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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Vulnerability of myelin development of the chick to the herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic butyl ester.

Fertilized hens' eggs were treated externally with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic butyl ester (2,4-D b.e.) (3.1 mg/egg) immediately before starting incubation, and after different times of incubation (5, 10 and 15 days). Controls were treated externally with ether. Hatchability studies demonstrated that fetotoxic effects of 2,4-D b.e. were similar on the 0, 5 and 10 incubation day, but the 15 Day Group improved the hatching percentage. One day after hatching, chicks were decapitated, and CNS tissue was dissected. Myelin markers, as cerebrosides and CNP, were determined in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord of the four groups. They were reduced in cerebrum and brain stem of the 0, 5 and 10 Day Groups, but in the 15 Day Group they were in normal levels. Cerebellum presented normal myelin marker contents in each group studied, while spinal cord only presented decreased marker contents in the 5 Day Group. UDP galactose-ceramide galactosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.45) activity was reduced in whole brain of chicks born from eggs treated preincubation. The results show the importance of time drug application and suggest that the vulnerable period in CNS development includes proliferation and development of myelin forming cells. Among CNS regions, cerebrum and brain stem seem to be the most vulnerable to the toxic action of 2,4-D b.e. in the chick.

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1988

Studies on the submicrosomal fractions of bovine oligodendroglia: lipid composition and glycolipid biosynthesis.

Oligodendroglia were isolated from bovine brain, and a "crude" microsomal fraction obtained from cell homogenates was subfractionated into myelin (MP), plasma membranes (PM), Golgi (GF), smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic membranes using discontinuous-sucrose gradient centrifugation. The submicrosomal fractions were characterized by ultrastructural examination and analysis of the specific organelle markers. The myelin and plasma membrane rich fractions contained characteristically the highest amounts of the lipid with lower mole percentages of total phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine, and higher concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine (+ plasmalogens), cholesterol and galactolipids. Considerable amounts of the typical myelin galactolipids (galacto-cerebrosides, sulfatides and monogalactosyl diglycerides) were also found in the Golgi fraction (GF). The GF fraction had the greatest enrichment of glycolipid-forming galactosyltransferases, and the distribution of these enzymes correlated well with that of the Golgi marker enzymes. The results give evidence that intracellular Golgi apparatus of oligodendroglia is rich in the myelin-specific lipids, and suggest its involvement in the synthesis and processing of myelin lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

In vivo metabolism of fluorescent ceramide in central nervous system myelin of adult rats.

The metabolism of sphingolipids in the central nervous system (CNS) has been studied in adult rats by intraventricular administration of fluorescent ceramide (CER). Rats were sacrificed at various time points post inoculation and the fluorescence of CER, cerebrosides (CB), sulfatides (SULF) and sphingomyelin (SPM) was determined in the CNS myelin and in the pellet, containing mainly microsomes, obtained by Norton myelin preparation. The incorporation of fluorescence was more in the pellet than in the myelin at all times studied. Initially the fluorescence present in the pellet was prevalently due to untransformed CER but an increase of fluorescent products with time was observed. CB was the main product up to 2 h post inoculation, then it decreased with concomitant increase of fluorescent SULF. In the myelin we did not observe differences in incorporation and transformation of fluorescent CER with time: CB was the main fluorescent product at all times studied. At 0.5 h post inoculation the fluorescence, observed by fluorescence microscope, was located in the cell lining the ventricles while after 24 h it appeared also in the paraventricular areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Day-night cycle of lipidic composition in rat cerebral cortex.

A study of the lipidic pattern of the cerebral cortex of the normal adult rat during the day-night cycle was carried out. The changes observed were the following: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidic acid showed a peak at 16:00 hr possibly due to a general increase in phospholipid biosynthesis. During the nocturnal period the variations of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were not clearly observed, they might be due to an increase in the interconversion or exchange reaction, since the ratio phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine showed a significative change at 04:00 hr. This occurred because small but opposite changes in both phospholipids were observed, suggesting an increase in the methylation reactions of phospholipids. Cardiolipin showed a significant peak at 04:00 hr. Plasmalogens exhibited significative changes, an important diminution at 16:00 hr and a prominent peak at 24:00 hr. Cholesterol levels were high during the light period and low in the dark one. Cerebrosides and gangliosides showed no day-night variations. The changes observed indicate a phenomenon of biological rhythmicity synchronized by the photoperiod, suggesting that these fluctuations could act as physiological modulators of the properties and functions of the nerve cell membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Membrane homeostasis: is there an optimum level of membrane cholesterol?

The hypothesis is proposed that the relationship between the level of cholesterol in a cellular or sub-cellular membrane and the activity of any membrane function affected by cholesterol is ogival in nature, i.e, there is an optimum level of membrane cholesterol at which functional activity is maximal, and above or below this level activity declines. Data already published from other laboratories, when analysed in this manner, show clearly that this hypothesis appears to hold true for at least several membrane-bound systems, in particular the microsomal enzyme cerebroside sulfotransferase and transmembrane ATP/ADP exchange and glucose transport.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Massive hemobilia and acalculous cholecystitis due to benign gallbladder polyp.

A 37-year-old male with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a congenital cerebroside storage disease strongly associated with benign gallbladder polyps, presented with hemobilia and acalculous cholecystitis due to a long, slender, benign gallbladder polyp. This case report extends the clinical spectrum of gallbladder polyps and demonstrates a novel cause of hemobilia. The unusually long, slender polyp shape may have promoted hemorrhage due to the potential for torsion around a slender stalk. The mechanism of cholecystitis may have been cystic duct obstruction from blood clots or possibly from prolapse by the long, slender polyp into the cystic duct.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Identification of lipid components of human serum lipoproteins involved in the inhibition of Sindbis virus infectivity, hemagglutination, and hemolysis.

Human serum high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were isolated and tested for their ability to inhibit Sindbis virus infectivity, hemagglutination and hemolysis. VLDL and LDL produced a strong reduction on both viral infectivity on Vero cell monolayers and attachment and fusion with erythrocytes, whereas HDL appeared to be only a weak inhibitor. Lipid and protein components were extracted from each class of lipoproteins to identify the molecules responsible for the inhibiting activity. Only the lipid moiety was found to inhibit Sindbis virus biological activities. Among the individual lipid components of lipoproteins, neutral lipids (cholesterol, oleic acid and palmitic acid) and negatively charged phospholipids (phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol) and glycolipids (GM 3 ganglioside and cerebroside sulphate) were able to neutralize the virus suggesting that either hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions are involved in the inhibition.

Apoproteins↗
PubMed1989

Binding sites for rubella virus on erythrocyte membrane.

To identify molecule(s) with the properties of rubella virus (RV) receptor, goose erythrocyte membranes were isolated and tested for their ability to complete with whole cells for viral binding and fusion. Solubilized membranes showed a dose-dependent inhibiting activity on either rubella virus attachment or its fusion with erythrocytes at acidic pH. The inhibitory activity was enhanced by trypsin and neuraminidase, and inactivated by phospholipase A2 digestion, pointing towards the involvement of lipid structures as receptor sites for RV. After isolation of the different membrane components, only the lipid moiety, specifically phospholipids and glycolipids, was found to inhibit viral biological activities. When the major membrane lipids were examined separately, phosphatidylserine and cerebroside sulfate showed a strong inhibiting activity on viral hemagglutination and subsequent hemolysis. The capacity of several pure phospholipids (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin) to inhibit the hemolysis but not the binding of the virus to the erythrocytes indicated that different membrane lipid components are involved in the attachment and the fusion step. Enzymatic and chemical modifications of whole erythrocytes confirmed the role of membrane lipid molecules in the cell surface receptor for RV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sulfated glycoconjugate determinants recognized by monoclonal antibody, SG-1, correlate with the experimental metastatic ability of KHT fibrosarcoma cells.

We have examined the binding and functional activity of monoclonal antibody (MAb) SG-1 that was raised by immunization against embryonal carcinoma cells and screened using KHT fibrosarcoma cells. Quantitative absorption, binding and in situ immunochemical staining assays indicate that the MAb SG-1-defined epitopes are expressed preferentially by the highly metastatic KHT35-L1 cells relative to the weakly metastatic, parental KHTp cells. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between the expression of MAb SG-1-defined antigen on the cells, following trypsin treatment, and their metastatic ability. Binding of MAb SG-1 to antigen was inhibited by specific sulfated polysaccharides including cerebroside sulfate (brain sulfatide), fucoidan, and dextran sulfate (500 kD) but not by heparan, chondroitin, keratan or dextran (5 kD) sulfates. Initial characterization of antigen from KHT cells indicates that the epitope of MAb SG-1 is defined by sulfated glycoconjugates containing galactose and sulfate but not N-acetylglucosamine. In the total lipid extracts of KHT35-L1 cells the antigen was detected in the delipidated protein fraction as well as in the chloroform/methanol fraction. These results suggest that the sulfated glycoconjugate determinants identified by MAb SG-1 may be relevant to the metastatic process of KHT fibrosarcoma cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancement of interferon-beta production with sphingomyelin from fermented milk.

A fermented milk, Kefir, contains an active substance which enhances IFN-beta secretion of a human osteosarcoma line MG-63 treated with a chemical inducer, poly I: poly C. The active substance in the fermented milk was identified to be sphingomyelin (SpM) by a combined use of a fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and a fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry (FAB-MS/MS). SpM from fermented milk (F-SpM) was a mixture of four molecular species of SpMs having C21-, C22-, C23- and C24-fatty acids. F-SpM enhanced the IFN secretion 14 times, SpMs from other sources also enhanced moderately (2-3 times). Sphingosine and lysosphingomyelin also enhanced the activity but ceramide and cerebroside did not.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Pyridine as an unmasking reagent for lipoprotein complexes in the nervous system of protein deficient squirrel monkeys.

Acid hematin test with pyridine and Sudan black B controls was employed on selected areas of the brains of 115, 140 days fetuses, neonates and adult squirrel monkeys maintained on low and high protein diet. Our histochemical findings indicate that the reduction of phospholipids in the low protein fetuses and neonates is related to myelination, wereas in the adults, most of the lipids are bound to proteins and/or cerebrosides to form complexes, as revealed by the unmasking action of pyridine.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

On the phospholipids of adult Ancylostoma caninum.

The phospholipid composition of Ancylostoma caninum has been examined. Phospholipids amounted to 0.9% of the wet weight of the parasite. Ethanolamine and choline containing lipids comprised about 76% of the total phospholipids. Lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine were present in minor amounts. Cerebrosides and sulfatides were also identified.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1984

Metabolic studies on vaccinia-virus-infected oligodendrocytes in brain cell cultures.

Twelve-day-old cultures of dissociated newborn mouse brain were infected with neurotropic vaccinia virus strain WR. Using the indirect immuno-fluorescence staining technique the total destruction of galactocerebroside (GL) or myelin basic protein (MBP)-positive oligodendrocytes could be detected after 72 h of infection. The activity of the oligodendrocyte-specific enzymes, cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) and 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP), was 27% and 17% respectively of the activity in noninfected controls. This reduction was not a result of viral-induced inhibition of host protein synthesis. In cultures treated with puromycin GC- and MBP- positive oligodendrocytes were detectable at a time at which no CST or CNP activity could detected.

2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase↗
PubMed1996

A simple method for the synthesis of ceramides and radiolabeled analogues.

A simple method has been developed for the coupling of amines to carboxylic acids. N-Fatty-acyl-sphingosine, cerebroside, and GM3, as well as their respective [14C] analogues, were synthesized using diethylphosphoryl cyanide as a potent coupling agent in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction procedure is rapid, racemization-free, and utilizes acids without derivatization. The desired ceramide products were obtained in 85-90% yield within one hour. The facile method presented here can also be used to synthesize [3H]-N-acyl-labeled, as well as [14C] [3H] double-labeled, ceramides.

Ceramides↗
PubMed1976

Lipid composition of rat sciatic nerve.

In the course of our study on the lipids of the rat sciatic nerve, the analysis of the neutral lipids allowed us to detect and characterize cholesteryl esters present at a relatively high level (5%). Among the phospholipids, ethanolamine phosphoglyceride is the most abundant fraction and contains neraly all the plasmalogens (20% of total lipid phosphorus). The glycolipids consist of five different fractions; the cerebrosides with hydroxy fatty acids account for 38% of total glycolipids. Monogalactosyl diglyceride represents 7% of total glycolipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Two procedures to remove polar contaminants from a crude brain lipid extract by using prepacked reversed-phase columns.

Two procedures were developed using prepacked, reversed-phase columns (Bond Elut) for the separation of lipids from water-soluble contaminants. A crude lipid extract from brain tissue was diluted stepwise with a methanol/water (method or a methanol/saline (method mixture and, with each step, was passed through the column. As the polarity of the solvent was increased, all lipids became bound to the column, while the water-soluble compounds remained in the eluate. After three subsequent dilutions and column elutions, the eluate containing the more polar contaminants was discarded. The bound lipids were then eluted with a small volume of chloroform/methanol (1:2, v/v). Alternatively two fractions were eluted, the first fraction eluted with methanol/water (12:1, v/v), contained gangliosides, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and sulfatides. The second fraction, eluted with chloroform/methanol (1:2, v/v), contained all remaining phospholipids, cerebrosides and cholesterol. For both methods a quantitative recovery of cholesterol and phospholipids was obtained. In method 2, when water was replaced by saline in the dilution solvent mixture, gangliosides were also bound and quantitatively recovered.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed1987

The major gangliosides of the bovine pineal body.

Acetone powders of fresh-frozen pineals were extracted with chloroform/methanol mixtures. By column chromatography on silicic acid, mild alkaline methanolysis, ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography and a final thin layer chromatography on silicic acid, the major glycosphingolipids were purified from the extracts of a total of 300 bovine pineal bodies. Chromatographically purified fractions were characterized by gas chromatographic analysis. The most prominent glycosphingolipid appeared to be cerebroside. In addition, five different gangliosides were found in detectable levels. The two major gangliosides have the chromatographic and component characteristics of GD3 and GM3, with disialoganglioside predominating. Gangliosides indistinguishable from purchased standards of GM1 and GD1a were third and fourth, respectively, in amount. The fatty acid profiles of the two lactosyl gangliosides are similar and significantly different from those of the two gangliotetraose gangliosides. The fifth most prominent ganglioside, present at a level of 1.09% of total recovered ganglioside sialic acid, appears to be a novel trisialoganglioside, called GTx. This new molecule has a component ratio of gal:glc:sialic acid:amino sugar of approximately 1:2:3:1. Similarities between bovine pineal and rod outer segments are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Lipids of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.

The lipid composition of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris has been reexamined under conditions intended to avoid enzymatic and chemical alterations during storage, extraction, and fractionation procedures. The simple lipids included aliphatic hydrocarbons, steryl esters, glycerides, and at least nine different sterols, all thought to be derived from the diet. Free fatty acids, previously considered to be major components of worm lipids, comprised only 0.3% of the total lipid weight. Phospholipids included (in order of relative abundance) phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol, as well as sphingomyelin. Glycolipids included cerebrosides and sulfatides containing both glucose and galactose, and gangliosides containing glucosamine and sialic acid. The fatty acid compositions of these lipid classes appeared to be a mixture of what are considered typical plant, bacterial, and animal acids. Several fatty acids found in the worms, including cis-vaccenic and eicosapentaenoic acids, were essentially absent from the dietary components, and it is concluded that these acids were synthesized in the worms. The earthworm derives much of its lipid adventitiously, but exerts at least some control over its tissue lipid composition.

Animals↗