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PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatic Echinococcus granulosus. A case report.

A 32-year-old woman was admitted to hospital complaining of right upper quadrant and epigastrium abdominal pain, and nausea. On routine physical examination an abdominal mass was discovered on the right upper quadrant. Liver tests were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen revealed a low-density cystic mass. A cystectomy was performed. Hydatid sand containing a protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus was seen on microscopical examination. Specific antiparasitic treatment was given and after two months the patient is asymptomatic

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Kinetic analysis of cytokines and immunoglobulin G subclass in BALB/c mice infected with Echinococcus alveolaris].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the dynamic change of immune response in mice infected with Echinococcus alveolaris (AE) at difference period of time, and to explore hostalveo's immune regulation. METHODS: The infection lasted and was followed up for 25 weeks. The spleen cells from BALB/c mice infected with AE stimulated with EmAg and ConA or PHA in vitro. IL-2R, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1 and specific IgG subclasses were determined by ELISA. NO was tested by chemical assay. RESULTS: NO level sharply rose in 16 weeks after BALB/c mice were infected with AE. The levels of IgG1 and IgG3 significantly increased 8 weeks after infection, and remained elevating throughout the period of observation. IgG3 showed slight increase, IgG2a and IgG2b appeared low level following infection. The production of IL-2R and TNF alpha increased significantly 8 weeks of infection, while IL-2R sharply decreased in 12 weeks of infection. During the period of 2-12 weeks of infection there was an increase in IL-1 secreting. The level of IL-1 and TNF alpha rapidly increased since 16 weeks post infection. High level of IFN-gamma was detected during the period of observation, and showed a peak at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Th1 is the major response in the early stage of infection, which is replaced by Th2 response in later period of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in stray dogs in Iraq.

The present paper records the prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in stray dogs of Al-Tamim (northern Iraq), Diala (mid Iraq) and Theqar province (southern Iraq), where many people are infected with hydatid disease. Of 150 dogs examined in three provinces in Iraq, 57 (38%) were infected with E. granulosus. The prevalence of the worm was higher in the dogs of Theqar province (56%) than in those of Al-Tamim (20%) and Diala Provinces (38%). Infections were light (1-200 worms) in eight (14%) of the infected dogs, medium (201-1000 worms) in 14 (24.6%) and high (over 1000 worms) in 35 (61.4%). The mean worm burden was 1844 and the maximum number of worms was 15,182 recorded in a male dog from Theqar province. The reasons for such a high rate of infection in the dogs are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The first report of Echinococcus multilocularis strain isolation from human in Turkey.

The adult form of the small cestode Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) is found in carnivorous animals, especially in the fox. This cestode, which is observed in the northern hemisphere of the world, is the cause of a generally fatal, progressing disease in humans, known as "alveolar echinococcosis" (AE). The metacestodes of E. multilocularis can be experimentally developed in the Meriones unguiculatus species of rodents, and it is possible to use these metacestodes for numerous purposes, primarily for antigens required for diagnosis. It is with this aim that in this study for the first time in Turkey, E. multilocularis metacestodes were developed in Meriones unguiculatus and an indigenous strain was isolated using the surgical material from a patient diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Climate and environmental factors influencing Echinococcus multilocularis occurrence in the Slovak Republic.

During the period of 2000-2004, 3,096 red foxes from the whole territory of the Slovak Republic were sampled and examined parasitologically for infections with Echinococcus multilocularis, causative agent of serious alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Relations between prevalence of the parasite in individual regions of Slovakia and some environmental factors were weighted. During the study period, great differences of prevalence and infection intensity were found on a regional level and significant between-year fluctuation of both parameters was observed. High-endemic foci with an estimated prevalence of more than 30 % were detected in the northern and central part of the country. Climatic conditions, including low mean annual air temperature, high mean annual rainfall and the high humidity of the soil, showed to be important for E. multilocularis distribution. Significant correlation was calculated between prevalence of the tapeworm, mean annual precipitation values, and population density of small mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Presentation of echinococcus infection as lung abscess.

A 35-year-old man presented with clinical and radiological features of lung abscess. Despite broad spectrum antibiotics for 5 weeks he remained systemically unwell. Underlying Echinococcus infection was suspected when repeat radiology of his chest showed a water lily sign, and this diagnosis was confirmed at thoracotomy. Hydatid disease may present as lung abscess and cause delay in diagnosis and appropriate therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Pharmacokinetics of four benzimidazoles administered intragastrically to mice infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus].

Mice infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus were treated ig with mebendazole (Meb), albendazole (Alb), albendazole sulfoxide (AlbSO) or albendazole sulphone (AlbSP) at equal effective dosage. The blood concentrations-time courses of the four drugs were adequately fitted to a liner one-compartment open model analysed with a modified NONLIN program, and the major pharmaco- kinetic parameters were then calculated (Table 1). When Alb was given ig to the infected mice, 76.2-84.5% of the drug absorbed was metabolized to AlbSO. There fore, the pharmacokinetics of AlbSO in Alb group was determined. After ig administration of Meb to the infected mice, the ratio of the drug contents in cyst wall to corresponding plasma concentrations of Meb was 10.6-26.9%, but much less in cyst fluid. In Alb and AlbSO groups, similar AlbSO contents in cyst wall and cyst fluid with higher ratio to plasma concentrations were observed (Fig 3). The results suggest that E granulosus cysts were more susceptible to Meb than to Alb or AlbSO, and improvement of Meb absorption would be favourable for enhancement of efficacy in the treatment of hydatid disease.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1991

Immune suppression induced by protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis in mice. Evidence for the presence of CD8dull suppressor cells in spleens of mice intraperitoneally infected with E. multilocularis.

Immunoregulatory states induced by i.p. inoculation with the metazoan parasite Echinococcus multilocularis in the murine system were investigated. Proliferative responses and IL-2 production induced by Con A in spleen cells from BALB/c mice were significantly depressed at an early stage after infection with E. multilocularis protoscoleces (PSC). Addition of plastic-adherent cells from normal syngeneic mice to the nonadherent spleen cells from infected mice did not restore the depressed Con A responsiveness. On the other hand, exogenous IL-2 reconstituted completely the proliferative responses to Con A. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CD4- CD8+ cells with a low density of CD8 Ag (CD8dull cells) increased in spleens from infected mice 2 weeks after inoculation. Addition of the spleen cell subpopulation containing the CD8dull cells, but not that depleted of the CD8dull cells, to normal spleen cells resulted in marked suppression of the Con A responses. These findings suggest that the CD8dull cells detected in spleens of mice inoculated with E. multilocularis PSC may play a key role in the suppressive regulation of immune responses. The relevance of the immune suppression seen in the early stages of experimental infection with E. multilocularis PSC to the eventual establishment of a host-parasite relationship is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Echinococcus cysticus--rare differential diagnosis of a splenic cyst].

Splenic involvement in hydatid disease is uncommon, representing less than 2% of all human organ manifestations by echinococcus cysticus. We report on the rare case of an isolate splenic infection. The case history and the clinical findings were compatible with a traumatic cyst. Ultrasound, CT and MR findings are discussed.

Cysts↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of epsiprantel against Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs.

Dogs with 41-day-old experimental infections of Echinococcus granulosus were treated orally with epsiprantel. Single doses of 2.5 mg kg-1, 5.0 mg kg-1 or 7.5 mg kg-1 were effective in removing more than 99 per cent of these parasites, but total clearances of worms only occurred in dogs given the highest dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Cellular immune response in Echinococcus multilocularis infection in humans. II. Natural killer cell activity and cell subpopulations in the blood and in the periparasitic granuloma of patients with alveolar echinococcosis.

In animal models, the development of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae has been shown to correlate with the immune status of the host, and particularly with cellular immunity. In humans, a defect in immune regulation may explain the persistence of cellular infiltration and fibrogenesis. We assessed natural killer (NK) activity in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with alveolar echinococcosis, and compared in 12 patients who underwent a surgical procedure the cell populations in the PBMC with those present in the periparasitic granuloma. The results indicated that (i) the NK cell activity of the PBMC was significantly altered at the lower NK cell: target cell ratios; (ii) the percentage of CD8+ cells was significantly decreased in the PBMC with an increased CD4:CD8 cell ratio; (iii) inversely, the CD8+ cells constituted the main population of T cells in the liver of most patients; and (iv) the periparasitic granuloma was mainly composed of macrophages, T cells and myofibroblasts in close association with the developing fibrosis. A relatively high number of CD4+ cells in the periparasitic granuloma of two patients with 'abortive' parasitic lesions suggested that, as it is observed in experimental E. multilocularis infection, differential evolution of the phenotypic pattern of the periparasitic granuloma could be related to resistance or sensitivity to infection by E. multilocularis in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Echinococcus multilocularis: characterization of an alveolar hydatid cyst-induced amyloid enhancing factor.

Alveolar hydatid cysts, the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis, were shown to induce the formation of an amyloid enhancing-like factor (AEF) called alveolar hydatid cyst-AEF (AHC-AEF) in the spleens of infected animals, 5 to 6 weeks post-infection. The adoptive transfer of AHC-AEF results in rapid induction and deposition of amyloid fibrils in the spleens following AgNO3 injection within 24 h. When injected concomitantly with alveolar hydatid cysts, it shortens the induction phase from 5 or 12 weeks to 1 week in C57BL/6J and A/JAX mice respectively. Preliminary characterization of this factor indicates that its bioactivity may be detected in the non-lipid moiety of spleen cell extracts and the sediment of ultracentrifugation. The factor is resistant to trypsin, pepsin, DNA-ase and RNA-ase treatments. It is sensitive to low or high pH (pH 3.0 and 9.5) and boiling. It resists freeze drying, dialysis, and storage at 4 degrees C for 2 weeks or -70 degrees C for more than a year. It may be fractionated using borate buffered saline, pH 7.4, on Sephacryl S-300 gel column. The active moiety eluted mainly in the first peak.

Amyloid↗
PubMed1988

[Natural infestation of domestic cats (Felis catus L.) by Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 (Cestoda): first case in France detected in peri-urban area].

A minute specimen of a tapeworm from the small intestine of a domestic cat is related to Echinococcus multilocularis. The natural infestation of the cat by this species of cestode is demonstrated in France for the first time. The cat was captured in the field around buildings of the neighbourhood of Annemasse (Haute-Savoie). This case illustrates the possibility of an urban life cycle extension of alveolar echinococcosis in the permanent endemic areas of the zoonosis in France and also the eventual risks of contamination for urban dwellers by parasite eggs laying on the ground or on the carnivorous domestic animal furs.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Echinococcus alveolaris treated by right trisegmentectomy.

A case of Echinococcus alveolaris of the liver treated by right trisegmentectomy is reported. The imaging procedures (sonography, CT, angiography) ensuring preoperative diagnosis were of help in performing of resections and they can also be used in the postoperative follow-up.

Echinococcosis, Hepatic↗
PubMed1988

[Recurrent chest wall abscess. Result of a probable percutaneous infection with Echinococcus multilocularis following a dormouse bite].

An unusual form of inoculation and of clinical manifestation of alveolar echinococcosis in the subcutaneous tissue of the thoracic wall is described. In 1970 the patient was bitten by a dormouse (Glis glis). Thereafter multiple recurrent abscesses and fistulae developed over a period of 11 years in the thoracic wall and were drained repeatedly. Several bacteriological and histological examinations revealed no specific cause until 1980. In 1983 radical surgical excision of the subcutaneous inflammatory tissue was performed and alveolar echinococcosis was demonstrated histologically. In the past 4 years the patient has remained asymptomatic and without evidence of recurrence. As a working hypothesis it is suggested that by way of the rodent bite infectious material (eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis) entered the subcutaneous tissue of the thoracic wall.

Abscess↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polycystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus vogeli): clinical and radiological manifestations and treatment with albendazole of a patient from the Brazilian Amazon region.

We present a case of polycystic hydatid disease produced by Echinococcus vogeli in a tapper of rubber trees from the State of Acre, Brazil. The most relevant clinical data were pain, increased abdominal volume caused by palpable painful masses, fever and poor clinical condition. Laboratory tests showed anemia, eosinophilia, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia and increased plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase. Computerized tomography revealed diffuse cysts throughout the peritoneal cavity up to the pelvis, and inside the liver, pancreas and spleen. Anatomopathological examinations of cysts obtained by laparotomy confirmed the etiological diagnosis. Treatment with 10 mg/kg Albendazole for 6 months caused complete regression of the disease.

Adult↗