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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Serum cortisol reduction and abnormal prolactin and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell response as a result of controlled exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus despite unaltered muscle energetics.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate muscle energetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and measure serum cortisol, prolactin and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell levels during and after controlled exhaustive exercise. METHODS: Patients with RA (n = 7), patients with SLE (n = 6) and healthy individuals (HI) (n = 10) performed incremental cycle ergometry to the limit of tolerance. Ventilation, oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide output were measured and the lactate threshold (LT) was estimated. Serum cortisol, prolactin, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subset levels were determined at baseline, peak exercise and 1 h after exercise. RESULTS: Exercise tolerance was reduced in patients with RA and patients with SLE, as reflected by peak VO2 and LT, but muscle energetics were not altered. In RA and SLE, there was significant reduction in cortisol levels at peak (-10%; P = 0.03) and post-exercise times (-36%; P = 0.05). Prolactin varied significantly at peak exercise in HI only (+60%; P = 0.05). There was a significant reduction in CD4+ T cells at peak exercise in RA (-15%; P = 0.02) and SLE patients (-8%; P = 0.04) and an increase after exercise in SLE patients (+11%; P = 0.03). In HI, CD8+ T cells increased significantly (+47%; P = 0.01) at peak exercise, but this was not found in RA and SLE patients. A significant reduction in CD8+ T cells was noted after exercise in SLE patients (-6%; P = 0.05). CONCLUSION: RA and lupus patients do not have significantly altered muscle energetics, but have abnormal cortisol, prolactin and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses to exercise. Further studies need to be carried out to evaluate whether short bouts of strenuous exercise have detrimental clinical effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Skeletal myocytes are a source of interleukin-6 mRNA expression and protein release during contraction: evidence of fiber type specificity.

In this study, we aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle cells per se are a source of interleukin (IL)-6 during contraction and whether IL-6 production is fiber type specific. Muscle biopsy samples were collected from seven males before (PRE) and after (POST) completing 120 min of continuous bicycle ergometry. Biopsies were sectioned and analyzed for the following: IL-6 protein detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), IL-6 mRNA content detected by in situ hybridization, fiber type measured by either IHC or myofibrillar ATPase activity stain, and glycogen content measured by periodic acid schiff (PAS) assay. Fibers were qualitatively categorized according to glycogen content to one of five groups (1-5), with 1 being very low (LOW) and 5 being very high (HIGH) glycogen. Total fluorescence (PRE vs. POST) and glycogen-dependent fluorescence (LOW vs. HIGH) of IL-6 protein were quantitated using Metamorph software. Total IL-6 protein was elevated from PRE to POST exercise (P<0.05). At PRE, IL-6 protein was evenly distributed across all fibers at low levels, consistent with glycogen distribution. At POST, IL-6 protein was greater (P<0.05) in HIGH compared with LOW glycogen fibers, which coincided with type 2 fibers. IL-6 mRNA was distributed peripherally in all fibers at PRE. At POST, however, IL-6 mRNA appeared predominantly in type 2 fibers, which also had higher glycogen content (P<0.05). These data demonstrate that myocytes per se are a source of IL-6 produced during contraction. Our data also suggest that type 2 fibers predominantly produce IL-6 during muscle contractile activity.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1997

Detection of ventilatory threshold using near infrared spectroscopy in men and women.

The onset of anaerobic (lactate) metabolism during incremental exercise, which may be a result of an imbalance between tissue oxygen supply and demand, has been associated with the gas exchange ventilatory threshold (VT). This study was designed to examine whether near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used to detect the VT in healthy subjects. Twenty-one men and 19 women completed incremental cycle ergometry during which NIRS measurements were obtained from the right vastus lateralis and gas exchange measurements were monitored simultaneously using a metabolic cart. The VT was identified from the metabolic data by the V-slope method and from NIRS data as the intensity at which tissue absorbency crossed the resting baseline value observed immediately prior to the initiation of exercise. Pearson correlations for the relative oxygen uptake and power output observed for the two methods of detecting VT were 0.90 and 0.88, respectively, in men and 0.89 and 0.86, respectively, in women (P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between the two methods of detecting VT for any of the physiological responses (P > 0.05). No significant (P > 0.05) gender differences were observed in muscle oxygenation values at the VT, 32% in men and 38% in women. These results validate the use of NIRS as an alternate noninvasive method for detecting VT during cycle exercise in healthy subjects.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

Development and qualitative assessment of the GAME(Cycle) exercise system.

Increased physical activity is important for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, among people with disabilities, inactivity is prevalent. In order to encourage exercise among members of this group, an exercise system combining arm ergometry with video gaming, called the GAME(Cycle) was previously developed. User input was received through an arm crank ergometer on a swivel, with the angular velocity of the ergometer resistance wheel controlling one axis and rotation of ergometer about the swivel controlling the other. The purpose of this study was to detail the algorithms used in this device and present novel features included in a second generation of the GAME(Cycle). The features include a wheel on base, a steering return mechanism, and wireless fire buttons. A focus group of clinicians (n = 8), wheelchair users (n = 8), and clinician wheelchair users (n = 2) was conducted to evaluate the features of the GAME(Cycle). The focus group suggested improvements to the steering mechanism and to reduce vibration in the system. However, the focus group enjoyed the GAME(Cycle) and felt that it would encourage exercise among persons with disabilities.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Stress lactate in mitochondrial myopathy under constant, unadjusted workload.

As it is under debate if determination of lactate during cycle ergometry (lactate stress testing, LST) under a continuous, unadjusted, low workload is a valuable diagnostic tool for mitochondrial myopathy (MMP), the present study aimed to investigate how sensitive the LST is in a large cohort of patients with indications for MMP (MMP patients). Serum lactate was determined once before, three times during, and once after a 15-min, constant 30 W-workload on a bicycle ergometer in 115 healthy controls, 166 patients with neurological disorders other than MMP, and 291 MMP patients. Serum lactate's upper reference limit at rest, 5, 10, 15 min after starting, and 15 min after finishing the exercise was 2.0, 2.0, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.7 mmol/l, respectively. Resting lactate was increased in 75 MMP patients (26%). The specificity of resting lactate determination was 84%. The sensitivity of the LST was 66% and the specificity 84%. Among the 192 MMP patients with abnormal LST, 120 (63%) had a normal resting lactate. The LST is abnormal in two thirds of the MMP patients. The sensitivity of the LST is higher than that of resting lactate determination. The LST is a simple and cheap but effective and reliable screening method for detecting the impaired oxidative metabolism in MMP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia is not different during cycling and running in triathletes.

This study examined the effect of running and cycling on exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) in individuals well trained in each modality. Thirteen male triathletes (X+/-SD: age=36+/-5 years, mass=69+/-8 kg, body fat=12+/-1%) performed progressive exercise to exhaustion during cycle ergometry and treadmill running. Gas exchange was determined, while oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO(2)) was measured with an ear oximeter. At maximal exercise, the respiratory exchange ratio (1.15+/-0.06 vs. 1.10+/-0.05) and the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen uptake (37.6+/-3.8 vs. 34.2+/-2.7) were greater during cycling vs. running (P<0.05). However, there were no differences at maximal exercise in oxygen uptake (64.4+/-3.2 vs. 67.0+/-4.6 mL kg(-1) min(-1)), SaO(2) (93.4+/-2.8% vs. 92.6+/-2.2%), or the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V(E)/VCO(2); 33.1+/-3.1 vs. 31.0+/-3.1), during cycling vs. running, respectively. During submaximal exercise, the V(E)/VCO(2) was less for cycling (26.0+/-1.0) compared with running (29.1+/-0.4; P<0.05), but this had no apparent effect on the SaO(2) response. In conclusion, EIAH was not significantly different during cycling and running in athletes who were well trained in both exercise modalities.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Substrate utilization during exercise performed with and without glucose ingestion in female and male endurance trained athletes.

Compared to males, females oxidize proportionately more fat and less carbohydrate during endurance exercise performed in the fasted state. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that there may also be gender differences in exogenous carbohydrate (CHOexo) oxidation during exercise. Healthy, young males (n = 7) and females (n = 7) each completed 2 exercise trials (90 min cycle ergometry at 60% VO2peak), 1 week apart. Females were eumenorrheic and were tested in the midfollicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Subjects drank intermittently either 8% CHOexo (1 g glucose x kg x h(-1)) enriched with U-13C glucose or an artificially sweetened placebo during the trial. Whole-body substrate oxidation was determined from RER, urinary urea excretion, and the ratio of 13C:12C in expired gas during the final 60 min of exercise. During the placebo trial, fat oxidation was higher in females then in males (0.42 +/- 0.07 vs 0.32 +/- 0.09 g.min(-1).kg LBM(-1) x 10(2)) at 30 min of exercise (p < .05). When averaged over the final 60 min of exercise, the relative proportions of fat, total carbohydrate, and protein were all similar between groups. During CHOexo ingestion, both the ratio of 13C:12C in expired gas (p < .05) and the proportion of energy derived from CHOexo relative to LBM (p < .05) were higher in females compared to males at 75- and 90-min exercise. When averaged over the final 60 min of exercise, the percentage of CHOexo to the total energy contribution tended to be higher in females (14.3 +/- 1.2%) than in males (11.2 +/- 1.2%; p = .05). Compared to males, females may oxidize a greater relative proportion of CHOexo during endurance exercise which, in turn, may spare more endogenous fuel. Based on these observations, ingested carbohydrate may be a particularly beneficial source of fuel during endurance exercise for females.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pregnancy-induced changes in the maximal physiological responses during swimming.

The effect of pregnancy on peak O2 uptake (VO2 peak) during tethered swimming was evaluated in 10 women during their 25th and 35th wk of pregnancy, as well as 9-11 wk postpartum. The swim results were compared with cycle ergometry results obtained at similar times. The results indicated that exercise-induced maximal heart rates remained the same and were similar for the swim and cycle trials, approximately 184 +/- 4 beats/min. Cycling VO2 peak was not affected by pregnancy, averaging 1.94 +/- 0.11 l/min. Postpartum swim VO2 peak was similar to the cycle results; however, during pregnancy it was significantly lower than cycling VO2 peak (P less than 0.05; postpartum, 1.78 +/- 0.14 l/min; 25th wk, 1.64 +/- 0.12; 35th wk, 1.48 +/- 0.11). Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrits were lower during pregnancy; however, changes in plasma volume (based on hematocrit and hemoglobin) were found to be significantly greater during cycling than during swimming and also greater during pregnancy for both modes of exercise. It was concluded that, unlike cycling, the VO2 peak of pregnant women during swimming is reduced. This reduction in VO2 peak was associated with a decreased peak ventilation (r = 0.864) but was not correlated to exercise-induced hemoconcentration (r = -0.29). Furthermore, pregnancy results in a greater-than-normal exercise-induced hemoconcentration, which may be related to pregnancy-induced changes in capillary dynamics.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Increased endothelin and creatine kinase after electrical stimulation of paraplegic muscle.

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in creatine kinase (CK) and endothelin (ET) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) after computerized functional electrical stimulation leg ergometry (CFES LE). Eight subjects (7 male and 1 female) with complete spinal cord lesions (C7 to L1) completed zero-loaded CFES LE tests at baseline, after 3, 6, and 12 wk of CFES LE training (30 min, 3 times/wk), and also after detraining (DT) (n = 5). Venous blood samples were drawn 24, 48, and 72 h after CFES LE for measurement of ET and CK. The CK response was largest (peak CK) 72 h after baseline tests (28.2 +/- 6.0 to 895.7 +/- 345.9 ktals/l) and was no different from baseline by weeks 3, 6, and 12. After DT, CK was similar before and after CFES LE (153.8 +/- 19.0 and 189.7 +/- 34.5 ktals/l, respectively). CFES LE also significantly increased peak ET after baseline (from 11.7 +/- 1.5 to 18.0 +/- 2.5 pg/ml). During the subsequent training, peak ET remained significantly higher than the baseline value at weeks 3, 6, and 12 (20.2 +/- 1.8, 18.0 +/- 1.1, and 16.9 +/- 2.2 pg/ml, respectively). After DT, peak ET increased significant relationship (r = 0.44) existed between ln peak CK activity and peak ET. In summary, the increase in circulating ET in spinal cord-injured individuals may have implications for baroreceptor function and therefore blood pressure control in SCI. Further research into CFES LE, ET, and baroreceptor function in SCI is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Detection of aggregated leukocytes in the circulating pool during stress-demargination is not necessarily a result of decreased leukocyte adhesiveness.

Leukocyte endothelial interactions are essential for a normal immune response. It is known that this response is influenced by stress and that the latter induces demargination. We examined the question of whether stress demargination results from a decreased state of leukocyte adhesiveness. Included were various volunteers and patients under different degrees of stress. 66 young athletes before beginning their daily exercises, 67 middle-aged healthy volunteers, 25 patients before ergometry for evaluation of chest pain, 75 patients who were referred to the emergency room with chest pain without ischemia/infarction, 78 patients with ischemia/infarction, 65 patients with minor trauma, 25 with a fracture and 12 with polytrauma. The leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation (LAA) values were measured with a direct slide test. The respective LAA values were 7.4 +/- 4.7, 6.3 +/- 4.4, 5.8 +/- 3.6, 5.2 +/- 3.5, 10.8 +/- 8.5, 9.1 +/- 5.8, 12.2 +/- 6.6 and 19 +/- 12.6% of aggregated leukocytes. We conclude that an increase in aggregated white blood cells can be detected in the circulating pool during major stress. It is therefore suggested that stress demargination is not necessarily a result of diminished leukocyte adhesiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The effects of low and moderate intensity exercise on subjective experiences in a naturalistic health and fitness club setting.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of participation in low and moderate intensity exercise on subjective exercise experiences in a naturalistic health club setting. Thirty physically active members of a community health and fitness club participated in low and moderate intensity cycle ergometry for 20 minutes. Subjective exercise experiences were measured before, during and after exercise. Participants reported significant increases in Positive Well-being and Fatigue scores across time in the moderate but no change in the low exercise intensity condition. The results suggest that exercising for 20 minutes at moderate intensity in a health club environment provides some measure of psychological benefit for a general population, although exercise at the higher intensity could have negative implications by increasing feelings of fatigue during and after exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Maximal mechanical power during a taper in elite swimmers.

INTRODUCTION: Insight regarding the fluctuations in neuromuscular function among athletes during a taper is lacking. PURPOSE: This study examined the time course of changes in maximal mechanical power (Pmax), torque at power maximum (T), velocity at power maximum (V), and swim performance (m x s(-1)) that occur during the taper. METHODS: Using an arm ergometer with inertial loading, measurements were made during the week prior to the initiation of the taper (high volume, HV), during the 2- to 3-wk period of the taper (taper), and during the week of peak competition (peak) in 24 male competitive collegiate swimmers. Subjects were divided into groups that tapered to peak performance at either the conference (CONF, N = 13) or national (NAT, N = 11) championship competitions. RESULTS: CONF increased Pmax 10.2% (P < 0.01) and swim performance 4.4% (P < 0.001). NAT increased Pmax by 11.6% (P < 0.01), T by 7.4% (P < 0.02), and swim performance by 4.7% (P < 0.001). Pmax displayed a biphasic increase with approximately 50, 5, and 45% of the total increase occurring during the first, second, and third weeks of the taper, respectively. The biphasic response was the most common response among individual swimmers. Swimming performance was significantly correlated to both power and torque (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In summary, maximal arm power measured using inertial load ergometry increased largely during the first and third weeks after training volume was tapered for peak performance in elite collegiate swimmers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

GH response to exercise: assessment of the pituitary refractory period, and relationship with circulating components of the GH-IGF-I axis in adolescent females.

The concept of pituitary refractory period for GH secretion has been previously described. To measure the length of this refractory period we performed an exercise provocation test for GH secretion immediately following multiple overnight GH blood sampling. In addition, we correlated the magnitude of the GH response to a single exercise input with mean overnight GH, IGF-I and circulating IGFBP levels. 23 healthy adolescent females (15-17 yr) performed 10-min constant cycle ergometry at a power normalized to each subject's aerobic and anaerobic capacity. GH was measured every 10 min starting 10 min before exercise and then for 60 min after the exercise bout. Mean nocturnal GH was calculated from overnight values obtained every 20 min over a 12-h period. Pre-exercise GHBP, IGF-I and IGFBPs 1-5 were assessed using standard techniques. In five subjects, a spontaneous GH peak had preceded the exercise test by 1 hour or less, and no response to exercise was found. In the remaining 18 subjects, a GH peak (6.8 +/- 1.3 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) was observed at 32 +/- 4 min after the onset of exercise. The GH response to exercise was not correlated with fitness, mean GH or IGF-I but was correlated with IGFBP-3 (r = 0.65, p < 0.05). Spontaneous GH pulses may acutely render the pituitary refractory to exercise stimuli. The length of this refractory period is approximately 1 hour. The data corroborate the idea that while relationships exist among the various components of the GH-IGF-I axis, no single factor identified to date fully reflects GH-IGF-I "tone".

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Varying physiological response to arm-crank exercise in specific spinal injuries.

The purpose of this arm-crank ergometry (ACE) study was to provide a greater understanding of the influence to which specific cervical and thoracic spinal cord injuries contribute to reduction in optimal cardio-respiratory and metabolic function. Twenty five male volunteers aged 20 to 47 years participated. Twenty disabled wheelchair-confined spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects were equally divided into four 'site-specific' groups based on the lesion being within either high- or low- cervical or thoracic anatomical regions. Five physically non-disabled controls (As) were included. Measured variables tended to decrease progressively from As to high-level quadriplegics. Analysis revealed a high variance in maximum cardio-respiratory performance levels between groups (P < 0.001). These findings confirm that limitation to upper body physical capabilities in the SCI during high-intensity ACE is dependent on specific lesion site. Considerable variability in performance levels were measured in those suffering lesions within closely approximating anatomical regions. Results also suggest a greater importance in the location of cervical rather than thoracic injuries in contributing towards higher relative losses in maximal cardio-respiratory and metabolic potential. Alterations in body composition and varying severity of muscle paralysis likely also play a contributing role in reducing optimal metabolic function in SCI individuals. The importance for stringent classification techniques of spinal cord lesion site in predicting upper body physical exercise potential in the SCI has therefore been highlighted in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Ergospirometry and its history.

Ergospirometry is a diagnostic procedure to continuously measure respiration and gas metabolism during ergometer exercise. It enables judgement of function and performance capacity of the cardiopulmonary system and metabolism. Ergospirometry is made up of the 2 components spirometry and ergometry. The first attempts to measure human gas metabolism while performing quantified physical work can be traced back to the year 1790. The development of procedures to measure gas metabolism and respiration as well as the construction of ergometers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are described. Ergospirometry and routinely performed clinical performance diagnosis were introduced in 1929, but it was not until the 1950s when the first ergospirometry apparatus which met all scientific requirements was developed. The parameters used and the physiological and pathophysiological findings by ergospirometry are given in an historical frame. Numerous medical fields have profited from the technique of ergospirometry, for example: cardiology, pneumology, sports medicine, exercise physiology, biochemistry, clinical pharmacology, surgery, orthopaedics, paediatrics and gerontology, besides such global disciplines as preventive medicine, exercise therapy and rehabilitative medicine.

Ergometry↗
PubMed2001

Tests of cycling performance.

Performance tests are an integral component of assessment for competitive cyclists in practical and research settings. Cycle ergometry is the basis of most of these tests. Most cycle ergometers are stationary devices that measure power while a cyclist pedals against sliding friction (e.g. Monark), electromagnetic braking (e.g. Lode), or air resistance (e.g. Kingcycle). Mobile ergometers (e.g. SRM cranks) allow measurement of power through the drive train of the cyclist's own bike in real or simulated competitions on the road, in a velodrome or in the laboratory. The manufacturers' calibration of all ergometers is questionable; dynamic recalibration with a special rig is therefore desirable for comparison of cyclists tested on different ergometers. For monitoring changes in performance of a cyclist, an ergometer should introduce negligible random error (variation) in its measurements; in this respect, SRM cranks appear to be the best ergometer, but more comparison studies of ergometers are needed. Random error in the cyclist's performance should also be minimised by choice of an appropriate type of test. Tests based on physiological measures (e.g. maximum oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold) and tests requiring self-selection of pace (e.g. constant-duration and constant-distance tests) usually produce random error of at least approximately 2 to 3% in the measure of power output. Random error as low as approximately 1% is possible for measures of power in 'all-out' sprints, incremental tests, constant-power tests to exhaustion and probably also time trials in an indoor velodrome. Measures with such low error might be suitable for tracking the small changes in competitive performance that matter to elite cyclists.

Bicycling↗
PubMed1995

Changes in ratings of perceived exertion and psychological affect in the early stages of exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and affect, as assessed by a bipolar feeling scale (FS) during cycle ergometry in a steady-state and a nonsteady-state condition in active and inactive individuals. 71 subjects completed a self-report questionnaire on physical activity and were assigned to two groups, a low-active group of 16 men and 18 women and a high-active group of 18 men and 19 women. On Day 1 all subjects completed a sub-maximal exercise test to predict maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) from which work rates corresponding to 60% and 90% VO2max were calculated. On Day 2 half of the subjects completed a work rate equivalent to 60% VO2max whilst the other half completed a 90% VO2max work rate. On Day 3 alternative work rates were completed. RPE and FS were recorded after 2 and 4 min, at each work rate on both days. Mixed-model, 4-factor (gender x group x work rate x time) analyses of variance with repeated measures on work rate and time were conducted on the FS and RPE data. RPE was higher after 4 min, at both intensities, and there was a greater increase in RPE between 2 and 4 min, at the 90% than the 60% work rate. Rated feeling was more positive at the 60% work rate, high-active subjects were more positive than low-active subjects and rated feeling was lower in Minute 4 for both groups. The following interactions were observed: rated feeling was more negative after 4 min. for the low-active group compared to the high-active group at 2 and 4 min. and the low-active group reported more negative feeling at the 90% work rate compared to the 60% work rate while the high-active group did not change significantly. Timing of the RPE is important if used to prescribe exercise intensity. Further, low-active subjects should be encouraged to exercise at moderate intensities and discouraged from focusing on how they feel immediately before they finish a session.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Validity and reliability of a Cantonese-translated rating of perceived exertion scale among Hong Kong adults.

This study assessed the validity and reliability of the Cantonese-translated version of the Borg 6-20 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale during continuous incremental cycle ergometry by Hong Kong adults. A total of 54 participants (25 males and 29 females), ages 22.2 +/- 4.7 yr., volunteered to participate. They performed two trials of identical continuous incremental cycling exercise 1 wk. apart for the reliability test. The objective measures of exercise intensity (heart rate, power output, and oxygen consumption) and the subjective measure of effort (RPE) were obtained during the incremental exercise. Significant (p < .01) Pearson correlations were found when RPE values were correlated with heart rate (rs > or = .73), power output (rs > or = .69), and oxygen consumption (rs > or = .68). The overall test-retest intraclass correlation (R = .92) indicated that the scale was reliable. In conclusion, this Cantonese scale for rating of perceived exertion appears to be a valid and reliable psychophysiological tool to measure perceptions of exertion during controlled cycle ergometer exercise by Hong Kong adults.

Adult↗