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PubMed1988

Knowledge-based information acquisition: norms and the functions of consensus information.

Mill's (1872/1973) method of difference prescribes that the lay scientist should use consensus information as a control condition for the person and distinctiveness information as a control condition for the stimulus when analyzing their causal effects on the occurrence of the target event. However, in studies of information acquisition, subjects have shown a consistent preference for distinctiveness information when answering causal questions about the person, and for consensus information when answering causal questions about the stimulus. To explain this discrepancy, we distinguish between the evaluative, contrastive, and corroborative functions of consensus and distinctiveness information. In addition, we suggest that subjects seek consensus information only if it is relevant to the question posed to them, and if they cannot supply it from their own presupposed knowledge of behavioral norms. We report four information acquisition experiments that provide support for our analysis.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Understanding and measuring coordination and control in kicking skills in soccer: implications for talent identification and skill acquisition.

In this review, we explore the role of motor control and biomechanics in developing an understanding of soccer skills using kicking as the main vehicle. The links between these sub-disciplines of sport science have not been well established in the past because of an emphasis on cognitive processes in traditional accounts of motor behaviour. We argue that a dynamical systems interpretation of the processes of coordination and control in movements with multiple degrees of freedom signals a new era in the relationship between the sub-disciplines of motor control and biomechanics. Although research on coordination and control of soccer skills is currently sparse, there are indications that the relationship between motor control and biomechanics could form a significant component of scientific programmes in talent identification and skill development. Further interdisciplinary work is needed to enhance understanding of coordination and control of soccer skills.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Applying social and behavioral theory as a template in containing and confining VRE.

Infection control professionals play several important roles--surveyors, educators, and ultimately change agents--in the identification and prevention of nosocomial infections in hospitals. The medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) in a large inner-city teaching hospital experienced an increased patient colonization rate with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). Intervening in this problem required a multifaceted approach to control the spread of VRE and to change behavior by shifting social norms at multiple levels throughout the ICU community. The success of the interventions could be best explained by applying the use of several behavioral science models. The Ecological Model of Behavior Change, the Health Belief Model, and Social Cognitive Theory can be applied and are consistent with the successful interventions. This multifaceted approach to intervening in this problem consists of five levels of influence: (1) intrapersonal or individual factors, (2) interpersonal factors, (3) institutional factors, (4) community factors, and (5) public factors. We implemented educational inservices and developed references, policies, and programs directed at each of the five levels of influence. The Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory were employed for intervention, and behavior change was based on modeling, observational learning, and vicarious reinforcement. Within six months of initial implementation, the number of positive VRE surveillance cultures and positive clinical isolates decreased significantly in both the medical and surgical ICUs. Two years later, there continues to be a marked reduction of VRE.

Behavior↗
PubMed2003

GABA and schizophrenia: a review of basic science and clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: A converging body of evidence implicates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. METHODS: The authors review neuroscience literature and clinical studies investigating the role of the GABA system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. First, a background on the GABA system is provided, including GABA pharmacology and neuroanatomy of GABAergic neurons. Results from basic science schizophrenia animal models and human studies are reviewed. The role of GABA in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is then presented, followed by a discussion of GABAergic compounds used in monotherapy or adjunctively in clinical schizophrenia studies. RESULTS: In basic studies, reductions in GABAergic neuronal density and abnormalities in receptors and reuptake sites have been identified in several cortical and subcortical GABA systems. A model has been developed suggesting GABA's role (including GABA-dopamine interactions) in schizophrenia. In several clinical studies, the use of adjunctive GABA agonists was associated with greater improvement in core schizophrenia symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in the GABA neurotransmitter system are found in clinical and basic neuroscience schizophrenia studies as well as animal models and may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The interaction of GABA with other well-characterized neurotransmitter abnormalities remains to be understood. Future studies should elucidate the potential therapeutic role for GABA ligands in schizophrenia treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Quantity conceptions in university students: another look.

One hundred and thirty-eight post-graduate students enrolled in a Diploma in Education course were tested for their ability to converse weight and volume. A methodological criticism of the earlier work or Elkind (1962) and Towler & Wheatley (1971) is offered which casts doubt on the extremely high proportion of non-conservers of volume reported in those studies. Nevertheless, using a modified version of Elkind's methodology, 18 per cent of our sample were non-conservers of volume, a result providing some support for the generaltiy of Elkind's findings. The results are discussed under the four headings of horizontal decalage, sex differences, possible effects of pre-graduate courses of study and educational implications. The importance of the individual as constructor and interpreter of his own experience is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Further remarks on the role of cognition in the comparative analysis of behavior.

Recent interest in comparative psychology has stimulated much research and debate concerning cognitive processes in animal behavior. The present paper relates to this general area by treating particular issues in the analysis of comparative cognition: specifically, how cognition is inferred from animal behavior; whether the postulation of intervening cognitive processes furthers our understanding of behavior; and how rival approaches help advance the science of behavior.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics in brain injury rehabilitation: existential choices among western cultural beliefs.

The following issues in the practice of brain injury rehabilitation are explored: (1) validity of support for efficacy based on experience in clinical practice, (2) validity of support for efficacy based on research, (3) consumer protection, (4) qualifications and regulation of individual providers, (5) regulation of programme development and marketing. Ethical responses to these issues from each of three cultural belief systems (humanism, science and self-interest) are examined from a metaphilosophical perspective based on contemporary cognitive psychology and on philosophies of social constructionism and existentialism.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1983

Human death and high technology: the failure of the whole-brain formulations.

Modern technology has raised questions about the definition of death, and various factors that influence public policy about declaring people dead. The widely accepted "whole-brain" definition of death is inadequate and should be replaced by a definition of "irreversible loss of consciousness and cognition." Any definition that identifies the innate ability of the organism to "integrate" itself or function "as a whole" should be rejected. The proponents of such definitions fail to provide a standard for the selection of essential sub-systems. The innate integration of vegetative functions cannot be used as the necessary and sufficient condition for life. A person without innate integration can still be alive; a dead person retaining just this function can survive as a living, mindless organism. Only cognitive functions have a spontaneity that is, in principle, irreplaceable.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The development, validity and reliability of the Hospital in the Home Dependency Scale (HDS).

The aim of this study was to develop and investigate the validity and reliability of the Hospital-in-the-Home (HITH) Dependency Scale (HDS). The HDS is a new instrument designed to measure the dependency of HITH patients. It calculates an overall dependency level by rating four dimensions of the provision of HITH nursing care. Specifically, these dimensions are the complexity of assessment, complexity of treatment, time taken to provide the treatment, and the frequency of treatment. The results of testing the HDS suggest that it is valid in measuring adult medical and surgical HITH patient dependency. The scale demonstrated strong stability over time in test retest procedures over a one month period (r = 0.80, p <0.01) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.72). We conclude that the HDS is a valid, reliable instrument that is quick and easy to use in the HITH setting.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Working memory and image guided surgical simulation.

We report on a study that investigates the relationship between visual working memory and verbal working memory and a performance measure in endoscopic instrument navigation in MIST and GI Mentor II (a simulator for gastroendoscopy). Integrated cognitive neuroscience in state-of-the-art simulator training curriculum will take safety science in health care one step ahead. Current simulator validation focuses on how to train. In the light of recent research it is now prime time to ask why in search of mechanisms rather than to repeatedly show that training has effect. This will help tailor training to maximize individual output in procedures that require a high level of dexterity. WM training is a unique learning aid in simulator training and should be used alongside clinical practice in order to improve the quality of complex clinical intervention in the field of image guided surgical simulation.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

Theoretical approaches to holistic biological features: Pattern formation, neural networks and the brain-mind relation.

The topic of this article is the relation between bottom-up and top-down, reductionist and holistic approaches to the solution of basic biological problems. While there is no doubt that the laws of physics apply to all events in space and time, including the domains of life, understanding biology depends not only on elucidating the role of the molecules involved, but, to an increasing extent, on systems theoretical approaches in diverse fields of the life sciences. Examples discussed in this article are the generation of spatial patterns in development by the interplay of autocatalysis and lateral inhibition; the evolution of integrating capabilities of the human brain, such as cognition-based empathy; and both neurobiological and epistemological aspects of scientific theories of consciousness and the mind.

Body Patterning↗
PubMed1962

Culture and cognition.

Anthropologists are turning their attention to the cognitive structures which are basic to customary behavior in society (24). In general, these studies work to expose the abstract calculus underlying the specific content of behavior by the use of a symbolic notation and the application of available logical-mathematical models as hypotheses. Particular attention has been paid to the semantic analysis of folk taxonomies, such as kinship terminologies, but formal analysis of other aspects of culture, such as values, the program of behavior released in particular situations, and folk science, is also a promising area of work. The principles of the metacalculi to which the diverse cognitive structures of individuals sum in stable social systems are, then, to be regarded as principles of sociocultural organization itself.

Anthropology↗
PubMed2004

Shifts in the philosophical foundations of psychiatry since Jaspers: implications for psychopathology and psychotherapy.

Jaspers' AllgemeinePsychopathologie, the General Psychopathology, published in 1923, had a profound influence on the development of psychiatry. Central to it was the attempt to give the new psychiatry a philosophical foundation, the key element in which was the dichotomy between meaningful and causal connections. This dichotomy was superimposed on the earlier mind-body distinction, and both converged on the conclusion that mind and meaning were problematic from the point of view of science. The inevitable splits came to a head in the 1960's, with attacks on the one side by the other: medical psychiatry was attacked for systematically stripping madness of its meaning and hence dehumanising it, while psychoanalysis, the champion of meaning, was rounded upon for being unscientific. At the same time however there was emerging a new paradigm that effectively deconstructed the problematic, namely, the cognitive or information-processing paradigm. This paradigm has made it possible to construct a unified bio-psycho-social science of psychopathology. In psychotherapy, the shift has been away from the view that meaning is non-causal, a matter only of existential significance or of hermeneutic interpretation, towards the working assumption that it is crucially involved in aetiology, as in the new cognitive behaviour therapy paradigm.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Sharing neuroimaging studies of human cognition.

After more than a decade of collecting large neuroimaging datasets, neuroscientists are now working to archive these studies in publicly accessible databases. In particular, the fMRI Data Center (fMRIDC), a high-performance computing center managed by computer and brain scientists, seeks to catalogue and openly disseminate the data from published fMRI studies to the community. This repository enables experimental validation and allows researchers to combine and examine patterns of brain activity beyond that of any single study. As with some biological databases, early scientific, technical and sociological concerns hindered initial acceptance of the fMRIDC. However, with the continued growth of this and other neuroscience archives, researchers are recognizing the potential of such resources for identifying new knowledge about cognitive and neural activity. Thus, the field of neuroimaging is following the lead of biology and chemistry, mining its accumulating body of knowledge and moving toward a 'discovery science' of brain function.

Brain↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive complexity and scanning by Chinese and American students in an American university.

75 Chinese and 75 American students' perceptual styles of cognitive complexity and scanning (focus versus nonfocus) were analyzed. The American students, 22 Chinese women, and 18 Chinese social science and humanities students scored as more complex than the 53 Chinese men and 57 Chinese natural science and engineering students. It was also observed that the Chinese men and American women scored as more focused than the 22 Chinese women and 43 American men.

Adult↗