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PubMed1991

[National distribution registry of individuals exposed to radiation effects due to the Chernobyl AES accident].

The paper deals with the problems in the case follow-up of the population exposed to radiation caused by the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station on the basis of the automated systems for collecting and processing medical information. A number of organizational, medical, technological, computational problems in setting up teh National Distribution Registry should be solved for a complete and long-term follow-up. A differential approach was proposed to the information provision of health care services and to the determination of a population size and principles of selecting the populations to be followed up in the Registry.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of the dose on the prognosis of dynamics of blood neutrophil count based on cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes of victims of the Chernobyl AES accident].

The authors investigated prognostic significance of irradiation intensity with relation to the severity of a course of the bone marrow syndrome in the affected population at the Chernobyl accident. Absorbed doses were determined by analysis of lymphocyte chromosome aberrations and the time course of the blood neutrophil count. The evaluation of the severity of blood disorders by cytogenetic and hematological tests was shown to coincide in 85% of patients. Due to lack of information on irradiation physical data, an absorbed dose mean rate was assessed for the entire period of stay in the high radiation zone. In 81 patients mean dose rate values varied within 0.1-22 Gy/h. Further analysis has shown that a mean dose rate value in this range did not influence the prognosis of a course of the bone marrow syndrome in the affected persons (by the results of cytogenetic investigation of lymphocyte cultures).

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

[Thyroid irradiation doses and organization of endocrinological monitoring of the inhabitants of the Ukrainian S.S.R. after the accident at the Chernobyl AES].

The paper is devoted to one of the most important aspects of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station: thyroid irradiation in the residents of 8 areas in the Ukrainian SSR and the town of Pripyat, affected with radioactive iodine. Irradiation doses, prognosis of medical effects of the accident, methods and practical measures for the organization of endocrinological monitoring of the affected population were thoroughly considered. The authors proposed a scheme of health care of the population in these areas. They also discussed the structure of data bases for analysis of medico-dosimetric information on "iodine" effects of the accident. The main trends in medico-dosimetric problems of the effects of thyroid irradiation were outlined.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

[Experience in treating the victims of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station and the immediate disease outcomes].

The paper is concerned with the results of therapy of 115 patients with acute radiation syndrome after the Chernobyl accident. The chief methods of the effective therapy of bone marrow syndrome are antimicrobial drugs and fresh donor platelet mass transfusions. Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogenic bone marrow or embryonic hepatocytes) is indicated and effective in a very limited number of patients in accident irradiation. Severe beta-burns of the skin remain an unsolved problem as a result of their spreading. Organizational principles of therapy of a great number of patients with acute radiation syndrome in a specialized hospital were described.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

[Nervous system function in persons receiving irradiation at different dose ranges during the cleanup after the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

The paper is concerned with the results of neurological examination of 113 patients who developed acute radiation sickness of various degrees of severity during the elimination of the effects of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. A clinical picture of neurological disorders at different periods of ARS was described. CNS specific and nonspecific lesions were defined.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

[Deoxyribonuclease activity in the blood serum of persons participating in liquidation of the effects of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant].

Deoxyribonuclease activity in blood serum was comparatively analyzed in 90 subjects who had been engaged in liquidation of consequences of the catastrophe at Chernobyl NPS in 1986, and in 55 normal donors. It was found that the mean value of deoxyribonuclease activity in the group of the liquidators was significantly lower as compared to that of donors. A stable decrease of activity of neutral deoxyribonuclease (DNAse I, pH 7.3) was detected in 18 and that of acid deoxyribonuclease (DNAse II) in 9 out of 90 subjects investigated. The anamnesis of most of the patients with lowered deoxyribonuclease activity has revealed transient leukopenia, decreased parameters of T-cellular immunity and phagocytic activity of neutrophils.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

[Immunity status in persons participating in liquidation of the effects of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant].

The time course study of the immunity status of 57 subjects who were engaged in liquidation of consequences of the catastrophe at Chernobyl NPS in May-December, 1986, has revealed a high frequency of disorders in bactericidal and digestive activities of neutrophils, as well as in the functional activity of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. The incidence rate of subjects with disturbed functional activity of T-lymphocytes is significantly higher in the group of subjects with suppressed capacity of blood lymphocytes for DNA repair as compared to those with normal levels of blood lymphocyte capacity for DNA repair.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

[Immunological and transfusiological approaches to limiting the risk of leukemia related to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant].

A programme including prophylactic, diagnostic aspects and reasons for the therapeutic tactics has been proposed for narrowing leukemia consequences related to the catastrophe at Chernobyl NPS. The state of the All-Union Register of typed donors and All-Union standard of typing sera has been considered. It is necessary to make reserves of blood containing no antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV-negative blood).

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

The Chernobyl fallout in Salzburg/Austria and its effect on blood chromosomes.

The radioactive fallout of the Chernobyl accident caused an increase in radiation dose of 20 to 110 per cent over the normal environmental burden to the inhabitans of Salzburg City in Austria (in a distance of about 1300 km from the accident). The structural chromosome aberration in the lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 15 test-persons have been investigated one year after the accident. From two of these we know also the aberration frequencies before the accident which were significantly lower. The results from all test persons were pooled according to their Cs137 and Cs134 content, measured by whole body counter. Their mean additional blood doses from the incorporated caesium plus the external fallout radiation were 0.23, 0.36 and 0.55 mGy/yr. The aberration frequencies increased with dose. The slope of the best straight-line through the points was 2.0 +/- 0.7 total chromosome type aberrations in 100 metaphases per mGy/yr. This result fits in well with former investigations of persons with individually calculated radiation burden from the environment. The sharp increase with dose at this low level is not compatible with values extrapolated from high doses. The usual dose assessment based on chromosome aberrations extrapolated from high to low doses is therefore not possible in the range considered in this investigation.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chernobyl three years later: radiobiologic evaluation of a radioactive contamination.

On April 26, 1986, after partial fusion and confining loss by explosion of a nuclear reactor, 5 x 10(7) Ci of radionuclides escaped from Chernobyl. Three years later, maps show contamination by radioactive isotopes (formed during that period) of 21,000 km2 of Soviet soil, mainly in Byelorussia and part of the Ukraine. Decontamination measures have not been effective to date and 135,000 persons are being followed medically, taking into account the radioactive doses they received. An initial excess of morbidity from solid tumors has been noted much sooner than in the case of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but its significance is in dispute. Three years later, only the extent of the ecologic disaster caused by the radioactive contamination can be confirmed. It is too early to draw conclusions about radiation-induced carcinogenesis for the contaminated population.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

[Tuberculosis and the Chernobyl tragedy: status and prognosis].

The analysis of the epidemiologic situation was made in view of tuberculosis in those areas of the Byelorussian SSR which suffered from radiation as a consequence of the accident at the Chernobyl atomic power plant. A higher level of tuberculosis morbidity among the population (especially among children and adolescents) is recorded in the areas of strict radiation control. The pattern of clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis tends to deteriorate in addition to a higher percentage of disseminated smear-positive lung processes. Besides, new difficulties arise due to the organization of an early detection of tuberculosis cases on account of limited X-ray screening of the population to decrease the radiation load on the body. Lower immune status of those subjected to the radiation is demonstrated. The authors predict an unfavorable development of the situation for the nearest future regarding tuberculosis incidence over the radionuclide-polluted territories of the Republic.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The accident at Chernobyl: radiation doses and effects.

Four years ago next month, on April 26, 1986, a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Russia, exploded releasing tremendous amounts of radioactive substances into the atmosphere. This paper describes the types of radiation released, the levels of exposure, the number of people exposed and short-term effects observed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

[4 years after Chernobyl: medical repercussions].

The nuclear accident at Chernobyl accounted for an acute radiation syndrome in 237 persons on the site. Triage was the initial problem and was carried out according to clinical and biological criteria; evaluating the doses received was based on these criteria. Thirty one persons died and only 1 survived a dose higher than 6 Gy. Skin radiation burns which were due to inadequate decontamination, greatly worsened prognosis. The results of 13 bone marrow transplantations were disappointing, with only 2 survivors. Some time after the accident, these severely irradiated patients are mainly suffering from psychosomatic disorders, in the USSR, some areas have been significantly contaminated and several measures were taken to mitigate the impact on population: evacuating 135,000 persons, distributing prophylactic iodine, establishing standards and controls on foodstuff. Radiation phobia syndrome which developed in many persons, is the only sanitary effect noticed up to now. Finally, in Europe, there was only an increase in induced abortions and this was totally unwarranted. If we consider the risk of radiation induced cancer, an effect might not be demonstrated.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reciprocal translocations in mice found in the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear power station].

A study was made of the incidence of genetic damage to germ cells of male mice taken from or exposed within the thirty-kilometer zone of Chernobyl, the contaminated no-man's-land around the reactor that failed. At all contamination levels mouse spermatocytes exhibited reciprocal translocations, a relatively low frequency of which increased with increasing dose rate. Heterozygotes, with respect to reciprocal translocations (5%), were found among males exposed to enhanced radiation background as early embryos.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Partial sterility of the pine tree in 1986 and 1987 in the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear power station].

Reproductive potency of Pinus silvestris was studied in 1986, and 1987 within the zone of Chernobyl accident by the estimates of the survival rate of seed-buds during the gametophyte and embryonal development. At the radiation level of 4 Gy a partial female pine sterility was manifested by the decreased gametophyte survival rate of seedbuds, pollinated in 1986, and by the diminished embryonal survival rate of seed-buds pollinated in 1985.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic disorders in laboratory mice exposed in the area of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Laboratory male mice (CBA X C57Bl)F1 were exposed in three sectors with different contamination degree of radionuclides within 30 km-zone of the Chernobyl Atomic Power Plant. The total absorbed radiation doses in testes were 0.1; 3 and 25 Gy, respectively. Great depression of spermatogenesis was observed in exposed mice up to complete sterility in males from the most contaminated sector. The mutagenic effect of radiation was relatively low and did not increase with growth of the contamination degree.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparison of the number of chromatid aberrations with dose, estimated from the frequency of dicentrics, in the cytogenetic study of lymphocytes in subjects involved in the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station].

A study was made of the frequency of chromatid aberrations in lymphocyte culture of subjects affected by the Chernobyl accident as a function of dose estimated by the incidence of dicentrics. The average number of chromatid aberrations was nearly the same within the dose range from 0 to 5 Gy exhibiting a tendency towards growth with dose. A high individual variability of the chromatid aberration frequency was observed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

[An assessment of the contribution of internal irradiation to the early manifestations of acute radiation sickness in the victims of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Materials of the investigation of victims of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were used for the estimation of a contribution of exposure with incorporated radionuclides to a course of acute radiation syndrome thyroid and pulmonary lesions. Attention was granted to patients who died as a result of accidental exposure. Dose values of thyroid, pulmonary and total body exposure were given. The severity of the affection of the bronchopulmonary and hypophysial-thyroid systems was assessed. The results of cytogenetic investigations to estimate absorbed doses were represented for some persons. Internal exposure was shown to make a considerable effect on the development of acute radiation syndrome in two persons only, internal whole-body exposure doses being compatible with a total exposure dose.

Accidents↗