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PubMed1986

Effect of pretreatment with hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the toxicity of diazinon in calves.

The pretreatment of calves with a single dose of 10 mg kg-1 dieldrin or 21 daily doses of 10 mg kg-1 phenobarbitone increased the toxicity of diazinon as reflected by the development of more severe clinical signs and greater depression in whole blood cholinesterase activity in the pretreated calves. Induction by dieldrin or phenobarbitone of the hepatic microsomal enzyme amidopyrine-N-demethylase was also accompanied by a concurrent rise in the liver carboxylesterase activity.

Aminopyrine N-Demethylase↗
PubMed1968

Ecological considerations in scrub typhus. 3. Methods of area control.

The best of the known methods for control of the chigger vectors of scrub typhus is the application of dieldrin to the ground and low-lying vegetation as a fog or spray at the rate of 2.5 lb to the acre (28 kg/hectare). This has produced a more than 91% reduction in the numbers of Leptotrombidium (L.) akamushi (Brumpt, 1910) and L. (L.) deliense (Walch, 1922) for at least 2 years. Aldrin applied at the rate of 2.25 lb per acre (2.5 kg/hectare) is also highly effective, but less so than dieldrin. Lindane at the rate of about 5 lb per acre (5.7 kg/hectare) ranks third, but offers protection for only about 2 months. Because of the potential hazards to wildlife when such long-acting compounds are used, application of organophosphorous or carbamate insecticides may be used instead in areas where reapplication every few weeks is feasible. Fenthion and arprocarb are promising compounds for this purpose.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Residues in broiler chick tissues from low level feedings of seven chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.

Two chlorinated insecticide feeding studies from 1967-1968, using broiler chicks, have been completed. In Study I, lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, methoxychlor, and DDT were fed in combination at 3 levels: 0.05, 0.15, and 0.45 ppm. Data show that, in fat tissues, heptachlor epoxide attained a level approximately 20 times the respective levels in the feed; dieldrin 15 times; endrin 10 times; p,p'-DDT 9 times; lindane 3 times; and o.p'-DDT less than the feeding levels. Of the DDT metabolites, p.p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, only p,p'-DDE was significant at 3 times the 0.45 ppm feeding level. Endrin ketone, a metabolite of endrin, reached plateau levels approximately equal to feeding levels. All residue levels in liver tissues were less than 0.02 ppm. In Study II, technical chlordane was fed singly at the 0.05, 0.15, and 0.45 ppm levels. Results are tabulated for both total chlordane and for 6 identifiable isomers. Total chlordane in fat tissues attained plateau levels 3-5 times the respective feeding levels. Total chlordane levels in liver and breast tissues were all less than 0.01 ppm.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

[Pollution of human milk in France by organochlorine insecticide residues].

The monthly analysis of milk mixtures from ten French human milk banks, over a period of two years, showed that there was marked pollution by organochlorine insecticide residues. The following averages were noted: hexachlorocyclohexane + hexachlorobenzene 2,75 mg/kg of pure fat, DDT and derivatives 3,24 mg/kg fat, heptachlor epoxide 0,28, dieldrin 0,23. The main insecticides were, with average values, beta hexachlorocyclohexane (1,67), hexachlorobenzene (0,98), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (2,40). All these milks were invariably very polluted throughout the year, but there were however noted some qualitative differences according to the geographic position of the milk banks: South of the Loire river, the main polluting factor was hexachlorocyclohexane, whilst North of the Seine, fairly high values were found for heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin. The special study of human milk from Lille showed a 50% reduction in pollution between 1970 and 1973. The probable routes of contamination are human food and the ill-advised domestic use of pesticides.

Algeria↗
PubMed1977

Influence of environmental factors on pesticide levels in sport fish.

The extent of pesticide contamination of sport fish from lakes and reservoirs in Indiana is described. Environmental and water quality factors significantly influenced the concentration of pesticides in fish. The influence of these factors was different between natural lakes and humanmade reservoirs. Largmouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), sunfish (Lepomis sp), and bullheads (Ictalurus sp.) were collected and analyzed for dieldrin, aldrin, DDT, DDE, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide. The collections and concurrent lake surveys were made during 1972-73. Soil and decaying plant particles appeared to influence the levels of dieldrin and sigma DDT taken up by largemouth bass. Strong correlations were observed between lake turbidity and true color and residue levels in the fish. Residue concentrations were also observed to vary between fish species, the seasons of the year, and watershed land uses.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Influence of a new impoundment on pesticide concentrations in warmwater fish, Saylorville Reservoir, Des Moines River, Iowa, 1977-78.

Samples of seven species of warmwater fish were collected above, within, and below newly impounded Saylorville Reservoir, Des Moines River, Iowa, from October 1977 to October 1978. Whole-body analyses by gas chromatography were significantly higher in river carpsucker (Carpiodes cyanazine and for the organochlorine insecticides dieldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDT, and heptachlor epoxide. Only the organochlorine insecticides were detected in fish tissue. Concentrations of dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were significantly higher in river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio) from the reservoir than in those from the river. Other species of fish showed no differences in pesticide concentration related to locality of collection.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Status of insecticide resistance in anopheline mosquitoes of Punjab Province, Pakistan.

Susceptibilities of six anopheline mosquito species from nine localities in Punjab Province to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, fenitrothion, fenthion and propoxur were determined. DDT-resistance was found in An. annularis, An. culicifacies, An. stephensi and An. subpictus but An. nigerrimus and An. pulcherrimus were susceptible to DDT. Association between DDT-resistance and endophilic habit of the mosquitoes has been observed but needs further confirmation. Dieldrin resistance was present in all the six species. Five species were susceptible to malathion, and only An. stephensi showed incipient malathion resistance without cross resistance to other organophosphates. The six species were susceptible to fenitrothion and propoxur. An. nigerriums and An. subpictus showed some evidence of resistance to fenthion, the remaining four species were fenthion-susceptible.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Chronology of organochlorine compounds in Lake Michigan fish, 1929-66.

Museum specimens of six species of Lake Michigan fish collected from 1929 through 1966 were analyzed for dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and DDT analogs. Dieldrin first appeared in the 1955 specimens. Residues were low and exhibited no trend with time. PCB's and DDT analogs appeared in 1949 in the same samples. Both PCBP'S and sigmaDDT increased progressively through 1965. PCB residues showed no decreasing trend. SigmaDDT peaked in 1965. PCB's and DDE were always detected together. The ratio of PCB to DDT showed no trend from 1949 to 1966.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Contamination of human breast milk with organochlorine residues: a comparison between East and West Germany through sentinel practice networks.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the contamination of human breast milk with organochlorine residues through two sentinel practice networks in Lower Saxony, a state of former West Germany, and Saxony-Anhalt, a state of former East Germany. DESIGN: Eligible women were enrolled in this cross sectional study by a network of 51 paediatric practices in Lower Saxony and 44 in Saxony-Anhalt when bringing their babies for a regular screening examination four to six weeks after delivery. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and exposure factors were determined by questionnaire. Milk samples were analysed for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorbenzole (HCB), DDT, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and heptachlorepoxid (HCE); half the samples were also analysed for dioxin. Analytic statistics were computed using multiple logistic regression. SETTING: The study was conducted in Lower Saxony, Germany, from July 1992 to June 1993, and in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, from January to June 1995. PARTICIPANTS: 156 primiparous, breast-feeding women from Lower Saxony and 113 from Saxony-Anhalt were studied, who either were born and raised in former West or East Germany, respectively. MAIN RESULT: Mean age of mothers and children differed significantly between the two study groups. In Lower Saxony all but two milk samples were well below the tolerable concentrations established by the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)). In Saxony-Anhalt no participant had concentrations above those recommended by the DFG. After adjustment for age of mother and child, occupational and non-occupational pesticide contact, DDT and beta-HCH concentrations were significantly lower in Lower Saxony; HCE and dieldrin concentrations were lower in Saxony-Anhalt. No differences between the two states were found for PCB, HCB, gamma-HCH, and dioxin. CONCLUSIONS: Breast milk contamination levels in former East German Saxony-Anhalt exceeded the contamination in Lower Saxony only for DDT and beta-HCH.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Occurrence of pesticides in fish tissues, water and soil sediment from Manzala Lake and River Nile.

Pesticides constitute the major source of potential environmental hazard to man and animal as they are present and concentrated in the food chain. This study was conducted on 136 samples of water, sediment and fish for detection and determination of pesticide residues in this ecosystem. Highly significant differences were found in levels of Indian, heptachlor, endrin, dieldrin, P,P'-DDE and propoxur in River Nile water when compared with that of Manzala Lake. Levels of Indian, endrin, malathion and diazinon were significantly higher in soil sediment of Manzala Lake, while the levels of heptachlor, aldrine, P,P'-DDE, DDT, parathion, propoxur and zectran were significantly higher in soil sediment of River Nile. Boury fish of Manzala Lake contained higher levels of heptachlor, aldrin, P,P'-DDE and malathion, while boury fish of River Nile contained a higher level of zectran only. This survey, thus indicated that Manzala Lake and even the River Nile which was used as control are heavily contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons (Indian, heptachlor, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, P,P'-DDE and DDT), organic phosphorus compounds (malathion, dimethoat, diazinon and parathion) and carbamate pesticides (propoxur and zectran).

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Determination of pesticides in drinking water by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.

A new analytical procedure using a two-step sample preconcentration (solid-phase extraction (SPE) and field-amplified sample stacking) prior to separation by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was developed for the determination of 14 pesticides such as aldicarb, carbofuran, isoproturon, chlorotoluron, metolachlor, mecoprop, dichlorprop, MCPA, 2,4-D, methoxychlor, TDE, DDT, dieldrin, and DDE in drinking water. Good recoveries of pesticides were obtained using SPE with sample pH adjusted to 2-3. Field-amplified sample stacking was found to give enrichment factors up to 30-fold preconcentration of various pesticides under reversed polarity at -2 kV for 50 s. The optimized background electrolyte (BGE) consisted of 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 10 mM borate buffer, 15 mM beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), and 22% acetonitrile at pH 9.6, running was under 25 kV and detection at 202 nm. Good linearity was obtained for all pesticides with detection limits down to 0.04-0.46 ng/mL and a working range of 0.1-40 ng/mL. The repeatabilities of migration time and peak area were satisfactory with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.66 and 13.6% and 4.1 and 28%, respectively. All pesticides except dieldrin were found to be detected at concentrations at least tenfold lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. The analytical procedure developed offers an economic method for fast screening of multiple pesticide residues in drinking water for health protection. It had been applied to determine carbofuran and MCPA in agricultural run-off water samples, giving satisfactory repeatabilities of 10 and 12%, respectively, with n=5 for the determination of pesticides in contaminated water samples.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2003

Pancreatic cancer mortality and organochlorine pesticide exposure in California, 1989-1996.

BACKGROUND: Occupational studies have suggested a possible link between organochlorine pesticides and the occurrence of pancreatic cancers. California maintains a death file and a pesticide reporting system that allows examination of this relationship for residents of high use areas. METHODS: We employed a mortality odds ratio design to compare deaths from pancreatic cancer (1989-1996) with a random sample of non-cancer deaths. Using pesticide data for three agricultural counties, we classified 102 ZIP codes in quartiles of pesticide usage for 1972-1989. Using logistic regression we estimated the effect of pesticide applications by ZIP code controlling for possible confounders. RESULTS: Among long-term residents, pancreatic cancer mortality was elevated for those living in ZIP codes with the highest use of four pesticides: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-d), captafol, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), and dieldrin. No dose-response relationship was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests increased pancreatic cancer mortality among long-term residents in areas of high application rates of 1,3-d (an EPA-classified probable human carcinogen), captafol, pentacholoronitrobenzene (PCNB), and dieldrin.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Zebrafish as a model for developmental neurotoxicity testing.

BACKGROUND: To establish zebrafish as a developmental toxicity model, we used 7 well-characterized compounds to examine several parameters of neurotoxicity during development. METHODS: Embryos were exposed by semistatic immersion from 6 hrs postfertilization (hpf). Teratogenicity was assessed using a modified method previously developed by Phylonix. Dying cells in the brain were assessed by acridine orange staining (these cells are likely to be apoptotic). Motor neurons were assessed by antiacetylated tubulin staining and catecholaminergic neurons were visualized by antityrosine hydroxylase staining. RESULTS: Atrazine, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were primarily teratogenic and not specifically neurotoxic. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dieldrin, and nonylphenol showed specific neurotoxicity; dieldrin and nonylphenol were specifically toxic to catecholaminergic neurons. Malathion, although not teratogenic, showed some nonspecific toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Teratogenicity measured in 96-hpf zebrafish is predictive of mammalian teratogenicity and is useful in determining whether a compound causes specific neurotoxicity or general developmental toxicity. Induction of apoptosis or necrosis is an indicator of neurotoxicity. An effect on motor neurons in the caudal third of the embryo correlates with expected defects in motility. Overall, our results showed a strong correlation with mammalian data and suggest that zebrafish is a predictive animal model for neurotoxicity screening.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Field desorption mass spectrometric analysis of organic compound residues in the environment. I--Organochlorine insecticides.

Field desorption mass spectrometry is applied to the positive identification of organochlorine insecticides and their related compounds residing in field soil environment. Additionally, standard field desorption mass spectra of these compounds are presented. Soil samples were collected in lettuce and spinach fields, and insecticides were extracted, cleaned up, and separated with thin-layer chromatography. Residue levels were measured by injecting the extract into a gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. Residues of p,p'-DDT and dieldrin in field soil samples were clearly identified by field desorption mass spectrometry using the emitter dipping method. Moreover, mixed residues of these insecticides were simultaneously confirmed. However, residues of insecticides and their related compounds other than p,p'-DDT and dieldrin could not be characterized. All spectra of standard showed prominent [M].+, [M(35Cl(n-1), 37Cl)].+ and [M(35Cl(n-2, 37Cl2)].+ ions, and the [M(35Cl(n-1), 37Cl)].+ ion was the base peak in all spectra obtained.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1995

Metabolic activation of carcinogenic aromatic amines by fish exposed to environmental pollutants.

Activation of arylamines to mutagenic metabolites by hepatic S9 fractions has been evaluated as a biomaker of fish exposure to pollutants, using gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a valuable fish species from the Spanish South Atlantic littoral, as model organism. To obtain maximal sensitivity to the mutagenic action of aromatic amines, a strain of Salmonella typhimurium overproducing O-acetyltransferase was used. Fish were treated with Aroclor 1254, pesticides (malathion and dieldrin), or copper(II), and compared to Aroclor 1254-treated rats. The promutagen activation capabilities of the S9 fractions were further characterized by studying the effect of two monooxygenase inhibitors, alpha-naphthoflavone, a well known inhibitor of aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible forms of cytochrome P450, and methimazole, a substrate for the flavin monooxygenase (FMO) system. This study shows that 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) activation by gilthead liver is enhanced by treatment of fish with different xenobiotics. The catalyst responsible for this enhanced activation appears to be different for each promutagen and, at least for 2-AA, dependent on the type of xenobiotic. The data presented indicate further that treatment of gilthead with some compounds, such as malathion and dieldrin, enhances the activation of aromatic amines in liver, without inducing ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. The use of acetyltransferase-overproducing bacteria appears to be a useful tool in the study of arylamine activation by fish liver, where biotransformation capability is lower than in mammals.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed2001

The concentration of pesticides in sediments from Kolleru Lake in India.

Kolleru Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake in India. Sediment samples were collected at different locations from Kolleru Lake at different seasons in a year over a period of three years and analyzed for eight selected pesticides. In general, pesticides were present at all locations. The selected pesticides alpha-BHC, gamma-BHC, malathion, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were present at higher concentrations than isodrin, dieldrin and p,p'-DDT. The concentrations of alpha-BHC, gamma-BHC malathion, chlorpyrifos, isodrin, endosulfan, dieldrin and p,p'-DDT in sediments were 1.2-388, 1.4-212, from below the minimum detection limit (BDL)-186, 1.1-292, BDL-38.6, BDL-206, BDL-128 and BDL-191 micrograms kg-1 dry weight, respectively. The aim of this study is to evaluate baseline data, to try to account for the concentration of pesticides in sediments and to discuss their potential to affect human beings and aquatic organisms.

Ecosystem↗