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PubMed1995

Effect of chlorhexidine rinse on the incidence of dry socket in impacted mandibular third molar extraction sites.

This nonrandomized prospective study was conducted in a private practice setting to determine the effect of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate rinse (Peridex, Proctor and Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio) on the incidence of dry socket after removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Over a 3-year period, 371 patients (total of 654 impacted mandibular third molars) received either no treatment (group 1), 2 weeks of twice daily Peridex rinse postsurgery (group 2), or one rinse presurgery (group 3). The group that used Peridex twice daily for 2 weeks after surgery (group 2) showed a significant reduction (56%) in the incidence of dry socket when compared with either the group that did not rinse (group 1) or the group that rinsed only once just before surgery (group 3). The incidence of dry socket was higher in smokers and in females who used oral contraceptives. Twice daily use of Peridex for 2 weeks also yielded significant reductions in dry socket in smokers, nonsmokers, and in females who did not use oral contraceptives. Results from this study demonstrate that the use of Peridex for 2 weeks after surgery is effective in prevention of dry socket after surgical extraction of impacted molars.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The antiseptic efficacy of chlorxylenol-containing vs. chlorhexidine gluconate-containing surgical scrub preparations.

The studies described here evaluate the efficacy of the chlorxylenol-containing surgical scrub formulations against the chlorhexidine gluconate-containing formulations using the Glove Juice Test, as recommended by the FDA's panel to develop guidelines for the study of antiseptic agents. Similar reports from the literature evaluating the relative efficacies of the iodophor-containing and the hexachlorophene-containing formulations are cited. Results fail to detect any significant differences in the efficacy of these two preparations, each significantly reducing the bacterial flora on the hands as indicated by immediate post-wash colony counts, and each demonstrating the continuing ability to significantly reduce bacterial growth with continued regular use.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

NMR imaging of the diffusion of water at 310 K into semi-IPNs of PEM and poly(HEMA-co-THFMA) with and without chlorhexidine diacetate.

Magnetic resonance imaging has been used to monitor the diffusion of water at 310 K into a series of semi-IPNs of poly(ethyl methacrylate), PEM, and copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, HEMA, and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, THFMA. The diffusion was found to be well described by a Fickian kinetic model in the early stages of the water sorption process, and the diffusion coefficients were found to be slightly smaller than those for the copolymers of HEMA and THFMA, P(HEMA-co-THFMA), containing the same mole fraction of HEMA in the matrix. A second stage sorption process was identified in the later stage of water sorption by the PEM/PTHFMA semi-IPN and for the systems containing a P(HEMA-co-THFMA) component with a mole fraction HEMA of 0.6 or less. This was characterized by the presence of water near the surface of the cylinders with a longer NMR T(2) relaxation time, which would be characteristic of mobile water, such as water present in large pores or surface fissures. The presence of the drug chlorhexidine in the polymer matrixes at a concentration of 5.625 wt % was found not to modify the properties significantly, but the diffusion coefficients for the water sorption were systematically smaller when the drug was present.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1998

Viscoelastic properties of bioadhesive, chlorhexidine-containing semi-solids for topical application to the oropharynx.

PURPOSE: This study examined the viscoelastic properties of bioadhesive, chlorhexidine-containing semi-solid formulations, designed for topical application to the oropharynx. METHODS: Oscillatory rheometry was performed using a Carri-Med CSL2-100 rheometer at 20.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C in conjunction with parallel plate geometry (2 cm diameter, 0.5 mm sample thickness). Samples were subjected to a constant strain (6.5 x 10(-3) rad) and defined viscoelastic parameters, namely storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), loss tangent (tan delta) and dynamic viscosity (eta'), measured over a defined frequency range (0.01-1.0 Hz). RESULTS: As the oscillatory frequency was increased, G' G" of all formulations increased, whereas both eta' and tan delta significantly decreased. The magnitude of increase of G' and G" as a function of frequency was relatively small, indicating that, in general, the formulations were non-cross-linked elastic systems. Increasing concentrations of HEC, PVP and PC significantly increased G', G", eta' yet decreased tan delta, observations that may be attributed to the physical state of each polymer in the formulations. Formulation elasticity increased (i.e. tan delta decreased) as a result of increased entanglement of polymeric chains of dissolved components (i.e. HEC and PVP) and the restrained extension of swollen, cross-linked chains of PC. Additionally, in formulations where the saturation solubility of PVP was exceeded and/or insufficient "free-water" was available for maximal swelling of PC, formulation elasticity increased as a result of the increasing mass of dispersed solid particles of PVP and/or PC. Formulation eta' increased due to the attendant effects of polymer chain entanglement and polymer state on overall formulation viscosity. CONCLUSIONS: Following application to the oropharynx, the formulations will behave as elastic systems. Thus, these formulations would be expected to offer advantageous clinical properties, e.g., prolonged drug release, increased bioadhesion. However, it is noteworthy that the final choice of formulation for clinical evaluation will involve a compromise between viscoelastic characteristics and acceptable textural properties, e.g. ease of product application. This study has shown the applicability of oscillatory rheometry for both the characterisation and selection of candidate, topical bioadhesive formulations for clinical evaluation.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1993

Identification and isolation of chlorhexidine digluconate impurities.

We report the identification of 11 impurities in variously stressed chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) solutions. The structural assignment of each CHG impurity involved tentative identification from HPLC-MS data followed by synthesis of the appropriate standard, isolation of the impurity from the CHG solution by flash chromatography, and comparison of HPLC-MS, HPLC-UV, and NMR data of the impurity with the standard. Six of the synthetic impurity standards represent new compounds. Degradation studies of CHG solutions systematically stressed by heat, light, and low pH are reported with identification and approximate quantification of resulting impurities. Degradation mechanisms were proposed for each set of stress conditions applied to CHG solutions. Parallels were noted between the way CHG degrades in the thermospray interface of the HPLC-MS and the way CHG degrades with shelf time. Similarities were noted in the synthetic starting materials of CHG and the final degradation products.

Acids↗
PubMed1999

The effect of xylitol and chlorhexidine acetate/xylitol chewing gums on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.

Chewing gums may be suitable vehicles for the delivery of xylitol (X) and chlorhexidine acetate (CHX), both of which can aid oral health. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of chewing gums containing X or a combination of X and CHX in a double-blind, randomised, cross over, 5-day clinical trial, with a 9-day washout period in a group of participants over 40 years old. After professional tooth cleaning, 8 subjects (mean age 51.3+/-10.4 years) used in a random order 2 pieces of ACHX (a liquorice flavoured CHX/X) gum, 2 pieces of BCHX (a chocolate mint flavoured CHX/X), 2 pieces of X (a liquorice flavoured X gum) and 1 piece of ACHX. Gums were chewed 2x daily for 15 min and volunteers refrained from all other oral hygiene procedures. Data were analysed using Friedman nonparametric analysis of variance. Plaque indices for chewing 2 pieces of ACHX gum (0.78+/-0.15) and BCHX gum (0.52+/-0.15) were significantly lower (p<0.0006) than for X gum (1.57+/-0.08). The gingival index was significantly greater (p<0.05) for X containing gum than for the other chewing regimes. The subjects' attitudes to the gums were also assessed by structured questionnaires which showed that all gums were easy to chew, did not adhere to dentures, teeth or restorations and that the subjects preferred to chew 2 pellets rather than 1.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

The effect of toothpaste on the propensity of chlorhexidine and cetyl pyridinium chloride to produce staining in vitro: a possible predictor of inactivation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cationic antiseptics such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) interact with dietary chromogens to produce extrinsic stain, and this can be used as a measure of activity of products. The aim of these studies in vitro was to determine if toothpaste influenced the tea staining effects of CHX and CPC as a predictor of action in vivo. METHOD: Clear acrylic specimens were soaked in pooled human saliva followed by sequential 2-min soaks in pairs of agents, namely 0.05% CHX, 0.05% CPC, 0.2% CHX, water (W) and toothpaste slurry (TP). The combinations were; TP/CHX, CHX/TP, TP/CPC, CPC/TP, W/CHX, CHX/W, W/CPC, CPC/W, TP/W, W/TP, W/W. These treatments were followed by a 60 min soak in tea. Optical density readings were taken at baseline and after each of 8 cycles. RESULTS: In the separate CHX and CPC studies by comparison with W/CHX, TP/0.05% CHX had little effect on staining, but TP/0.2% CHX showed a reduction in staining of 18%. 0.05% CHX/TP reduced staining by >40%, and 0.2% CHX by >78%. TP/CPC reduced staining by >26% and CPC/TP by 80%. Water after 0.2% CHX, 0.05% CHX and CPC reduced staining by 18%, 13% and 17% respectively. Little staining was seen with TP and W combinations. The data for CHX are in agreement with a study in vivo except TP followed by CHX reduced the activity of CHX. CONCLUSION: Toothpaste appears to adversely affect the activity of CHX and CPC particularly if used immediately after the antiseptics. The data further supports the concept of separating the use of antiseptics until sometime after the use of toothpaste, and the idea of developing mouthwash friendly toothpastes.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Local delivery of chlorhexidine gluconate (PerioChip) in periodontal maintenance patients.

AIM: The aim of this randomised, split-mouth, single-blind study was to determine the efficacy of controlled-release delivery of chlorhexidine gluconate 2.5 mg (PerioChip) in patients with residual bleeding pockets (>5 mm) at least 3 months following oral hygiene and root debridement phase therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 26 patients (non-smokers) were screened and potential study sites identified. Clinical parameters recorded at baseline and all subsequent visits were plaque index (PI), pocket probing depth (PPD), bleeding index (BI) and clinical attachment level (CAL). All study sites were debrided using ultrasonic instrumentation. PerioChips (PC) were placed in the selected sites of two quadrants (left or right) whilst identified sites in the remaining quadrants were left without adjunctive antimicrobial treatment. Clinical measurements were made at follow-up visits after 1, 3 and 6 months. Mean changes from baseline in PPD, BI and CAL were calculated with the patient as the experimental unit and comparability between the treatments was determined using t-tests. RESULTS: At baseline there were no significant differences between PC and control sites for mean PI, PD, BI or CAL. The mean (SE) reductions in PPD for PC and control treatments were: 0.47 (0.1), 0.46 (0.1); 0.76 (0.1), 0.55 (0.1); 0.78 (0.1), 0.45 (0.1) for months 1, 3 and 6 respectively. Only at month 6 did the difference between treatments approach statistical significance (p=0.06). Mean (SE) reductions in CAL over the same periods were: 0.17 (0.1), 0.04 (0.08); 0.38 (0.1), 0.21 (0.1); 0.43 (0.1), 0.15 (0.09) p=0.048. Mean (SE) reduction in BI between PC and control treatments only reached statistical significance at 6 months: 1.08 (0.1), 0.59 (0.1) p=0.05. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that PerioChip is beneficial for patients on maintenance therapy although the benefit is not apparent until 6 months after placement.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of different chlorhexidine formulations in mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation.

BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% solution, still the golden standard as mouthrinse for the prevention of plaque formation and development of gingivitis, has some limited side-effects such as extrinsic tooth staining, poor taste, taste disturbance, sensitivity changes in tongue, pain, and the content of alcohol. These side effects led to the search of new formulations. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomised, cross-over study, 16 young dental students with a healthy periodontium, abolished all means of mechanical plaque control during 4 experimental periods of 11 days (separated from each other by a washout period of 3 weeks). During each experimental period, they rinsed 2x daily with one of the following mouthrinses in a randomised order: CHX 0.2% + alcohol (Corsodyl), CHX 0.12% + alcohol (Perio.Aid), CHX 0.12% + sodium fluoride 0.05% (Cariax Gingival) and CHX 0.12% + CPC 0.05% (Perio.Aid, new formulation). After 7 and 11 days of undisturbed plaque formation, clinical parameters were recorded, questionnaires completed and plaque samples (supragingivally and saliva) collected. RESULTS: The CHX 0.12% + alcohol and the CHX 0.12% + CPC 0.05% formulations were as efficient as the CHX 0.2% mouthrinse in retarding de novo plaque formation (proven by clinical observations as well as by anaerobic and aerobic culture data), and always superior (p<0.001) to the CHX 0.12% + sodium fluoride 0.05% solution. The subjective ratings were in favour of the new CHX formulation when compared with the other CHX formulations, especially for taste (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated the potential of a new CHX 0.12% + CPC 0.05% non-alcoholic formulation as an effective anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory agent with reduced unpleasant subjective side-effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of a controlled-release chlorhexidine chip on clinical and microbiological parameters of periodontal syndrome.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a controlled-released chlorhexidine chip (CHX) as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty patients with at least four sites with probing depth >or= 5 mm and bleeding on probing were selected. This randomized single-blind study was carried out in parallel design. The control group received SRP alone, while the test group received SRP plus CHX chip. The clinical parameters, Plaque Index (PlI), Papillary Bleeding Score (PBS), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Gingival Recession (GR), Probing Depth (PD) and Relative Attachment Level (RAL), and the microbiological parameter BANA test were recorded at baseline and after 3, 6 and 9 months. RESULTS: Both groups presented significant improvements in all parameters analyzed over the study period. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any parameter analyzed after 9 months, except for BOP, which was significantly reduced in the control group. The mean reductions on PD and RAL were 2.4 mm and 1.0 mm for the control group and 2.2 mm and 0.6 mm for the test group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The CHX chip did not provide any clinical or microbiological benefit beyond that achieved with conventional scaling and root planning, after a 9-month period.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Differences in antimicrobial activity of four commercial 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations: an in vitro contact test and salivary bacterial counts study.

AIM: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of four commercial 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The in vitro antimicrobial activity test consisted in a modified contact test where 20 selected bacterial species were tested during 1 min with each test product. After the contact, the inoculum was cultured, and the results were expressed in terms of survival/resistance and the percentage of survival as compared to a saline control. The in vivo test consisted of a double-blind, randomized, crossover salivary bacterial counts study. 10 volunteers rinsed during 1 min with each tested product. Saliva samples were obtained before rinsing, and after 5 min, and 1, 3, 5 and 7 h. These samples were cultured both aerobically and anaerobically. Percentages of survival, in regard to baseline, were calculated for each time point. Comparisons among products were tested using anova and selected paired t-test. RESULTS: The in vitro contact test showed no survival in any tested species with CHX+CPC, while three species (Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus mitis and Peptostreptococcus micros) were resistant to the other three products. CHX and CHX+NaF demonstrated additional resistant species (three and four species, respectively). The in vivo salivary bacterial counts test showed higher reductions of CHX+CPC and CHX+ALC in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, lasting for 5 h. Significant differences were detected at multiple time points, when these two products were compared both with the control and the other tested products. CONCLUSION: Important differences in activity, among 0.12% CHX products, were detected by both in vitro and in vivo tests. The formulation with alcohol was more active than those without alcohol, excepting the formulation with CHX+CPC, in which the reformulation and addition of CPC not only compensate but rather increase the antimicrobial activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis. A dual-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this double-blind, parallel study was to test the clinical efficacy of a newly developed mouthrinse in the treatment of oral halitosis in patients without periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty volunteers, recruited in two centers, participated in this study. Patients were selected on the basis of (1) halitosis of oral origin, (2) full-mouth organoleptic score>1, using an arbitrary 0-5 scale, (3) level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC)>170 parts per billion (ppb) and (4) Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI)>4 (0-12). Intervention included gargling with a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine (0.05%), cetylpyridinium chloride (0.05%) and zinc-lactate (0.14%) or with a placebo mouthrinse without active ingredients. At days 0 and 14 clinical variables were assessed in order of performance: (1) organoleptic assessments, (2) levels of VSC, and (3) WTCI. RESULTS: Treatment with the active mouthrinse resulted in a significant mean reduction in the organoleptic score from 2.8 to 1.5 (p<0.005). In the placebo group, no significant reduction in the mean organoleptic score occurred. Consequently, this resulted, after 2 weeks, in a greater change of the organoleptic scores in the test group in comparison to the placebo group (p<0.005). The mean VSC scores were reduced from 292 to 172 ppb in the test group (p<0.005), whereas no reduction was observed in the placebo group. At the 2-week examination, the mean change of the VSC scores in the test group was significantly greater than the mean change in the placebo group (p<0.005). Neither in the test nor in the placebo group a significant reduction in tongue coating was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the tested mouthrinse is effective in the treatment of oral halitosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Caries prevention with chlorhexidine-thymol varnish in high risk schoolchildren.

In a prospective, randomised and blinded cohort study, the acceptance and effectiveness of a 3-monthly chlorhexidine-thymol varnish application was assessed in 8- to 10-yr-old children (n=29) with high caries incidence after brushing with a 1.23% fluoride gel. The children of the control group (n=25) brushed with a fluoride gel only. The standardised interview showed good acceptance of the varnish applications in spite of the bitter taste. Caries incidence in one year was 1.2 DMFS (SD 1.5, median 1; 95% confidence interval 0-1) for the test group and 2.1 DMFS (SD 2.3, median 2; 95% confidence interval 0-3) for the control group. Due to a slightly lower reduction in caries incidence (42.3%) than in other studies and a higher standard deviation than in unselected study groups, the power of the present study was not high enough to prove this difference in caries incidence to be statistically significant in the Mann-Whitney test (P=0.11). This was also found for the difference of 0.4 initial lesions. The distribution patterns of caries incidence for tooth groups (70% in the first permanent molar) and surfaces (58% on occlusal surfaces) did not differ between the test and the control group. The reductions of caries incidence which have been found in highly caries active children of the present study should be evaluated further with a larger study sample.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2000

Effects of fluoride- and chlorhexidine-containing varnishes on plaque composition and on demineralization of dentinal grooves in situ.

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of Cervitec, containing 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 1% thymol, Fluor Protector, containing 0.1% fluoride, their 1:1 mixture, and a placebo varnish on the percentage of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque and on the underlying dentin demineralization, as assessed by microradiography. Bovine dentine discs, fitted with three parallel grooves, received one of the varnish treatments into the first groove and on the adjacent part of the dentin surface. Volunteers (n = 23) wore the discs fixed to their partial dentures for four consecutive 3 wk periods. Microbiological analysis of plaque accumulated in the grooves showed no difference between groups. Fluoride varnishes (Fluor Protector and mixed varnish) had a significantly larger inhibitory effect on mineral loss in the treated groove than Cervitec or placebo. All treatment varnishes had more pronounced effect in panelists (n = 14) with higher degree of demineralization (mineral loss in placebo group > or = 1,200 vol% x microm). In these panelists, CHX-containing varnishes showed an inhibitory effect on demineralization in all grooves, also in the two non-varnished grooves. As fluoride varnishes had the largest localized effect on demineralization, and CHX varnishes were showing a peripheral effect, a combined treatment could be the preferred method to obtain an optimal caries preventive effect in caries-prone individuals.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effects of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine mouth rinses on the bond strength of an orthodontic composite.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of two antibacterial mouth rinses to etched and unetched enamel affects the shear bond strength (SBS) of an orthodontic composite resin. Eighty-five lower human incisors were divided into five groups, ie, group 1: control group, no mouth rinse was used; groups 2 and 3: mouth rinses were applied to the intact enamel surface before etching; groups 4 and 5: mouth rinses were applied to the etched enamel. A bonding agent and a composite resin were applied to the teeth surface. For shear bond testing, the specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine, and an apparatus attached to a compression load cell was applied to each specimen until failure occurred. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significance tests. Fracture modes were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U-test. There was no statistically significant difference between the SBS values of group 1 (31.64 +/- 3.62 MPa) and group 4-five experimental applications (P > or = .05). However, the SBS value of group 3 (36.56 +/- 5.95 MPa) was significantly larger than those of group 4 (30.00 +/- 4.97 MPa) and group 5 (30.26 +/- 7.30 MPa). In addition, no significant differences were observed between group 1 and groups 2 (34.33 +/- 7.26 MPa) and 3 (36.56 +/- 5.95 MPa) (P > or = .05). Because the application of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine before acid etching did not cause any decrease in bond strength, it is advisable for use under the orthodontic resin composite to obtain an antibacterial effect or to prevent the risk of bacteremia.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of time required for recontamination of coronally sealed canals medicated with calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine.

AIM: To determine in vitro the time required for recontamination of coronally sealed canals medicated with either calcium hydroxide (CaOH2), 2% chlorhexidine gel (CG) or with a combination of both. METHODOLOGY: Eighty intact, caries-free, premolar teeth with straight roots and mature apices were selected for the study. After biomechanical preparation of 75 teeth, they were randomly divided into nine groups according to the intracanal medicament and the coronal seal with 'Intermediate Restorative Material' (IRM) as follows: (i) 10 teeth medicated with CG, coronally unsealed; (ii) 10 teeth medicated with CaOH2, coronally unsealed; (iii) 10 teeth medicated with CaOH2 + CG, coronally unsealed; (iv) 10 teeth medicated with CG + coronal seal; (v) 10 teeth medicated with CaOH2 + coronal seal; (vi) 10 teeth medicated with CG + CaOH2 + coronal seal; (vii) 10 teeth without intracanal medicament and coronally sealed; (viii) 5 teeth without intracanal medicament and coronally unsealed, used as the positive control group (PC); (ix) 5 teeth with intact crowns used as the negative control group (NC). Glass flasks were filled with Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI), so that only the root apex was in contact with the broth, while the crown was immersed in human saliva + BHI (3:1). The flasks were then incubated at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of 10% CO2, and microbial growth was checked daily. RESULTS: All specimens of the PC showed contamination within 1 day of incubation, while the NC showed no evidence of broth turbidity. Recontamination was detected after an average time of 3.7 days in the unsealed canals medicated with CG, 1.8 days in the group medicated with CaOH2 and 2.6 days in the group medicated with CaOH2 + CG. When the crowns were sealed with IRM, recontamination was detected within 13.5 days in the canals medicated with CG, after 17.2 days in the group medicated with CaOH2 and after 11.9 days in the group medicated with CG + CaOH2. The group with no medication, but sealed with IRM, showed recontamination after 8.7 days. There were statistically significant differences between the teeth with or without coronal seal (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The coronal seal delayed but did not prevent leakage of microorganisms. There was no difference between the various medicaments.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1999

Antibacterial synergistic effect of chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide against Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Hydrogen peroxide (HP) are potent antibacterial agents that are used in controlling dental plaque. However, both agents bear undesired side-effects. We have tested the hypothesis that an antibacterial synergistic effect can occur between the two agents against Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. We have found that at several combinations of HP and CHX an antibacterial synergistic effect does occur, while at other combinations a on-significant synergism was noticed. No antagonism between the two agents was found in our experimental system. It can be postulated that the mechanism of this synergistic effect is via alteration of the bacterial cell-surface by CHX thereby allowing for an increased amount of HP to penetrate and to react with the intercellular organelles of the bacteria. These results suggest that CHX and HP can be of use in controlling the dental plaque in the oral cavity.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1999

Development of resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate and cetylpyridinium chloride in Pseudomonas stutzeri and changes in antibiotic susceptibility.

Strains of Pseudomonas stutzeri developed stable resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate (CHA) or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) when exposed to gradually increasing concentrations of either antibacterial agent. Such strains showed reduced sensitivity to other non-antibiotics, including triclosan, and to some antibiotics, although this varied from strain to strain. Resistant strains were inactivated less readily by CHA or CPC and were less sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulphate. Some CHA-resistant and some CPC-resistant strains were more hydrophobic than the parent strains. Alterations in the cell envelope are likely to be responsible for non-specific changes in sensitivity to several antibacterial agents. Attempts to transfer CHA or CPC resistance by conjugation were unsuccessful. DNA from some CHA- or CPC-resistant strains could transform Ps. stutzeri strain JM 302, a histidine auxotroph, to prototrophy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗