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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Larvicidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are released in root exudates of transgenic B. thuringiensis corn, potato, and rice but not of B. thuringiensis canola, cotton, and tobacco.

Larvicidal proteins encoded by cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis were released in root exudates from transgenic B. thuringiensis corn, rice, and potato but not from B. thuringiensis canola, cotton, and tobacco. Nonsterile soil and sterile hydroponic solution in which B. thuringiensis corn, rice, or potato had been grown were immunologically positive for the presence of the Cry proteins; from B. thuringiensis corn and rice, the soil and solution were toxic to the larva of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), and from potato, to the larva of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), representative lepidoptera and coleoptera, respectively. No toxin was detected immunologically or by larvicidal assay in soil or hydroponic solution in which B. thuringiensis canola, cotton, or tobacco, as well as all near-isogenic non-B. thuringiensis plant counterparts or no plants, had been grown. All plant species had the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, except rice, which had the ubiquitin promoter from maize. The reasons for the differences between species in the exudation from roots of the toxins are not known. The released toxins persisted in soil as the result of their binding on surface-active particles (e.g. clay minerals, humic substances), which reduced their biodegradation. The release of the toxins in root exudates could enhance the control of target insect pests, constitute a hazard to nontarget organisms, and/or increase the selection of toxin-resistant target insects.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Experimental microaneurysms in rats: II. Comparison between cotton wrapping and microbipolar coagulation.

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical aneurysm clipping is considered the best treatment for intracranial aneurysms, but often it cannot be used for microaneurysms. These aneurysms may require different type of treatment like bipolar coagulation or wrapping to reinforce the aneurysm wall, but these treatments have no experimentally proven efficacy. In this study the authors analyze the efficacy of 2 methods of treatment to prevent rupture of experimentally induced microaneurysms. METHODS: Microaneurysms were induced using mechanical compression of the wall of the aortic bifurcation in 60 rats. The animals were divided in three groups according to aneurysm treatment: Group 1-aneurysms treated using microbipolar coagulation; Group 2-aneurysms wrapped with cotton, and Group 3-no treatment. Four weeks after the treatment, the resistance of the microaneurysm was tested applying intraluminal hyperpressure (up to 2,427 mm Hg). After that, the vessels were microscopically analyzed. RESULTS: No rupture of the aneurysms was observed in Group 2 and all aneurysms ruptured in Groups 1 and 3 during the resistance test. Comparison between the mean bursting pressure of Groups 1 and 3 showed no significant difference (Student's t test, p > 0.05). The probability of rupture of the microaneurysms was significantly different between Groups 1 and 2, favoring Group 2 (Fisher exact test, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Wrapping of experimental microaneurysms with cotton was effective to protect aneurysm rupture under hyperpressure; and there was no protection using microbipolar coagulation.

Aneurysm, Ruptured↗
PubMed2005

Insecticidal effects of canatoxin on the cotton stainer bug Dysdercus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae).

Canatoxin (CNTX) is a variant form of urease isolated from Canavalia ensiformis (Leguminosaea) seeds. A possible role in the plant defense was proposed for CNTX, due to its toxicity upon feeding to the beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, and the hematophagous bug, Rhodnius prolixus. The toxic effect is caused by a canatoxin-derived peptide ( approximately 10kDa) formed by insect cathepsin-like digestive enzymes. In order to evaluate their potential as bioinsecticides, the effects of CNTX and its peptide were evaluated on a phytophagous hemipteran insect Dysdercus peruvianus, a pest of cotton culture. For the bioassays, the insects fed on gelatin capsules containing powdered cotton seeds, mixed with the freeze-dried protein and other test materials and were observed for survival rate, weight gain and molting. Ingestion of canatoxin, or a recombinant 10kDa peptide derived from it, severely affected young forms of the insects, delaying their development or leading to their death. In contrast, adults were insensitive to diets containing higher concentrations of canatoxin. Cathepsin-like proteinases predominated and showed distinct pattern of enzymatic activities in midguts homogenates according to the developmental stage of the insect, a fact which may explain the different susceptibility of nymphs as compared to adult D. peruvianus. The data presented confirm the potential use of canatoxin-like proteins and derived peptides as bioinsecticides.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Combined ultrasound-laccase assisted bleaching of cotton.

This study evaluates the potential of using ultrasound to enhance the bleaching efficiency of laccase enzyme on cotton fabrics. Ultrasound of low intensity (7W) and relatively short reaction time (30 min) seems to act in a synergistic way with the enzyme in the oxidation/removal of the natural colouring matter of cotton. The increased bleaching effect could be attributed to improved diffusion of the enzyme from the liquid phase to the fibres surface and throughout the textile structure. On the other hand inactivation of the laccase occurred increasing the intensity of the ultrasound. However, at the ultrasound power applied in the bleaching experiments the loss of enzyme activity was not significant enough to justify the use stabilizer such as polyvinyl alcohol. Furthermore, the polyvinyl alcohol appears to be a substrate for the laccase.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Respiratory syncytial virus escape mutant derived in vitro resists palivizumab prophylaxis in cotton rats.

Palivizumab (PZ) is the only monoclonal antibody in human use against an infectious disease. PZ is a humanized monoclonal antibody that recognizes the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). PZ prophylaxis reduces the likelihood of hospitalization for young children at risk for severe RSV infections. The quasispecies nature of RNA viruses allows rapid emergence of viruses with a selective advantage. A PZ resistant virus was selected by passage of RSV in the presence of PZ in cell culture. The cell culture-derived virus was completely resistant to PZ prophylaxis in cotton rats. The increasing use of PZ, and in particular, the use of PZ in immunosuppressed patients, provide opportunities for resistant viruses to emerge. Whether such viruses will appear and be of clinical significance for humans is unknown. Preclinical studies in cotton rats predicted the efficacy of PZ in humans; these results suggest that if PZ resistant viruses arise in humans, PZ prophylaxis may be ineffective.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Influenza-induced tachypnea is prevented in immune cotton rats, but cannot be treated with an anti-inflammatory steroid or a neuraminidase inhibitor.

Influenza viruses are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality during winter months. Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) is a sign of increasing lower respiratory disease during influenza infection and is frequently observed in hospitalized patients. We investigated this clinical sign in influenza virus-infected cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and the efficacy of antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy in reducing symptomatic disease. Cotton rats infected intranasally with A/Wuhan/359/95 (H3N2) had increased respiratory rates from 1 to 4 days postinfection that correlated with the dose of virus used to inoculate the animal but not the amount of virus recovered from the lung. In addition, evaluation of sequential lung tissue pathology revealed that extensive epithelial cell destruction of small airways correlated with tachypnea. Increased respiratory rate was not observed in immune animals, supporting results that demonstrated a requirement for exposure to, and infection by, large amounts of live virus for induction of tachypnea. A variety of therapeutic approaches proved ineffective in reducing tachypnea, including anti-inflammatory therapy with systemic triamcinolone acetonide, bronchodilatory therapy with levalbuterol, or antiviral therapy with zanamivir. These results, together with the pathologic observations, suggest that early disruption of the lower respiratory tract epithelium is a major component of the pathophysiology of influenza infection. Therapeutic approaches need to be tailored to clear airway obstruction and restore an intact epithelium.

Albuterol↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of performance of two personal sampling heads for cotton dust.

Cotton dust sampling for monitoring worker exposure was traditionally performed by work area sampling. A change to an exposure limit based on personal sampling has recently been agreed. The choice of sampling head for personal monitoring exposure was hampered by the use of two different sampling heads in the major epidemiological studies of textile workers which had incorporated personal sampling techniques. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of exposure measurements using these two sampling heads. This study has examined the performance of the two sampling heads, by performing dual sampling on cotton operatives during normal working activities. Each operative included wore two samplers randomly allocated to left or right side. A minimum of 200 minutes of sampling was accepted and the relative concentrations calculated. The IOM total dust sampler produced repeatedly higher measurements than the Manchester head. The ratio overall was 1.33 (95% C.I. 1.20-1.49). The performance was similar across the ranges of dust exposure from low (< 1 mg/m3-ratio 1.28), medium (1-3 mg/m3-ratio 1.43) to high exposure (> 3 mg/m3-ratio 1.24). The two heads give reproducibly proportionate dust measurements with approximately 30% greater results obtained with the IOM total dust sampler. Either dust sampling head could be used for worker monitoring and the results adjusted accordingly for reference to the Maximum Exposure Limit.

Dust↗
PubMed1986

Biochemical and immunologic characterization of cotton bract extract and its effect on in vitro cyclic AMP production. II. Green bract.

Cotton bract has been proposed as a probable byssinogenic agent. Mill workers are exposed to bract which has weathered in the field, but it is not known whether biologic effects of bract are due to intrinsic plant compound(s) or to contamination occurring during field weathering. Exposure of mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) to green bract extract (GBE) lowered basal cyclic AMP levels. Concomitant exposure of MNL to GBE plus agonist altered MNL cyclic AMP levels in a dose-dependent fashion. Differences between immunologic and pharmacologic test results of GBE and field-dried bract extract were mainly quantitative, suggesting the bioactive agent(s) in cotton bract is intrinsic to the plant.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Spontaneous altered hepatocellular foci (AHF) in captive aged male cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus).

Spontaneous altered hepatocellular foci (AHF) of basophilic type were observed in adult male cotton rats. The histological features of these foci were similar to those observed in Fischer 344 rats. However, an immunohistochemical technique with antibody to glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) failed to stain these foci. Also normal bile ducts were not immunoreactive for GST-P. The presence of a gall bladder and of non-GST-P immunoreactive liver foci and bile ducts suggests that these cotton rats are phylogenetically closer to mice than rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of long-term storage at -14 degrees C on the survival of Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) in cotton aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Neozygites fresenii-infected Aphis gossypii cadavers, containing dormant hyphal bodies of N. fresenii, were stored in 4 ml glass vials at -14 degrees C in a standard consumer-type refrigerator/freezer for 1, 21, 30, 43, 51, and 68 months to determine the effect of storage on fungal survival. When the cadavers were removed from the freezer and placed in 25+/-1 degrees C, 100% relative humidity, and 12:12 (L:D) conditions, N. fresenii survival, as shown by fungal sporulation from the cadavers, was high at all storage periods. The average percentage of cadavers from which the fungus sporulated were 93, 47, 100, 100, 80, and 60% from 1, 21, 30, 43, 51, and 68 months storage periods, respectively. The number of primary conidia discharged from each sporulating cadaver was estimated using a scale of 1 (low, ca. 1000 primary conidia), 2 (medium, ca. 2000 primary conidia) and 3 (high, ca. 3000 primary conidia). The median scores for the number of primary conidia produced per sporulating cadaver were 3, 2, 3, 3, 2.5, and 1 for 1, 21, 30, 43, 51, and 68 months, respectively. Therefore, except for the longest storage period, most cadavers produced medium to high numbers of primary conidia. Mean germination of primary conidia produced from N. fresenii-infected-aphid cadavers from each time period varied significantly from 66.3 to 86.1% in the 21 and 43 months categories, respectively. Infectivity of capilliconidia, produced from frozen N. fresenii, to live healthy cotton aphids varied significantly from 16.7 to 68.7% from cadavers stored 68 months and 1 month, respectively. Overall N. fresenii survived well in dried frozen cotton aphid cadavers for up to 6 years with little reduction in sporulation, numbers of spores produced, germination of primary conidia, or infectivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Inhibition of polygalacturonase from Verticillium dahliae by a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from cotton.

An extracellular endo-polygalacturonase (PGase) [E.C. 3.2.1.15] was isolated from 18-day-old culture filtrates of Verticillium dahliae and partially purified using gel permeation chromatography. The band responsible for PGase activity was electrophoretically characterized as having a molecular mass of approximately 29 500 and an isoelectric point of 5.4. Kinetic studies indicate a Km of 3.3 mg ml(-1) and Vmax of 0.85 micromol reducing units min(-1) ml(-1) with polygalacturonic acid as substrate. Polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (PGIP) in cotton seedlings was induced by 5 mM salicylic acid and immunochemical analysis indicated high levels in the hypocotyl tissues. PGIP was purified from roots and stems using affinity chromatography with endo-PGase from Aspergillus niger as an immobilised ligand. The purified PGIP contained monomeric and dimeric molecules with molecular masses of 34 and 66 kDa respectively. Purified cotton PGIP inhibited endo-polygalacturonase from A. niger in a non-competitive or mixed manner with an inhibition constant. K(I) of 15 nM. The isolated V. dahliae PGase was, however, inhibited in a positive cooperative manner, indicative of allosteric interactions between the enzyme and the inhibitor protein. In addition to reducing the reaction rate, decreased substrate affinity may contribute to the accumulation of elicitor-active oligouronides.

Chromatography, Affinity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolated cotton-wool spots in a 67-year-old woman.

An elderly woman presented for evaluation of the recent onset of a fixed, blurry circle in the right eye. Visual acuity was 20/20 OU. Funduscopic examination revealed a newly-noticed isolated cotton-wool spot in each eye. Amsler grid testing revealed an arcuate shady area in the inferior nasal field. A thorough systemic and laboratory evaluation led to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. The evaluation of an isolated cotton-wool spot found on funduscopic examination in the absence of diabetes and hypertension is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The effects of selected cotton-leaf volatiles on growth, development and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus.

The fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produce the hepatocarcinogenic, secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, in cottonseed, corn, peanuts and treenuts. Results have shown that aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus grown in the presence of specific cotton-leaf volatiles exhibit alterations in aflatoxin production accompanied by variations in growth of the fungi. In this study, two alcohols (3-methyl-1-butanol (3-MB) and nonanol) and two terpenes (camphene and limonene) were chosen as representative cotton-leaf volatiles based on the effects they had on fungal growth and/ or aflatoxin production in previous investigations. The morphological effects of volatile exposure were examined in correlation with fungal growth and aflatoxin production. 3-MB-treated samples exhibited a decrease in fungal radial growth which was directly proportional to the volatile dosage. Additionally, 3-MB treatment resulted in loss of mycelial pigmentation and a decrease in sporulation. Limonene and camphene-treated samples yielded negligible differences in radial growth and morphology when compared to unexposed controls. In addition to radial growth inhibition, samples grown in the presence of nonanol demonstrated uniquely aerial hyphae. In comparison to an unexposed control, aflatoxin production increased in cultures exposed to 3-MB but decreased when exposed to the other three volatiles studied.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2003

Toxaphene residues from cotton fields in soils and in the coastal environment of Nicaragua.

Toxaphene (camphechlor) was intensively used in the cotton growing fields of Nicaragua for decades with application rates as high as 31 kg ha(-1) in 1985. Although the use of this compound has recently been discontinued in the country, its intensive use in the past and its long persistence in soil allowed for the build up of large reservoirs of toxaphene in agriculture soils and a wide dispersal of residues in the environment. Measurements of toxaphene in coastal areas on the coast of the Pacific Ocean show that environmental concentrations are particularly high in the district of Chinandega, the traditional cotton growing region. Toxaphene residues measured in soils attained 44 microg g(-1) (dry weight) while concentrations in lagoon sediments attained 6.9 microg g(-1) (dry weight) near the mouth of the rivers flowing across the agricultural region. Measurements in aquatic biota showed concentrations as high as 1.6 microg g(-1) (dry weight) in the soft tissues of clams. The toxaphene reservoir in soils combined with the obvious persistence of this compound in soils and lagoon sediments allows predicting that toxaphene will remain in the coastal ecosystem at relatively high concentrations for many years. Toxic effects in lagoon fauna are likely to be observed especially in benthic species that may recycle this compound from sediments. Consumption of seafood, in particular of clams (Anadara spp.) from the more contaminated areas, may expose the population to unacceptably high intake of toxaphene, 30 microg d(-1) per person, with the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas.

During the summer of 1997, water samples were collected and analyzed for pesticides from 32 playa lakes of the High Plains that receive drainage from both cotton and corn agriculture in West Texas. The major cotton herbicides detected in the water samples were diuron, fluometuron, metolachlor, norflurazon, and prometryn. Atrazine and propazine, corn and sorghum herbicides, were also routinely detected in samples from the playa lakes. Furthermore, the metabolites of all the herbicides studied were found in the playa lake samples. In some cases, the concentration of metabolites was equal to or exceeded the concentration of the parent compound. The types of metabolites detected suggested that the parent compounds had been transported to and had undergone degradation in the playa lakes. The types of metabolites and the ratio of metabolites to parent compounds may be useful in indicating the time that the herbicides were transported to the playa lakes. The median concentration of total herbicides was 7.2 microg/l, with the largest total concentrations exceeding 30 microg/l. Organophosphate insecticides were detected in only one water sample. Further work will improve the understanding of the fate of these compounds in the playa lake area.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed2000

Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in developing leaves, bracts and floral buds of cotton.

Development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares (i.e. floral buds with bracts) is fundamental for yield formation. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine dry weight (DW) accumulations of cotton leaves, floral bracts and floral buds, and the changes in concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (hexoses, sucrose and starch) in these tissues during square ontogeny as affected by fruiting positions within the plant canopy. During square development, DW accumulation of a subtending sympodial leaf and floral bracts followed a sigmoid growth curve with increasing square age, whereas the DW increase of a floral bud followed an exponential curve. Main-stem node (Node 8, 10 or 12) and branch position (proximal vs. distal) within a plant canopy significantly affected DW accumulations of the leaf, bracts and floral bud. Starch was the dominant non-structural carbohydrate in the three tissues, accounting for more than 65% of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). Subtending leaf TNC increased as square age increased. The bracts exhibited a smaller change in TNC than leaves. Non-structural carbohydrate concentration was the lowest in 10-day-old floral buds, and had little change during the first 15 days of square development. Within 5 days prior to anthesis, the floral-bud TNC increased dramatically, tripling at the time of floral anthesis compared with 15-day-old floral buds. Square age and fruiting position significantly affected non-structural carbohydrate concentrations of subtending leaves, bracts, and floral buds. The correlation did not exist between final boll retention and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations of floral buds at different fruiting positions under normal growth conditions. The pattern of floral-bud non-structural carbohydrates during square ontogeny suggests that major events in carbohydrate metabolism occur just prior to anthesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

CL387626 exhibits marked and unusual antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus in tissue culture and in cotton rats.

CL387626 (4,4'-Bis[4,6-di[3-aminophenyl-N,N-bis(2-carbamoylethyl)-sulfon ilimino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-ylamino-bi-phenyl-2,2'-disulfonic acid, disodium salt), a compound synthesized by Wyeth-Ayerst Research Laboratories, was tested for its cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in tissue culture and in cotton rats. The median cell inhibitory (IC50) and median efficacious (EC50) concentrations of CL387626 against RSV in proliferating HEp2 or Vero tissue culture cells were determined to be 375 and 0.25 microg/ml, respectively, giving the compound an apparent selective index (S.I.) of 1500. This compound also exhibited uncommon antiviral activity against RSV in cotton rats. In multiple experiments, a single 30 mg/kg dose of CL387626 administered intranasally 4 or 5 days prior to virus challenge, significantly inhibited pulmonary replication of RSV compared to that seen in control animals inoculated similarly with placebo (i.e. water). In contrast to these results, most lots of CL387626 failed to significantly inhibit pulmonary RSV replication when administered utilizing therapeutic administration schedules. Although some cytotoxicity was noted in tissue culture assays, no overt toxic effects were noted in any test animal, including those inoculated with > 300 mg CL387626/kg, a dose approximately 150 times the apparent minimal efficacious dose (i.e. 1.9 mg/kg).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular cloning and functional expression of the gene for a cotton Delta-12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2).

Two overlapping genomic clones spanning 16.5 kb of cotton DNA were found to encompass a Delta-12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2-3) gene. A partial FAD2-3 cDNA clone was also analyzed. The FAD2-3 gene has one large intron of 2967 bp entirely within its 5'-untranslated region, only 12 bp upstream from the ATG initiation codon. Several potential promoter elements, including several light-responsive motifs, occur in the 5'-flanking region. The continuous FAD2-3 coding region is 1155 bp and would encode a protein of 384 amino acids. The polypeptide has four putative membrane-spanning helices, indicative of an integral membrane protein, and is most likely localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Yeast cells transformed with a plasmid construct containing the cotton FAD2-3 coding region accumulate an appreciable amount of linoleic acid (18:2), not normally present in wild-type yeast cells, indicating that the gene encodes a functional FAD2 enzyme.

Amino Acid Sequence↗