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PubMed1988

A comparison of serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin with other biological markers of excessive drinking.

In a study of suggested biological markers of excessive drinking, serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) was compared with serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase; serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and erythrocyte mean cellular volume. Analytical data were studied in relation to self-reported alcohol consumption during the latest month for the 69 participating subjects. CDT was found to be the most sensitive and most specific marker of excessive drinking, and was also found to be the best marker for monitoring abstinence under treatment of alcoholics.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The effects of dietary iron supplementation on the toxicity of piroctone olamine in the growing rat.

Weanling Charles River CD rats of both sexes were fed 300 mg/kg/day of Piroctone Olamine, an anti-bacterial agent, and were supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 200 ppm dietary iron as FeSO4.7H2O for six weeks. However, analytical data indicated that Piroctone was degraded in the diet so that the rats received only 225 mg/kg/day. The rats given Piroctone Olamine without iron gained significantly less body weight and ate significantly less feed than controls, with the effect being more pronounced in the males. They also developed severe microcytic, hypochromic anemia. The rats supplemented with all three levels of dietary iron grew at a rate similar to controls. The rats supplemented with 50 ppm dietary iron had anemia with all of the hematological iron-associated factors being significantly depressed. The 100 ppm supplement restored all hematologic factors to normal in the females, but slight reductions remained in the males. The 200 ppm supplement of iron restored all parameters to values similar to the controls in both sexes. These results suggest that the mechanism of the toxicity of Piroctone Olamine is the prevention of dietary iron absorption by in situ chelation.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Low molecular weight immunosuppressive factors found in elevated amounts in cancer ascitic fluids of mice. 1. Isolation, identification and immunosuppressive effects of uric acid and uracil.

A definite increase in two low molecular weight factors, G10-2 and G10-3 was found in Ehrlich ascitic fluids, parallel to tumor growth. The isolation and identification of the two factors were attempted through gel filtration and reversed phase column chromatography, using ascitic fluids obtained 13 days after intraperitoneal implantation of Ehrlich tumor cells. As a result, two highly purified factors were observed upon examination by high performance liquid chromatography. Additional analytical data, collected by UV spectrum, NMR spectrum and mass analysis, allowed us to identify G10-2 as uric acid and G10-3 as uracil. Detailed immunological analysis of uric acid and uracil revealed that the augmenting activities of mouse and human NK cells by mouse IFN alpha/beta or human rIFN alpha A/D were impaired in the presence of either compound at concentrations of 0.07 mM, the concentration detectable in the ascitic fluid of tumor bearing mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Amatoxins, phallotoxins, phallolysin, and antamanide: the biologically active components of poisonous Amanita mushrooms.

This review gives a comprehensive account of the molecular toxicology of the bicyclic peptides obtained from the poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita. The discussion of the biochemical events will be preceded by a consideration of the chemistry of the toxic peptides. The structural features essential for biological activities of both the amatoxins and the phallotoxins will be discussed, also including the most important analytical data. Similar consideration will be given to antamanide, a cyclic peptide, which counteracts phalloidin. In addition, the phallolysins, three cytolytic proteins from Amanita phalloides will be discussed. The report on the biological activity of the amatoxins will deal with the sensitivity of the different RNA-polymerases towards the toxins and with their action on various cell types. Consideration will also be given to systems in which alpha-amanitin was used and can be used as a molecular tool; in the past, many investigators used the inhibitor in molecular biology, genetics, and even in physiological research. As for the phallotoxins, discussion of the affinity of these toxins for actin is provied. Further discussion attempts to understand the course of intoxication by filling in the gap between the first molecular event, formation of microfilaments, and the various lesions in hepatocytes during the intoxication.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1986

Indomethacin poisoning.

Two cases of indomethacin poisoning with supporting analytical data are described and the literature, which is limited to two reports, is reviewed. In overdose, indomethacin may produce the following non-life threatening symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, drowsiness, headache, tinnitus, restlessness and agitation. The terminal elimination half-life in our two cases was respectively 6.8 hr and 2.9 hr which is similar to that found following a therapeutic dose.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Central anticholinergic syndrome after ofloxacin overdose and therapeutic doses of diphenhydramine and chlormezanone.

A 14-year-old female with no history of psychiatric disease ingested an unknown amount of ofloxacin, diphenhydramine and chlormezanone after an argument with her patients. Approximately 12 hours after ingestion, the patient was admitted to the hospital in a delirious state with extreme mydriasis and warm and dry skin. Analytical data on admission were consistent with ofloxacin overdose and ingestion of therapeutic doses of diphenhydramine and chlormezanone. The patient received activated charcoal and forced diuresis was instituted. Psychosis and anticholinergic symptoms lasted in the next 2 days. On day 3, the psychotic and anticholinergic symptoms were nearly completely reversed by 2 mg physostigmine salicylate, given IV x 2. Since anticholinergic symptoms have not been observed after ofloxacin overdose or after therapeutic doses of diphenhydramine or chlormezanone, this case suggests a potentiation of the anticholinergic effects of diphenhydramine and chlormezanone by ofloxacin overdose.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Accidental intoxication with methylene dianiline p,p'-diaminodiphenylmethane: acute liver damage after presumed ecstasy consumption.

BACKGROUND: MDA is the abbreviation for methylene dianiline (p,p' diaminodiphenylmethane; 4,4'-methylenedianiline; CAS 101-77-9); and for methylendioxyamphetamine (MDMA, N, alpha-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine; CAS 42542-10-9). While the former is used for the production of polyurethane foams, the latter is a psychometric drug, which is becoming increasingly popular in the techno scene. METHODS: We report six participants of a technoparty (1 female, 5 males, ages 17-25) who were admitted to the hospital with severe colicky abdominal pain and subsequently developed symptoms of hepatotoxicity. They had ingested an alcoholic beverage that had been spiked with a powdery substance they dubbed MDA. RESULTS: All patients showed similar clinical symptoms, with an identical time course. Acute jaundice developed within 2 days after ingestion. Enzymes indicating cholestasis increased steadily over 7 days and reached peak values of 800 U/L (AP) and 380 U/L (GGT), whereas transaminases remained moderately elevated. Between days 5 and 7, all patients became febrile for one day, their body temperatures rising up to 40 degrees C. There was no evidence for hemolysis or an infectious hepatitis. Toxicological analysis revealed the presence of p,p'-diaminodiphenylmethane (4,4'-methylenedianiline) at a concentration of 130 mg/L in one of two urine extracts examined. CONCLUSIONS: The analytical data indicate that the participants of the technoparty assumed the aniline-derivative, the cause of Epping Jaundice, was methylendioxyamphetamine because the same abbreviation, MDA, is used for both compounds. An overview of the acute liver toxicity of aniline derivatives is given and the possibility of amphetamine-induced liver damage is discussed.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗

PubMed2006

Distinguishing bipolar major depression from unipolar major depression with the screening assessment of depression-polarity (SAD-P).

BACKGROUND: Patients with bipolar I or II major depression are often misdiagnosed with unipolar major depression. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a brief instrument to screen for bipolar disorder in patients actively ill with major depression. METHOD: The sample consisted of subjects who enrolled in the National Institute of Mental Health-Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression-Clinical Studies from 1978 to 1981 during an episode of major depression and included 91 subjects with bipolar I major depression, 52 with bipolar II major depression, and 338 with unipolar major depression diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Most of the subjects were inpatients at the time of enrollment, and subjects were prospectively followed for up to 20 years. In order to create, test, and cross-validate the screening instrument, a split-sample data analytic procedure was performed. This procedure yielded 3 groups of subjects: the bipolar I index sample, the bipolar I cross-validation sample, and the bipolar II cross-validation sample. Each group included subjects with bipolar major depression and subjects with unipolar major depression. Within the bipolar I index sample, subjects with bipolar I major depression at study intake were compared with subjects with unipolar major depression at study intake on a pool of 59 sociodemographic and clinical candidate variables. The 3 variables showing the greatest disparity between bipolar I subjects and unipolar subjects were selected for the screen, the Screening Assessment of Depression-Polarity (SAD-P). The operating characteristics of the SAD-P were then examined within the bipolar I index sample, bipolar I cross-validation sample, and bipolar II cross-validation sample. RESULTS: The items selected for the screening instrument were (1) presence of delusions during the current episode of major depression, (2) number of prior episodes of major depression, and (3) family history of major depression or mania. The screen identified bipolar major depression with a sensitivity of 0.82 in the bipolar I index sample, 0.72 in the bipolar I cross-validation sample, and 0.58 in the bipolar II cross-validation sample. With regard to misclassifying subjects with unipolar major depression, the screen provided a positive predictive value of 0.36 in the bipolar I index sample, 0.29 in the bipolar I cross-validation sample, and 0.27 in the bipolar II cross-validation sample. CONCLUSION: We suggest using the 3-item SAD-P as a preliminary screen for bipolar disorder in patients who present with an active episode of major depression.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Neural network pattern recognition of photoacoustic FTIR spectra and knowledge-based techniques for detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in food grains.

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS), a highly sensitive probe of the surfaces of solid substrates, is used to detect toxigenic fungal contamination in corn. Kernels of corn infected with mycotoxigenic fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus, display FTIR-PAS spectra that differ significantly form spectra of uninfected kernels. Photoacoustic infrared spectral features were identified, and an artificial neural network was trained to distinguish contaminated form uncontaminated corn by pattern recognition. Work is in progress to integrate epidemiological information about cereal crop fungal disease into the pattern recognition program to produce a more knowledge-based, and hence more reliable and specific, technique. A model of a hierarchically organized expert system is proposed, using epidemiological factors such as corn variety, plant stress and susceptibility to infection, geographic location, weather, insect vectors, and handling and storage conditions, in addition to the analytical data, to predict Al. flavus and other kinds of toxigenic fungal contamination that might be present in food grains.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2004

[Invasive infection by Aspergillus terreus treated successfully with liposomal amphotericin B].

A woman of 75 years old was admitted at our hospital for evaluation of worsening and weakness in inferior limbs. Several vertebral fractures by crushing, one doubtful discitis, an infiltrate with cavitation in the right superior lobe and one infiltrate in the left superior lobe were detected. In the biopsy of the consolidation a filamentous fungus was watched and in the bronchial washing specimen culture grew Aspergillus terreus. The infiltrates disappeared with liposomal Amphotericin B remaining with oral Itraconazol during three months more. The clinical and analytical data demonstrate the existence of a Overlap syndrome associate to antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. We comment the peculiarity of the infection by Aspergillus terreus in patients who have not been in critical care and the good response at treatment with liposomal Amphotericin B. It contrasts with the high mortality referred in a recent review. Other aspects to comment are the coexistence with a collagen vascular and an antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome with the higher titles of IgM ACA that we have found in literature.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[Cranial hyperostosis as a metastasic adenocarcinoma presentation form].

Hyperostosis is a volume-unit osseous increase of very diverse etiology. We present the case of a 68-year woman with a cranial hyperostosis debuting with frontal protrusion, headache and neurologic symptoms. Image proves demonstrated a hyperostosis in the calotte and meningeal enhancement, without intracerebral lesions nor malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Analytic data were unspecific. Cranial biopsy showed huge neoplastic infiltration in bone and meninges. Primary site remained unknown after a CAT and a mammography.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1998

Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide.

This paper is intended to provide the clinician with the detailed and scientific information needed to advise patients who seek safe and effective ways of preventing mosquito bites. For this review, clinical and analytical data were selected from peer-reviewed research studies and review articles, case reports, entomology texts and journals, and government and industry publications. Relevant information was identified through a search of the MEDLINE database, the World Wide Web, the Mosquito-L electronic mailing list, and the Extension Toxicology Network database; selected U.S. Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Agriculture publications were also reviewed. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is the most effective, and best studied, insect repellent currently on the market. This substance has a remarkable safety profile after 40 years of worldwide use, but toxic reactions can occur (usually when the product is misused). When DEET-based repellents are applied in combination with permethrin-treated clothing, protection against bites of nearly 100% can be achieved. Plant-based repellents are generally less effective than DEET-based products. Ultrasonic devices, outdoor bug "zappers," and bat houses are not effective against mosquitoes. Highly sensitive persons may want to take oral antihistamines to minimize cutaneous reactions to mosquito bites.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The Eisenmenger syndrome in adults.

For this article, the literature on the pathophysiology, clinical features, natural history, prognosis, and management of the Eisenmenger syndrome in adults was reviewed. English-language articles from 1966 to the present were identified through a search of the MEDLINE database by using the terms Eisenmenger, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Selected cross-referenced articles were also included. Articles on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, natural history, complications, and treatment of the Eisenmenger syndrome in adults were selected, and descriptive and analytical data relevant to the practicing physician were manually extracted. The Eisenmenger syndrome is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right-to-left shunting of blood through a systemic-to-pulmonary circulation connection. Most patients with the syndrome survive for 20 to 30 years. The hemostatic changes associated with the syndrome may lead to thromboembolic events, cerebrovascular complications, or the hyperviscosity syndrome. Erythrocytosis is present in most patients, but excessive phlebotomy may cause microcytosis and exacerbate the symptoms of hyperviscosity. Other complications associated with the Eisenmenger syndrome include hemoptysis, gout, cholelithiasis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, and decreased renal function. Pregnancy or noncardiac surgery is associated with a high mortality rate in patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome. Because most pediatric patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome survive to adulthood, primary care physicians should have a thorough understanding of the syndrome; its associated complications; and medical and surgical management, especially with regard to the appropriate timing of phlebotomy and lung or heart-lung transplantation. In addition, patients with the syndrome should undergo routine follow-up at a tertiary care center that has physicians and nurses with special expertise in congenital heart disease. In patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome who are pregnant or require noncardiac surgery, a multidisciplinary approach should be used to reduce the excessive mortality associated with these conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Application of lung volume measurement by three-dimensional ultrasonography for clinical assessment of fetal lung development.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare nomograms for normal fetal lung volume using three-dimensional ultrasonography and to evaluate the possibility of clinical applications of this procedure. METHODS: One hundred twenty-five healthy neonates with birth weights within +/-1.5 SD (group A), 9 neonates with intrauterine growth restriction (birth weight less than -1.5 SD) but no severe respiratory disturbance at birth (group B), and 10 neonates with severe respiratory disturbance but no intrauterine growth restriction (group C) were studied. With the use of a three-dimensional ultrasonographic device, continuous B-mode images centering on the fetal thorax were acquired as volume data. Analytical software was used to repeatedly trace the contours of bilateral fetal lungs on transverse slices to calculate the lung volume. RESULTS: In group A, the total volume of normal fetal lungs can be expressed by the second-degree regression equation: 0.08 x (gestational week - 30.1)2 + 3.28 x gestational week - 67.2 (R = 0.909; P < .001). The lung volumes of groups B and C were below the 25th and 2.5th percentiles, respectively, of this regression curve. For the same case, the lung volume increased with gestational week in group B but remained unchanged or even decreased in group C. The total volume of normal fetal lungs can also be expressed by the linear regression equation: 0.02 x estimated fetal weight + 0.29 (R = 0.902). The lung volumes of groups B and C were distributed below and above, respectively, the 2.5th percentile of the regression line. CONCLUSIONS: This analytical method may be applied to evaluate lung development.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗

PubMed1998

[Potassium Sucrose Octa Sulfate Reference Standard (Control 961) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material of potassium sucrose octa sulfate was examined for the preparation of the "Potassium Sucrose Octa Sulfate Reference Standard (Control 961)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: infrared spectrum, the same as that of the Potassium Sucrose Octa Sulfate Reference Standard (Control 901); high-performance liquid chromatography, one impurity was detected; water content, 8.1%; assay of sucrose octa sulfate, 99.6%. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized to be the Potassium Sucrose Octa Sulfate Reference Standard of the National Institute of Health Sciences.

Government Agencies↗

PubMed1998

[Retinol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 971) and Retinol Palmitate Reference Standard (Control 971) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The "Retinol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 971)" and "Retinol Palmitate Reference Standard (Control 971)" of National Institute of Health Sciences using the assay of vitamin A ester were prepared. The proposed materials were evaluated in collaboration with four laboratories. Analytical data obtained were as follows. 1) The purities of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate measured by HPLC were 99.9 +/- 0.06% and 94.5 +/- 0.06%, respectively. 2) ultraviolet spectrum of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate showed the lambda max at 326-327 nm. 3) The difference in relative extinction of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate at 300 nm, 310 nm, 320 nm, 330 nm, 340 nm and 350 nm are within the range provided in JPXIII. 4) The contents of retinol acetate and retinol palmitate were 52,000 IU/g and 52,200 IU/g, respectively. Based on the above results, these proposed materials were authorized to be the Reference Standards of the National Institute of Health Sciences.

Diterpenes↗

PubMed1998

[Cholecalciferol Reference Standard (Control 971) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material for cholecalciferol was examined for preparation of the "Cholecalciferol Reference Standard (Control 971)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 83.8 degrees C; UV and infrared spectra, the same as those for JP Cholecalciferol Reference Standard (Control 945), respectively; specific absorbance at 265 nm, E1 cm 1% = 485; optical rotation, [alpha]D20 = +107.4 degrees; thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), no impurity was detected; assay, 98.9% by HPLC. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Cholecalciferol Reference Standard (Control 971) of National Institute of Health Science.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed1998

[Tocopherol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 971) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material of tocopherol acetate was examined for the preparation of the "Tocopherol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 971)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: infrared spectrum, the same as that of the Tocopherol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 941); specific absorbance, E1 cm 1% (284 nm) = 43.0; thin-layer chromatography, no impurities were detected until 50.0 micrograms of the loaded raw material; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), one impurity was detected and the amount was estimated to be about 0.68%; assay by HPLC, 100.2%. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Tocopherol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 971) of National Institute of Health Sciences.

Government Agencies↗