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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Hindsight bias in economic expectations: I knew all along what I want to hear.

Hindsight bias in economic expectations was investigated with particular focus on the moderating effects of attitudes. Stronger hindsight bias was expected for subjectively favorable economic developments. Six months before and after the introduction of the euro as the official book currency of the European Monetary Union, participants rated the probabilities of several economic developments. Results show that hindsight bias occurs with economic expectations and that it is moderated by attitudes. Euro supporters showed stronger hindsight bias for positive economic developments than for negative ones, whereas euro opponents showed the opposite pattern. The results support the notion that hindsight bias is a reconstruction bias in which self-serving tendencies can influence the reconstruction selectively for favorable and unfavorable outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Selection of library services by post-registration nursing, midwifery and health visiting students.

This paper describes a small-scale survey undertaken with 300 nurses, midwives and health visitors on post-registration courses and registered for the ENB Higher Award. The aim was threefold: first to examine reasons for electing to use particular libraries; second, the relationship between workplace, home, teaching site and choice of library services; and third, the use of library enquiry services. There was a 56% response rate to the postal questionnaire and results indicated that the key factor in selecting a library was availability of resources rather than convenience to home or workplace. The third largest group of respondents worked in community organizations with little or no on-site access to resources and were dependent on access to other libraries. Most who used the library for literature searching needed to seek help in spite of preliminary user education sessions. Similar levels of assistance were needed to locate journals and use the computerized book catalogue. The paper recommends explicit information on strategic entry points, necessity of a broad central collection, integration of information retrieval into post-registration courses, use of self-study packs, better trust/university liaison and recognition of the need for resource transfer from teaching to learning.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

A critical gaze and wistful glance at Handbook histories of social psychology: did the successive accounts by Gordon Allport and successors historiographically succeed?

Gordon Allport's account of the development of social psychology in the 1954 Handbook of Social Psychology became, de facto, a standard or official historical reference for researchers and apprentices. His history also provided the field's ontological center point with a definition of social psychology that would become predominant. The revised and updated chapter appeared posthumously in 1968, was then reprinted (lightly edited) in 1985, but was removed from the 1998 Handbook. In 1966, Allport prepared a parallel evaluation of six decades of the history of social psychology, for a conference on graduate education in social psychology. This paper was critical of "elaborate mendacious experimentation" and ended with a plea for an interdisciplinary cross-cultivation. It was rarely cited. Ironically, it was Allport's "official" history, his justificatory Handbook account, that often was used for graduate mentoring rather than the more critical history, specifically written to address issues of graduate education. Other "official" Handbook historical chapters that succeeded Allport's displayed less breadth of geographical and transdisciplinary coverage and offered a shorter temporal, more presentist, and more selective personalist historical perspective. In contrast to more contextualist accounts, these Handbook chapters are constrained in a number of ways that raise questions about the success, functions, and professional consequences of such "official" histories, and who should write them.

Historiography↗
PubMed2005

[People's interest in health information].

Well-informed citizens and patients regard health policy innovations as a key element when it comes to reforms in the health service--both in health economics and with regard to prevention issues. We evaluated the data provided by the 2003 Telephone Health Survey (GSTel03) to examine demographic and social distinctions in the use of different information sources. At the same time we examined whether there are any population-related differences in people's interest in health information depending on their levels of health awareness, attitudes to prevention and related modes of behaviour. The data generated by the survey show that there is considerable interest in health-related topics. Only 2% of the people questioned used no information sources for this purpose. In addition to more traditional media (books, newspapers, information from pharmacies), information provided by health insurance companies and via the Internet is becoming increasingly important. With the exception of the Internet, all other sources of information are used more frequently by women than by men, and demand for most of the information media increases with age. The frequency of information use and the number of different media used increase from the lower to the upper strata of society. As far as selected variables of health-related behaviour are concerned (smoking, sport, alcohol), the results show a link between a more positive attitude to health and a greater interest in information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Clues to prolific productivity among prominent scientists.

In a survey based on the biographical sketches, obituary notes and eulogies of notable scientists, eight were identified as belonging to an elite group, having authored more than 1000 research publications, which include books, monographs and patents. They were, in chronological order, Thomas Alva Edison, Paul Karrer, Margaret Mead, Giulio Natta, Hans Selye, Herbert C Brown, Tetsuji Kametani and Carl Djerassi. Among these, Karrer, Natta and Brown were Nobelists in chemistry. Four criteria which can be identified as clues to their prolific productivity are, 1) enthusiasm for compulsive work and eccentric life style, 2) physical and/or environmental handicap, 3) pioneering efforts in a new research field, and 4) selection of research area, predominantly organic chemistry.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1996

[Establishing a clinical information system for surgical ophthalmology and orthopedics specialties with reference to GSG '93].

BACKGROUND: As a result of new health care guidelines (Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz) and the federal hospital and nursing ordinance, there has been a large increase in the documentation required for diagnoses (ICD-9) and service ("Operationenschlüssel nach section 301 SGB V" = ICPM), all of which is done in the form of a numeric code. The method of coding diagnoses is supposed to make possible data entry and statistical evaluation of plausibility controls, as well as conspicuous and random testing of economic feasibility. Our data processing system is designed to assist in the planning and organization of clinical activities, while at the same time making documentation in accordance with health care guidelines easier and providing scientific documentation and evaluation. METHOD: The application MedAccess was developed by clinicians on the basis of a relational client-server database. The application has been in use since June 1992 and has been further developed during operation according to the requirements and wishes of clinic and administrative staff. In cooperation with the Institute for Medical Information Technology, a computer interface with the patient check-in system was created, making possible the importing of patient data. The application is continuously updated according to the current needs of the clinic and administration. The primary functions of MedAccess include managing patient data, planning of in-patient admissions, surgical planning, organization, documentation (surgery book, reports with follow-up treatment records), administration of the tissue bank, clinic communications, clinic work processing, and management of the staff duty roster. RESULTS: Clinical data are entered into a computer and processed on site, and the user is assisted by practical applications which do not require special knowledge of data processing or encoding systems. The data is entered only once, but can be further used for other purposes, such as evaluations or selective transfer, for example, to clinical documents. Through an integrated flow of data, information entered one time remains readily available, while, at the same time, preventing duplicate entries. The integration of hardware and software via a mainframe computer (clinic system WING) has proven to be well-suited for the exchange of data. CONCLUSION: The use of this thesaurus-supported and graphics-oriented system required no special knowledge of the ICD code and makes documentation much easier to produce. The advantages of computer-supported encoding not only include a savings in time, but also an improvement in the quality of the encoding from which clinical and scientific reports can be derived. The relational client-server, operating in a graphics-supported programming environment, makes it possible for the clinic's doctors to further develop and improve the system. Through the installation and support of a Macintosh network, and training of doctors, medical personnel and clerical staff, cost as well as investment of time have been kept to a minimum in comparison to other LAN servers.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2006

No man's land: gender bias and social constructivism in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder.

The literature on borderline personality disorder (BPD), including its epidemiology, biology, phenomenology, causes, correlates, consequences, costs, treatments, and outcomes is vast. Thousands of articles and books have been published. Because the true prevalence of BPD by sex (gender) in the general population is still unknown, the important question of why women, rather than men, are more frequently diagnosed with BPD remains largely unanswered-despite current evidence for the origin of personality disorder in genetics and neurobiology, and despite recent suggestions that biased sampling is the most likely explanation for gender bias in the diagnosis of BPD. This paper reviews selected literature on (a) the epidemiology of BPD, (b) gender bias in the diagnosis of BPD, and (c) the social construction of diagnosis, particularly the diagnostic entity labeled "Borderline Personality Disorder." It attempts a synthesis of diverse, multidisciplinary literature to address the question of why women outnumber men by a ratio of 3:1 in the diagnosis of BPD. It rests on assumptions that (a) to varying degrees sociocultural factors inevitably play a role in the expression of disease conditions, and that (b) personality disorders, including BPD, have cultural histories. It also rests on the belief, for which there is considerable scholarly support, that the phenomenon called BPD has multiple, complex, interactive, biological, psychological, and constructed sociocultural determinants. Nurses must understand the phenomenon at this level of complexity to provide appropriate care.

Affect↗
PubMed1976

A system for cost and reimbursement control in hospitals.

This paper approaches the design of a regional or statewide hospital rate-setting system as the underpinning of a larger system which permits a regulatory agency to satisfy the requirements of various public laws now on the books or in process. It aims to generate valid interinstitutional monitoring on the three parameters of cost, utilization, and quality review. Such an approach requires the extension of the usual departmental cost and budgeting system to include consideration of the mix of patients treated and the utilization of various resources, including patient days, in the treatment of these patients. A sampling framework for the application of process-based quality studies and the generation of selected performance measurements is also included.

Connecticut↗
PubMed1983

Recipes and nutrition education.

Since the beginning of the science of nutrition in the 1800s, nutritionists have been concerned about the use of recipes in nutrition programs. Although research indicates that recipes may be most used by those with a high school education and with food preparation experiences, recipes appear to be valuable in providing many forms of food and nutrition information to individuals with varying education levels. Factors that should be considered in selecting recipes are: clients' nutritional and dietary status, money, equipment, literacy, information and knowledge, and life-style. Subsequently, evaluation is needed to document impact on clients' food habits and to justify the approach in nutrition education programs. This project reviewed procedures used by nutritionists to assess clientele needs and evaluated the tools they use in education programs. Although it focused on recipes, the same information could have been obtained for handouts, posters, slide series, comic books, storybooks, and demonstrations. Research is needed in nutrition education to identify standards for the use of tools, such as recipes, and to study their impact on improving dietary adequacy of clientele. Such standards should be tested within a theoretical framework so that they will be useful in other situations.

Cooking↗
PubMed1994

Leadership: a nursing perspective.

The Task Force for Collaborative Nursing Education Models was a successful collaboration involving female nurse administrators. The nature of leadership in the Task Force was studied as part of a larger research project examining the process of collaboration that evolved over the 40 months of its existence (October 1987-February 1991). A retrospective qualitative case study approach was used. Data were collected from an analysis of documents that had been generated by the group, and from 36 semi-structured interviews with the 28 Task Force members. Findings and conclusions about leadership were validated during a final group interview with eight selected members. Findings of this study support the following contentions: women lead differently than men, and leadership is a collective process rather than a specialized role assumed by a single person who influences the work of other group members. Leadership was also found to rotate among group members according to the issue being considered and the expertise of those present. These findings did not support the positivist theories of leadership prevalent in current nursing management text books.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Selective use of maternal serum testing.

Maternal serum testing is used to screen for both trisomy 21 (T21) and structural fetal abnormalities such as neural tube defects (NTDs). Second line diagnostic testing for T21 is usually by amniocentesis but for NTDs it is simply a detailed scan. It is possible that a proportion of women unnecessarily reject both parts of the screening test because they would not wish to undergo invasive testing and yet would accept a detailed ultrasound scan. This is particularly important in maternity units, such as ours, which cannot yet offer detailed fetal anomaly scans routinely. A retrospective case-note review of 231 consecutive new bookings over a 4-month period identified 61 women who chose initially not to have serum measurement of AFP/hCG (double test). Of the 61 women, 23 had rejected serum testing because they would not agree to amniocentesis and 29 because they would not agree to termination of pregnancy. All 61 women were offered serum screening for structural anomalies alone and 21 (34%) then chose to have AFP measurement. Maternal serum screening is not a single test and clinicians working in units with a limited antenatal ultrasound service should consider offering AFP measurement alone to women who decline comprehensive testing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Effectiveness of recruitment and information techniques in occupational therapy.

A national survey was conducted to determine how occupational therapists became interested in the field. Results from the study demonstrated that personal contact was the most effective technique for creating an interest in occupational therapy. However, books, magazines, aide and volunteer jobs, guidance counselors, and career days were adjuncts to the recruitment process. This study provides data concerning previous productive means that have been used in recruitment and suggests specific actions for future recruitment.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2003

Impact of a course on human sexuality and adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted as part of a course on Human Sexuality and Adolescence for school children to ascertain the prior knowledge of children, source of their knowledge and whether the course was a felt need of the children. METHOD: Students were given a questionnaire before the course. Few selected questions were asked again after the last session. The course was conducted in a private co-educational English medium school in urban Bangalore involving 392 students 13-15 years of age. The course was designed by the authors and dealt with anatomy, physiology, social and psychological aspects of growing up, HIV and contraception. RESULTS: 55-70% of class VIII, IX and X students had learnt about sex from friends, 30% from movies, 15% from text books and only 10% from parents. Misconceptions about anatomy, childbirth, HIV were common. 90% of tenth class students felt that education in human sexuality was necessary. CONCLUSION: In spite of chapters on reproduction in textbooks, children turn to peers or media to gather information on sexuality. Education in human sexuality is required in our schools, as this need is currently not being addressed adequately in our society.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Secretory component of immunoglobulin A in maternal serum and the prediction of preterm delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether the secretory component of immunoglobulin A in maternal serum predicts delivery before 34 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: Primigravid women of an urban population in New Zealand were recruited at booking into a prospective longitudinal nested case control study (n = 1651; after exclusions and withdrawals, n = 1511). Serum was collected at 8 to 12 weeks, 15 to 18 weeks, 21 to 24 weeks, 28 to 30 weeks, and 36 to 38 weeks of gestation and 6 weeks post partum. Concentrations of the secretory component of immunoglobulin A were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all women who were delivered preterm (n = 53) and in controls randomly selected from women delivered at > or =37 weeks' gestation (n = 178). RESULTS: Serum concentrations of the secretory component of immunoglobulin A were similar in women delivered at term or preterm throughout pregnancy (n = 21 delivered at <34 weeks and n = 32 at 34 to 36.9 weeks, incidence 3.5%). Receiver-operator characteristic curves showed no discriminating ability of the secretory component of immunoglobulin A. Smokers had 50% higher concentrations than nonsmokers did (p < 0.0001 by analysis of variance). CONCLUSION: The secretory component of immunoglobulin A in maternal serum does not predict preterm delivery in a low-risk population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Is antenatal care apportioned according to obstetric risk? The Scottish antenatal care study.

A retrospective cohort study of case records of antenatal care was carried out to describe and compare antenatal services in Scotland according to type of hospital and risk category of women. The study took place at 15 randomly selected maternity hospitals which were divided into teaching hospitals (n = 5), rural catchment hospitals (n = 2), and district general hospitals divided by size as those with 1000-1699 deliveries per year (n = 4), and those with > or = 1700 deliveries per year (n = 4). The subjects were 3574 (87.7 per cent) of 4069 eligible women who delivered in the last quarter of 1989 at these hospitals. Of those 3574, 19 per cent (675) were considered to be high risk at booking, 64 per cent (2899) continued low risk throughout their pregnancy and the remaining 17 per cent (608) changed from low risk to high risk during pregnancy. The main outcome measures were the number, timing, location and supervision of antenatal visits and antenatal admissions in relation to hospital types and obstetric risk categories, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in relation to risk categories. It was found that 97 per cent of all women had care shared by general practitioner (GP) and hospital specialist agreement. The majority (64 per cent) of antenatal visits took place away from the hospital of delivery, with GPs responsible for the largest proportion of all antenatal visits (43.5 per cent) compared with specialist hospital doctors (36 per cent) and midwives (11.5 per cent). Wide variations in the use of different personnel groups to deliver antenatal care were observed between hospitals, particularly in the use of midwives to supervise visits (4-34 per cent). The median number of antenatal visits was 14 (mean 13.9, SD 3.9). Within hospital types the differences in the mean number of antenatal visits between the three risk categories were small (one to two visits) and the direction inconsistent. In all types of hospital, outset high-risk women and those who changed to high risk were more likely to have hospital admission than those who continued as low risk. Significantly more women in the high-risk categories experienced adverse pregnancy outcomes than women who continued at low risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A biomedical engineer's library.

A survey resulted in a list of the 101 textbooks used by 62 biomedical engineering educational programs. A second list shows the textbooks used by each school. A third list shows the 27 textbooks used at two or more schools and the number of times each is used. This selected compilation should be useful to (a) biomedical engineering curriculum committees considering program revision, (b) teachers considering course revision, (c) university and industrial librarians updating their collections, (d) individuals building a personal library, and (e) students desiring information about the emphasis of various educational programs.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Readability: an important issue impacting healthcare for women with postpartum depression.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reading level of depression-screening instruments commonly used in postpartum depression (PPD) and evaluate the reading level of prevalent consumer pamphlets and books on PPD. DESIGN AND METHODS: Descriptive study evaluating the reading level of four PPD instruments (the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, The Center for Epidemiologic Symptoms of Depression, the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II), five pamphlets from grassroots organizations, and seven consumer books using the Fry Readability Graph. RESULTS: The readability of the postpartum screening instruments varied, but all were at or below the recommended 6th grade reading level. CES-D had the lowest reading level (grade 2). The readability of the consumer publications also varied, but all had a higher reading level than the recommended 6th grade level, some at the college reading level. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Readability is an important consideration in the choice of depression-screening instruments and written materials for consumers. Nurses using any of the four postpartum screening instruments studied can feel confident that women who can read will be able to read them. The readability of a book, pamphlet, or instrument should be of concern to nurses who work with women during the postpartum period.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Preoperative evaluation of common bile duct stones in patients with gallstone disease.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to suggest criteria for selection of a preoperative diagnostic technique for patients with gallstone disease. CONCLUSION: Use of MR cholangiography preferentially before laparoscopic cholecystectomy, on patients who have a moderate or high risk of common bile duct stones, can significantly reduce purely diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.

Case-Control Studies↗