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An experimental study of colors observed by a human eye after a short flash of light of different spectral composition was carried out. Sequential images and changes in their color with time support the opponent theory of colored vision of man.
The authors compare colour differentiation of 30 phakic and 30 pseudophakic eyes, using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. No significant difference was found between the two groups as regards differentiation of colours although theoretically it could be expected that colour differentiation will be better in eyes with a synthetic intraocular lens. The factor which has the greatest influence on colour sense is the subject's age.
The authors investigated colour differentiation, using the FM 100-hue test in healthy subjects without hypertension and diabetes and with a normal ophthalmological finding and normal functions. They examined 120 subjects, i.e. 240 eyes--120 male eyes and 120 female eyes in six decades from 21-80 years. The examination revealed a significant diminution of colour differentiation with advancing age but no difference in colour differentiation between men and women. The tests can be considered at the same time a basic orientation standard for evaluation of colour differentiation.
The author investigated changes of colour sensitivity of red, green and blue, using the FM 100-hue test. For examination healthy subjects without hypertension and diabetes and with a normal ophthalmological finding and normal functions were selected. In six age groups (21-80 years) 240 male and female eyes were examined. In the youngest age group there was greatest proportion of errors in the blue area, less in the green area and the least in the red area. A more detailed analysis revealed that the greatest rate of errors was in the blue-green area. With advancing age the number of errors in the areas of the basic colours increase and at the same time differences between differentiation of red, green and blue decrease. In the age group above 71 years no differences were found in the score of errors in the area of basic colour.
Based on studies of 17 eyes with ocular hypertension and 72 eyes with glaucoma, it was shown that (1) significant correlation existed between hue discrimination and blue brightness sensitivity in patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma, and (2) very significant correlation existed between hue discrimination and green brightness sensitivity in patients with glaucoma. The significance of the relationship between the two color visual functions was discussed.
Twenty eight cases (50 eyes) of chronic open-angle glaucoma and 21 cases (27 eyes) of optic neuritis were investigated with FM 100-hue test and panel D-15 test. In patients with optic neuritis, 70.37% and 85.19% of the affected eyes appeared abnormal in Panel D-15 test and FM 100-hue test respectively. The main defects were tritan-like in both of the tests. In patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma, 20% and 32% of the affected eyes had abnormal results in Panel D-15 test and FM 100-hue test respectively. The main defects were also tritan-like color vision defect. The total error scores of FM 100-hue test in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma had no relation with the cup disc ratio and the area of peripheral visual field but had relation with the area of central visual field.
The tooth crown color space model was manufactured and the improvement of the color representation and communication on the dental clinic have been trying. The study of color discrimination by dentist and student viewing with the use of tooth crown color chips reported here in basic knowledge on the color sensitivity of human eye. The test card were 55 x 90 mm in size and the color chip, 5 x 10 mm. The paired color chips were placed on the test card to have a 2 mm distance between them. Color difference of two tooth crown color chips on the test cards was 3.5 (delta E*ab), the combination of hue, value and chroma was constant of all cards. The subjects were 22 people, 6 dentists and 16 dental school students with normal color sensibility. In proportion of method of comparison for surface color (JIS Z 8723), the subject observed the test card which were different of hue, value and chroma on the their naked-eye, were investigated to evaluate their judgement of the test cards. The following results were obtained. The standard of judgment for the color discrimination was made firstly in terms of hue, secondly in terms of value, and thirdly in terms of chroma.
The influence on color vision of 4 kinds of sun-glasses with various characteristics of transparency and absorption of 25, 50, 75 p.c. was evaluated. Sixty persons with normal color discrimination took part in investigation. The selection of filters for professional drivers and railway engine-drivers was performed on the basis of Nagel's anomaloscope and Farnworth-Munsell's 100--Hue tests.
The relationship between abnormal color vision and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) was investigated in 27 AMN patients and 31 age-matched controls by using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test. Twelve (44%) of 27 patients showed test scores significantly above normal. The axes of bipolarity determined by the testing differed widely between the patients with abnormal scores, compatible with the notion that different alterations in visual pigment genes occur in different AMN kindreds. These observations confirm our earlier impression that the frequency of abnormal color vision is increased in these kindreds, and it supports our contentions that (1) AMN (and its companion, adrenoleukodystrophy) are very closely linked to the visual pigment loci at Xq28 and (2) this proximity might provide the opportunity to observe contiguous gene defects.
Reports on the utilization of the color vision test as a method for detecting early abnormality in fundus diseases have been published. The author performed the 100-hue test at five luminous stage levels set between 10 and 2000 lux in cases of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and central chorioretinopathy. The progressive degree of each disease and the level of disorder seen in color vision were assessed comparatively at each luminous level to determine adequate luminosity for performing the 100-hue test. For classification of the degree of progression in each disease, visual acuity, visual field and C/D ratio were used for glaucoma. Visual acuity, type of retinopathy and the period of contracting the disease were used for diabetic retinopathy, and visual acuity was used for central chorioretinopathy. As a result, the total error score in the 100-hue test closely correlated to the degree of progression of each disease and the luminosity for performing the most effective 100-hue test was found to be 100 lux.
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Emotionality was studied in neurotic patients using the originally designed method of color-based emotional state assessment. Analyzed were the nature and course of color self-estimation of the on-going and optimal states, as well as their features in different types of neurosis. The method proved useful to verify the data obtained in verbal investigation.
Using spatially diffuse stimuli (or sinusoidal gratings of very low spatial frequency), levels of 14C-2-deoxy-d-glucose (DG) uptake produced by color-varying stimuli are much greater than those produced by luminance-varying stimuli in macaque striate cortex. Such a difference in DG results is consistent with previous psychophysical and electrophysiological results from man and monkey. In DG experiments with color-varying gratings of low and middle spatial frequencies, or with spatially diffuse color variations, DG uptake was highest in the cytochrome oxidase blobs, as was also seen with low-spatial-frequency luminance gratings. High-spatial-frequency, color-varying uptake patterns were shifted to cover both blob and interblob regions in a manner similar to that of the patterns obtained with middle-spatial-frequency luminance stimuli. However, in no instance did chromatic gratings produce uptake restricted to the interblob regions, as with the pattern seen with the highest-spatial-frequency luminance gratings. Thus, DG uptake is relatively higher in the interblob regions when comparing luminance with color-varying gratings that are otherwise similar. It was also possible to show DG evidence for receptive-field double-opponency in the upper-layer blobs, but color sensitivity in layer 4Cb appears single-opponent. The DG results suggest that color sensitivity is also high in the lower-layer (layers 5 + 6) blobs, and that many layer 5 receptive fields are double-opponent. Striate layers 4Ca and 4B-appeared color-insensitive in a wide variety of DG tests; this supports the idea of a color-insensitive stream running from the magnocellular LGN layers through striate layers 4Ca and 4B to extrastriate areas MT and V3. There was also a major effect due to wavelength: long and short wavelengths produced much more uptake than did middle wavelengths, even when all colors were equated for luminance and saturation. No variation with eccentricity was seen in cortical color sensitivity, at least between 0 degrees and 10 degrees.
Analysis of the visual field using Friedmann's analyser Mark I and color study in 85 multiple sclerosis patients. Static perimetry of the central visual field and test batteries (Ishihara plates, 15 Hue Standard, 15 Hue of Lanthony) for acquired color vision defects were performed in 85 multiple sclerosis patients (61 definite, 12 probable, 12 possible cases). Results in patients were compared to data obtained in 53 control subjects matched for age. 64% of the 85 patients and 52% of 48 patients with no history of optic nevritis showed visual field abnormalities and/or color vision defects. Comparison with VEP was available in 50 patients. While 10 patients had abnormal VEP and normal static perimetry and coloration tests, 5 patients had the reverse findings.
39 orientation-selective neurons and 25 neurons responding to total illumination of the receptive field were investigated by exposing to achromatic and chromatic stimuli. Switching on and off of the bar stationary stimuli has revealed that orientation-selective neurons were not chromatically opponent. But when they were tested by moving chromatic bars, pronounced maximum responses were found either to green (520-540 nm) or to blue (449-458 nm) colours. 7 neurons of 39 were either not activated by exposure to achromatic stimuli of any brightness or were slightly activated. Among 25 neurons responding to total illumination of receptive field, 5 neurons were chromatically opponent. They responded by prolonged tonic activation to the switching on of the green and switching off of the blue stimuli.
The effects of acute (4350 m), subacute (4800 m) and chronic (4800 m) altitude hypoxia on colour vision in the green/red axis were explored in eight sea-level natives by means of a simple portable anomaloscope. Subjects were required to create a yellow colour from a mixture of red (635 nm) and green (565 nm) obtained from two electroluminescent diodes. A relative decrease in green, compared to red, sensitivity was observed in each hypoxic condition (p less than 0.001). Acclimatization to altitude, evidenced by the improvement of arterial O2 saturation (earoximeter) was accompanied by a slight but not significant return to normal colour sensitivities. The influence of factors such as fatigue, season, and age is discussed and does not seem likely to account for the observed variations.