concentrations than from washed spirochetes and uninoculated media. It was concluded that the binding adhesins on T hyodysenteriae for cultured HIE cells may contain sialic acid residues.

Animals↗