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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Lactitol, a second-generation disaccharide for treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double-blind, crossover, randomized clinical trial.

A double-blind crossover trial was performed to test the therapeutic usefulness and safety of lactitol, a beta-galactoside sorbitol, against lactose in 18 patients with chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE). The study included four periods: two for washout and two for lactitol and lactose administration. During washout periods, which lasted two weeks each, patients were stabilized with neomycin plus milk of magnesia. Lactitol and lactose were administered during four weeks each. Ten patients were randomly assigned to receive lactose (group A) and eight patients to receive lactitol (group B) first. PSE parameters, ie, mental state, number connection test performance, asterixis and blood ammonia levels were assessed fortnightly. Electroencephalographic tracings and stool pHs were evaluated at the end of each study period. After the first administration of lactose and lactitol, no statistically significant differences in PSE parameters were found. At the same stage, a significant stool acidification (P less than 0.05) was detected. It is concluded that lactitol seems to be safe and efficacious in treating patients with chronic PSE.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2003

An in vitro evaluation of the glycation potential of a natural disaccharide, trehalose.

BACKGROUND: Glucose, an osmotic agent generally used in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) dialysate, has a critical characteristic of forming advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). We undertook this study to investigate whether a possible osmotic agent, trehalose, formed fewer AGEs than glucose. METHODS: Hemoglobin (Hb), a counter-protein of AGE, was incubated in four kinds of medium; glucose-phosphate buffered saline (PBS), autoclaved glucose-PBS, trehalose-PBS, and autoclaved trehalose-PBS, for 3, 7, 14, and 30 days, respectively. Polymerization of the Hb molecule was detected by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and carboxymethylated Hb was detected by Western blotting, using specific mono-clonal antibody for carboxymethylated N-terminal valine-Hb (CMV-Hb). RESULTS: PBS containing glucose showed bands of polymerized Hb molecule, a phenomenon which was markedly exaggerated by autoclaving. Likely, PBS containing glucose showed the formation of CMV-Hb in the long incubation of 30 days, and PBS containing autoclaved glucose showed accelerated formation of CMV-Hb in an incubation as short as 3 days. By contrast, PBS containing trehalose showed much less increase in a band of 30 k Dalton and in CMV-Hb formation even in autoclaved medium. CONCLUSIONS: Our present in vitro study clearly showed the superior characteristic of trehalose to produce fewer AGEs. Based upon the results of this study, we propose that the application of trehalose should be considered for CAPD solution.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Influence of dietary disaccharides on mouth microorganisms and experimental dental caries in rats.

Osborne-Mendel rats were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans at weaning, divided into 5 groups and fed cariogenic diets containing 56 per cent sugar either as sucrose, maltose, lactose or combinations of sucrose/maltose and sucrose/lactose. The number of Strep. mutans on molar teeth of rats fed the diet high in maltose was much lower than for any other group of rats (p less than 0.01). Although Strep. mutans levels were low for rats fed maltose, the incidence of carious lesions was similar to rats fed sucrose when the textures of the two sugars were similar. Although maltose does not support plaque formation, it is a fermentable carbohydrate which can provide, if microorganisms are present, an environment conducive to dental decay. The incidence of carious lesions was highest among rats fed lactose.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Immunogenic properties of mannose-containing ceramide disaccharide and immunochemical detection of its hapten in the two kinds of crustacean, Euphausia superba and Macrobrachium nipponense.

Antiserum against Man beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Ceramide (MIOse2Cer), a mannolipid isolated from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegellii, has been elicited in rabbits by repeated injection of a mixture of hapten-bovine serum albumin (1:1, mg/ml) with Freund's adjuvant. The specificity of the affinity-purified antibody (immunoglobulin G type) obtained from the serum was examined, using other glycosphingolipids and glyco-proteins structurally related to MIOse2Cer, by means of ELISA and TLC-immunostaining. The purified antibody was highly specific to MIOse2Cer and lacked reactivity with other glycolipids and glycoproteins including glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, dimannosylglucosylceramide (MIOse3Cer), glucosaminylmannosylglucosylceramide (ArOse3Cer), thyroglobulin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The antibody was found to bind, although less efficiently, to certain other compounds containing the group Man beta 1-4Glc and/or Man beta 1-4GlcNAc at their termini, such as MIOse2-sphingosine and Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-p-aminobenzoic acid ethylester derivatives. The present antibody was applied to the detection of the natural hapten in crustacean glycolipids. The purified antibody reacted with a neutral glycosphingolipid present in the two kinds of crustacean, Euphausia superba (antarctic krill) and Macrobrachium nipponense (fresh-water shrimp) as shown by TLC-immunostaining. The crustacean glycolipid antigen was isolated and characterized to be the Man beta 1-4Glc-Cer. This is the first report on the presence of a mannose-containing glycosphingolipid in the crustacean.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A convenient method for the cleavage of the D-mannosyl-L-gulose disaccharide from bleomycin-A2.

In order to elucidate the biological role of the sugar residue of the antitumor drug bleomycin, this was deglycosylated by beta-elimination under mild alkaline conditions, and by solvolysis with hydrogen fluoride. The latter procedure proved to be better because it led to the complete deglycosylation without modification of the peptide, thus allowing further biological investigations of this component.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Structure of the core-oligosaccharide with a characteristic D-glycero-alpha-D-talo-oct-2-ulosylonate-(2-->4)-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate [alpha-Ko-(2-->4)-Kdo] disaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide from Burkholderia cepacia.

The core oligosaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Burkholderia cepacia GIFU 645(T) was investigated. After mild acid hydrolysis of the LPS, a heptasaccharide was isolated and identified by chemical analyses, GLC-MS, FABMS, and NMR spectroscopy as follows: [carbohydrate structure: see text] where L-alpha-D-Hep stands for L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose, Ko for D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid, and Kdo for 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid.

Burkholderia cepacia↗
PubMed2004

Ab initio conformational maps for disaccharides in gas phase and aqueous solution.

Ab initio conformational maps for beta-lactose in both the gas phase and in aqueous solution have been constructed at the HF/6-31G(d,p) level of calculation. The results of the gas-phase ab initio calculations allow us to conclude that a rigid conformational map is able to predict the regions of the minima in the potential energy surface of beta-lactose, in full agreement with those found in the relaxed conformational map. The solvation effects do not give rise to any new local minimum in the potential energy surface of beta-lactose, but just change the relative Boltzmann populations of the conformers found in the gas-phase calculations. The values obtained for heteronuclear spin coupling constant (3J(H,C)), using the seven most stable conformers in solution are in good agreement with the available experimental values. This is a good indication that ab initio rigid conformational maps can be reliably used to sort the most stable conformers of beta-lactose.

Gases↗
PubMed2005

Influence of homologous disaccharides on the hydrogen-bond network of water: complementary Raman scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations.

A comparative investigation of trehalose, sucrose, and maltose in water solution has been performed using Raman scattering experiments and Molecular Dynamics simulations. From the analysis of the O-H stretching region in the [2500,4000] cm(-1) Raman spectral range, which includes for the first time the contribution of 'free' water, and the statistical distribution of water HB probabilities from MD simulations, this study confirms the privileged interaction of trehalose with water above a peculiar threshold weight concentration of about 30%. The role of the hydration number of sugars--found higher for trehalose--on the destructuring effect of the water hydrogen bond network is also addressed. The analysis of the water O-H-O bending spectral range [1500,1800] cm(-1) reveals a change of the homogeneity of water molecules influenced by sugars, but the three investigated sugars are found to behave similarly.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2005

Crystal structure of maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase from Deinococcus radiodurans in complex with disaccharides.

Trehalose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1,1-alpha-D-glucopyranose) is a non-reducing diglucoside found in various organisms that serves as a carbohydrate reserve and as an agent that protects against a variety of physical and chemical stresses. Deinococcus radiodurans possesses an alternative biosynthesis pathway for the synthesis of trehalose from maltooligosaccharides. This reaction is mediated by two enzymes: maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTSase) and maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (MTHase). Here, we present the 1.1A resolution crystal structure of MTHase. It consists of three major domains: two beta-sheet domains and a conserved glycosidase (beta/alpha)8 barrel catalytic domain. Three subdomains consisting of short insertions were identified within the catalytic domain. Subsequently, structures of MTHase in complex with maltose and trehalose were obtained at 1.2 A and 1.5 A resolution, respectively. These structures reveal the importance of the three inserted subdomains in providing the key residues required for substrate recognition. Trehalose is recognised specifically in the +1 and +2 binding subsites by an extensive hydrogen-bonding network and a strong hydrophobic stacking interaction in between two aromatic residues. Moreover, upon binding to maltose, which mimics the substrate sugar chain, a major concerted conformational change traps the sugar chain in the active site. The presence of magnesium in the active site of the MTHase-maltose complex suggests that MTHase activity may be regulated by divalent cations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

A disaccharide repeat unit is the major structure in fucoidans from two species of brown algae.

The predominant repeating structure of a fraction of the fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum prepared by acid hydrolysis and centrifugal partition chromatography (LMWF) was established as: [-->3)-alpha-L-Fuc(2SO3-)-(1-->4)-alpha-L-Fuc(2,3diSO3-)-(1]n by NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis. The proton and carbon NMR spectra of this unit have been assigned and found to correspond with features in the spectra of the whole purified fucan from A. nodosum which account for most of the integrated intensity. The same structure has also been recognised in the fucoidan of Fucus vesiculosus. The fraction LMWF has in vitro anticoagulant activity, indicating that the above structure may be partly responsible for biological activity in the native fucoidan.

Anticoagulants↗