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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Measuring the adoption of consistent use of condoms using the stages of change model. AIDS Community Demonstration Projects.

The stages of behavior change model has been used to understand a variety of health behaviors. Since consistent condom use has been promoted as a risk-reduction behavior for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, an algorithm for staging the adoption of consistent condom use during vaginal sex was empirically developed using three considerations: HIV prevention efficacy, analogy with work on staging other health-related behaviors, and condom use data from groups at high risk for HIV infection. This algorithm suggests that the adoption of consistent condom use among persons at high risk can be meaningfully measured with the model. However, variations in the algorithm details affect both the interpretation of stages and apportionment of persons across stages.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condoms and the prevention of sexually transmissible diseases.

The rubber condom provides an effective barrier against most major sexually transmissible diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While condom use is not yet routine in general populations, we are already reaping the benefits of condom promotion among self-perceived high-risk sections of the community in the form of improved STD control. This article discusses the various types and patterns of use of condoms, as well as their effectiveness at both an individual and population level.

Condoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a new external condom catheter system.

The purpose of this study was to perform a biomechanical performance study and a clinical trial on a new external condom catheter system. The biomechanical performance study demonstrated that the vented connector failed following exposure to urine for 14 days. In addition, angulation of the inlet adapter of anti-reflux valve of the urinary leg bag to an angle of 35 degrees (+/-5 degrees) caused complete obstruction of urinary flow. A clinical trial of the new condom catheter with its inner flap revealed twisting of the catheter that interrupted urinary flow in four of ten patients. This catheter twisting was not observed in condom catheters without inner flaps. Furthermore, this new system is not easily applied or removed by patients with neurosensory deficits or musculoskeletal weakness. Design modifications of the vent within the connection tubing, the anti-reflux valve in the collection bag, the condom catheter with its inner flap, as well as the leg bag attachments should remarkably improve the performance of this new urinary drainage system.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does condom availability make a difference? An evaluation of Philadelphia's health resource centers.

In 1992, nine Philadelphia high schools opened drop-in centers where students could receive reproductive health information, condoms and general health referrals. Analyses of survey data collected in 1991 and 1993 suggest that the presence of the condom availability program did not increase the level of sexual activity among students in these schools and may have contributed to safer sex practices. The proportion of students who had used a condom at last intercourse increased from 52% to 58%; although the change was not statistically significant, it exceeded the increase in a group of comparison schools. Changes in the proportions of students who had ever had intercourse, who had had sex in the previous four weeks, who had used a condom at last intercourse and who had recently had unprotected sex were greatest in schools with higher levels of program usage; however, only the decline in recent unprotected intercourse among students in high-use schools (from 14% to 6%) approached statistical significance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Culture and condoms: a review of research literature.

Research into the use of condoms rarely explains how cultural factors influence beliefs and behaviours. Condoms are researched in functional, rather than cultural terms. Ignorance concerning the mechanisms of conception and contraception remains a fundamental concern, even among comparatively well educated populations. Men's perceived ambivalence to the regular use of condoms, and women's perceived stigma in obtaining and carrying condoms is a limiting factor to the more widespread use of barrier contraception. The etiquette barriers associated with discussing contraceptives, between partners and between couples and health care workers is an issue that extends across cultural boundaries. There is merit in understanding contraception from a cultural start point. This may involve investing more time in orientating to the culture before discussing the contraceptive.

Condoms↗
PubMed1997

Extremely low awareness of AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases and condoms among Dai ethnic villagers in Yunnan province, China.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the awareness of AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), condoms, sources of health information and HIV-related societal risks among Dai villagers in southern Yunnan Province, China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In November-December 1994, a cross-sectional descriptive study, comprising a questionnaire-based survey and focus group discussions, was conducted in three Dai villages in Mengla county; a total of 177 Dai villagers were interviewed in the survey and eight focus group discussions were held. Ethnographic observations provided a composite picture of HIV risks in the area. RESULTS: Only 18% of respondents had heard of AIDS, and only 25 and 28%, respectively, had heard of STDs or condoms. Furthermore, among these more aware groups, the level of knowledge was low and misconceptions were common. An ability to understand the official language (Mandarin) was the most important predictor of awareness of AIDS, other STDs or condoms. The sources of information in the three Dai villages sampled included TV, videos, radio and magazines, but only TV and videos had a large audience. Even so, these media were mostly in Mandarin and were not used in AIDS education. Travel outside of China was frequent; most villagers (77%) had traveled to Laos and 9% had traveled to Thailand. Societal risks of HIV transmission, such as an increasing incidence of STDs and an active sex industry, were observed in this area. CONCLUSIONS: Dai villagers in southern Yunnan Province had an extremely low awareness and knowledge of AIDS, other STDs and condoms. Given the high mobility of ethnic villagers to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia and the societal risks of HIV transmission in this area, there is an urgent need to provide accessible education about AIDS and other STDs. Suggestions regarding such health education and the implications of HIV policy-making are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

[Dynamics of female condom acceptability among prostitutes and young women in Abidjan, Ivory Coast].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the acceptability of the female condom among 2 groups of women in Côte d'Ivoire. DESIGN: Trial of use. SETTING: Abidjan, non-medical structures. PARTICIPANTS: 114 women accepted initial interview: 52 commercial sex workers (CSWs), 62 young women. 103 women volunteered for the trial of use. INTERVENTIONS: 20 female condoms given to the CSWs, 10 given to the young women; adapted instructions for use, counselling on AIDS, STDs and genital anatomy provided before and all along the trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Qualitative assessment with some quantitative measures. RESULTS: The female condom aroused a general interest from all participants. 90% accepted to use it; 75% of 103 volunteers completed the trial. Approximately 1,200 utilizations were recorded. Prevalence of misuses was low (approx. 2% of the total); prevalence of discomforts was much higher. All the users except two wanted to use it in the future. CONCLUSION: Safe protection and dual protection (against HIV/STDs, pregnancies) were the two main sources of interest; CSWs quickly appropriated this new tool. Considering these data, the HIV infection rate among young women in Côte d'Ivoire, and evidence of changing attitudes towards birth spacing, a low-price distribution programme of female condoms for all women is recommended, with an educational component and the community participation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Objective markers of condom failure.

BACKGROUND: Studies of condom efficacy rely on self-reported behavior. Objective markers of exposure to semen may provide a more valid assessment of condom failure and failure to use condoms. GOALS OF THIS STUDY: To compare three semen biomarkers: acid phosphatase (AP) activity, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and the human seminal plasma antigen (MHS-5). STUDY DESIGN: Twenty women were intravaginally inoculated with six measured, increasingly larger amounts of their partners' semen. Vaginal fluid was collected by the participant using swabs and tested. RESULTS: Background levels of PSA were low (0.00-1.25 ng/ml), background levels of AP were variable (0-350 U/l), and all preinoculation samples were negative for MHS-5. All postinoculation samples were positive for PSA, 64 of 117 (55%) for AP, and 14 of 120 (12%) for MHS-5. CONCLUSION: The PSA immunoassay was the best semen biomarker under these sampling and testing conditions.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1987

Efficacy of commercial condoms in the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection.

Tips of synthetic and natural condoms were filled with serum samples containing either hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, or cytomegalovirus, then fit over an 8-in. mechanical vibrator and inserted vibrating into sterile bath solutions for 30 min. Phosphorus 32-labeled hepatitis B and cytomegalovirus molecular probes and viral culture techniques for herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus were used to determine whether leakage of virus had occurred into the surrounding bath solutions. Natural condoms allowed leakage of hepatitis B virus but not herpes simplex virus or cytomegalovirus, whereas synthetic condoms prevented leakage of all viruses. These results suggest that natural condoms might not be effective in preventing sexually transmitted hepatitis B virus infection.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMed1990

Readability of commercial versus generic health instructions for condoms.

Despite the fact that condoms are increasingly recommended for the prevention of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and have long been used as a barrier method of contraception, little is known about the readability of the range of materials that have been written exclusively for consumers on how to use a condom. The authors described and compared the reading comprehension levels of condom patient package inserts (PPIs) prepared commercially and those generic instructions (GIs) prepared by health care providers. Fifteen sets of PPIs and 30 sets of GIs were analyzed using six standard readability formulas (Fry, Fog, Dale-Chall, Flesch, Flesch-Kincaid, SMOG). Readability levels of the instructions ranged from grade 6.3 to 13.7. The PPIs required a significantly higher grade level for comprehension (mean 10.32) than the GIs (mean 8.69). This study suggests that instructions prepared by both sources may require a reading level above that of many consumers who need information on how to use a condom.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMed1984

Efficacy of the condom as a barrier to the transmission of cytomegalovirus.

An in vitro model was used to determine whether latex condoms prevent the transmission of cytomegalovirus. When the condoms were submitted to stretching and trauma that simulated sexual intercourse, no transmission of cytomegalovirus across the condom barrier was detected. Condoms may therefore be used to minimize the transmission of cytomegalovirus via semen in both heterosexual and homosexual intercourse.

Coitus↗
PubMed1992

Theoretical components of STD counselors' messages to promote clients' use of condoms.

A survey of 34 counselors on sexually transmitted diseases from a large Midwestern state was conducted to compare their responses to promote condom use with clients' attitudes and normative beliefs regarding condoms. Four vignettes were developed using predictor variables about condom use based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Results indicate subjects responded minimally to TRA variables mentioned in the vignettes. Moralistic messages about condoms were the most frequent responses reported, followed by those on education, disease prevention, and fear. In some cases information provided was not relevant to behavior described in vignettes. Implications for health care professionals are that messages meant to change behaviors should reinforce clients' attitudes and normative influences, and moralistic or fear messages should be minimized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Do health promotion messages target cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use? A content analysis of safer sex promotion leaflets in two countries.

OBJECTIVE: To categorize and quantify the content of publicly available safer sex promotion leaflets in the UK and Germany and to assess the extent to which this content corresponds to the cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use identified by theory-based research. METHODS: A content analysis using a 45 category coding manual was undertaken. The manual included 20 'correlate-representative' categories identifying text promoting the strongest cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use. RESULTS: Overall inter-coder reliability was high. Few content differences were observed between the German and UK samples. Leaflets from both countries highlighted information on how people become infected with HIV and advice to contact health care professionals. Few mentioned delaying or abstaining from sexual intercourse. Only 25% of leaflets included text that referred to more than 10 of the 20 correlate-representative categories. Moreover, using one standard deviation above the mean as an indication of frequent inclusion, two-thirds of leafets failed to target frequently more than two of the 20 correlate-representative categories. CONCLUSIONS: Some safer sex promotion leaflets frequently promote the strongest cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use. In general, however, the recommendations of researchers investigating psychological correlates of condom use have not shaped the content of safer sex promotion leaflets.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Overcoming denial and increasing the intention to use condoms through the induction of hypocrisy.

Feelings of hypocrisy were induced in college students to increase condom use. Hypocrisy was created by making subjects mindful of their past failure to use condoms and then having them persuade others about the importance of condoms for AIDS prevention. The induction of hypocrisy decreased denial and led to greater intent to improve condom use relative to the control conditions. The implications of these findings for AIDS prevention are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Predictors of condom accessibility among Hispanics in San Francisco.

Ready access to condoms can be an important means of slowing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. We identified the factors associated with keeping or carrying condoms in a random-digit dialing survey of 522 Hispanic adults aged 18 to 65 years in San Francisco. Overall, more Hispanic men reported having condoms than Hispanic women (55.2% vs 23.8%). Hispanic men also reported much higher levels of risky sexual behavior than Hispanic women. Condom promotion efforts with Hispanics will require different approaches for each gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Ingestion of hashish oil-filled condoms.

Three cases of ingestion of condoms containing hashish oil are reviewed, these being the first reported in the Australian literature. Conservation management resulted in the uneventful passage per rectum of a total of 66 intact, drug-filled packages. There was no evidence of rupture of the condoms and ensuing intoxication, or of intestinal obstruction. Clear radiological evidence of a hashish oil-filled condom was present in only one of the three cases on admission to hospital. There are no recorded human fatalities from toxicity after cannabis ingestion, and drug-filled condoms will usually traverse the normal gastrointestinal tract spontaneously. A policy of non-intervention is advised only when the drug is known to be cannabis. Operative treatment is necessary in the presence of more potent substances such as cocaine, and also to relieve intestinal obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Factors associated with the failure to use condoms among a population of parenteral drug addicts].

Use of condom in sexual intercourse by intravenous drug users has been assessed among a clinical population (n = 139). The multiple logistic regression results show that being a female (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.0-13.2), on drug dependence for a 5-year period or more (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3-6.9) correlates with non-condom use. Less than 25% of females use condom in their sexual contacts. On the contrary a higher educational level seems to protect subjects against non-condom use (R = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1-0.8). The most parsimonious model fitting to data at hand includes such variables as sex, educational level, partnership and frequency of sexual intercourse, as well as years on addiction. Other set of variables such as living and working status, age, and previous sexually-transmitted diseases experience are not required for the final model. Emphasis is placed on the need for developing programs aimed at modifying the high risk behavior intravenous drug users resort to in their sexual intercourse, stressing that the main dissemination cause of the human immunodeficiency virus among such a population is due to their sharing drug injections equipment.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Using the condom--on coping with a necessary evil].

Social aspects of condom use are mentioned by outlining some sections of the historical development of condom use (early and pre-history, family history in England during the 19th century, combat against syphilis, the "birth-strike-debate" in the German social democratic party). A few results of an own questionnaire research about students' sexuality (n = 666) are presented. They give some hints about a change in the use of different contraceptional techniques in comparison with former studies done in the sixties and at the beginning of the eighties. Condom users and non-users seem to be different in terms of concepts of partnership, sexual contentment and aids preventive behaviour. Finally we discuss some psychological aspects of condom use with regard to the--sparse--relevant literature and to an own qualitative study of the motivation of users and non-users.

Adaptation, Psychological↗