THE DEVEREUX CHILD BEHAVIOR SCALE: SYMPTOM BEHAVIORS IN LATENCY AGE CHILDREN.
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Behavioral Symptoms↗
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The effects of behavior contracts and behavior proclamations on social conduct and academic achievement in a ninth grade English class.
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Achievement↗
A behavior modification classroom for head start children with problem behaviors.
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Aggression↗
Measurement of the Type A behavior pattern from adolescence through midlife: further development of the adolescent/adult Type A behavior scale (AATABS).
We reported in 1990 the development of the Adolescent/Adult Type A Behavior Scale (AATABS). While the measure showed considerable promise, improvements to its component structure were indicated. The present study reports such modifications and also provides data on the use of the new scale, the AATABS-R, with middle-aged subjects as well as young adults from the United States.
Adolescent↗
Genetic variation for oviposition behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Quantitative genetic analysis of insertion behavior.
The genetic basis of egg insertion behavior was analyzed in two Drosophila melanogaster strains (N and E strain), which were homozygous for the Slow allele of the alcohol dehydrogenase locus. The E strain had been selected for increased tolerance to ethanol. This study originated from the observation that nearly all of the eggs laid by females of the E strain were inserted, while in the control strain (N strain) which was kept on regular food, considerable variation for egg insertion occurred. Crosses between the E and the N strains were made, and quantitative genetic tests were performed. It was shown that the inheritance of egg insertion is polygenic, some of the genes are probably sex linked, and in-laying is partly dominant over on-laying. The heritability of the trait, derived from mother-daughter regression analysis, was .59 +/- .18. The repeatability was high. Bidirectional selection in the E strain was unsuccessful, but an asymmetrical response to selection was obtained in the N strain and in lines derived from crosses between the N and the E strains. Selection for in-laying was more successful than for on-laying. The realized heritability in the former lines was .35 +/- .10.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
Lesions of the entorhinal cortex disrupt behavioral and neuronal responses to context change during extinction of discriminative avoidance behavior.
Rabbits given either electrolytic lesions of the entorhinal cortex or sham-lesions were trained to prevent a foot-shock by stepping in an activity wheel after one tone, a positive conditioned stimulus (CS+), and to ignore a different tone, a negative conditioned stimulus (CS-). Neuronal activity was recorded simultaneously in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, the CA1 cell field of hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortical area 24b and posterior cingulate cortical area 29c/d. The activity of neurons in the entorhinal cortex was recorded in the controls. Acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses (CRs) was not affected by lesions of the entorhinal cortex. Discriminative neuronal activity (greater neuronal responses to the CS+ than to the CS-) during CR acquisition was significantly enhanced in hippocampal area CA1 and attenuated in the basolateral amygdala in rabbits with lesions. Following acquisition to a criterion, two counterbalanced extinction tests were administered, one in the original context and the other in the presence of novel contextual stimuli. CR frequency was significantly reduced in controls but not in rabbits with lesions, during extinction with novel contextual stimuli, relative to performance in the original context. The rabbits with lesions also showed fewer inter-trial responses than controls during extinction in the original context but intertrial response frequency in rabbits with lesions did not differ from the frequency in controls during extinction in the novel context. Neurons in the basolateral amygdala in controls showed discriminative activity during extinction in the original context but not in the novel context. Amygdalar neurons in the rabbits with lesions did not show discriminative activity during extinction in either context. Posterior cingulate cortical neurons in control rabbits did not show discriminative activity during extinction in the original context but these neurons exhibited robust discriminative activity in the novel context. Posterior cingulate cortical neurons in rabbits with lesions showed discriminative activity in both extinction sessions. The results indicated that the entorhinal cortex does not play a significant role in the acquisition of discriminative avoidance behavior, under the employed conditions of training. However, the interactions of neurons in the entorhinal cortex, amygdala and cingulate cortex are essential for contextual modulation of CRs during extinction.
Amygdala↗
Demographic characteristics, treatment history, drug risk behaviors, and condom use attitudes for U.S. and Russian injection drug users: the need for targeted sexual risk behavior interventions.
Two separate databases, one on Russian (n = 444) injection drug users (IDUs), and the other on U.S. IDUs (n = 241), were merged, and responses were compared. Results indicated that Russian IDUs perceived themselves to be at greater risk for HIV/AIDS based upon behaviors over the past 90 days. U.S. IDUs were more likely to be tested for HIV, report a negative HIV result, and know more people with HIV. U.S. IDUs consumed greater amounts of alcohol and marijuana, and made more alcohol/drug treatment attempts than Russian IDUs. Russian IDUs injected more frequently, although were more likely to recently use clean needles. Russian and U.S. IDUs responded significantly differently to eight AIDS knowledge questions. Eight condom attitude questions were asked of each group, and each revealed significantly different responses. Gender differences for Russian IDUs were also observed. There is a clear need to create culturally targeted sexual risk reduction interventions.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Reduction of motor behavioral deficits in senescent animals via chronic prolactin administration. II. Non-stereotypic behaviors.
The effects of chronic prolactin administration on three non-stereotypic psychomotor behaviors (inclined screen performance, rod walking and wire hanging) were examined in senescent (24 month) Fisher 344 rats. Prolactin (150 ng/hr) was administered for 7 days via Alzet minipumps to rats which had been pretested on the three tasks. The animals were tested on days 4 and 7 following the implants and the pumps were removed after testing on day 7. In order to assess the persistence of any prolactin effects on psychomotor performance the animals were tested again on days 7 and 14 after pump removal. Control animals were implanted with Alzet pumps containing only saline and tested in a similar manner. Results demonstrated that the prolactin treated animals showed improvements on both the inclined screen and rod walking tasks but not the wire hanging test. Moreover, the improved performance seen on the inclined screen test persisted for as long as 7 days after pump removal. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of techniques which increase striatal dopaminergic responsivity on enhancing psychomotor performance in senescence.
Aging↗
Constitutive behavior of methionyl-tRNA synthetase compared to repressible behavior of methionine adenosyltransferase in mammalian cells.
Methionine adenosyltransferase, one of the two major enzymes utilizing methionine, is regulated by the levels of methionine in the growth medium (Jacobsen, S.J., Hoffman, R.M. and Erbe, R.W. (1980) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 65, 1237--1244, and Caboche, M. and Mulsant, P. (1978) Somatic Cell Genet. 4, 407--421). We report here that methionyl-tRNA synthetase, unlike methionine adenosyltransferase, behaves in a constitutive manner with respect to the concentration of methionine in the culture medium. This behavior is seen in Chinese hamster ovary cells and in normal diploid and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts. Although the kinetics of regulation of methionine adenosyltransferase and methionyl-tRNA synthetase by exogenous methionine are clearly different, the levels of the two enzymes in the human cell lines are similar.
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases↗
Out-of-home placement of children and adolescents with severe handicaps: behavioral intentions and behavior.
This study tracked the thoughts and actions regarding out-of-home placement in 100 families who had a child or early adolescent with severe handicaps. Parents' behavioral intentions regarding out-of-home placement were assessed using a single item measure of placement tendency (The Placement Tendency Index) four times over a total period of approximately 6 years. Statistical models used to predict time until placement indicated that the Placement Tendency Index had modest predictive capacity in the long run, but increased predictive utility over shorter periods. Closer examination of the movement of scores from one wave of data collection to the next revealed three patterns, indicating variability in the speed and direction with which parents move along the scale.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Distinct behavior of connexin56 and connexin46 gap junctional channels can be predicted from the behavior of their hemi-gap-junctional channels.
The gap-junctional protein rat connexin46 (Cx46) has the unusual ability to form voltage-gated channels in the nonjunctional plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes (Paul et al., 1991; Ebihara and Steiner, 1993). These have been suggested to be gap-junctional hemichannels or connexons. The Xenopus oocyte system was used to characterize the functional properties of a closely related lens gap-junctional protein, chicken connexin56 (Cx56) (Rup et al., 1993) and to contrast them to those of rat Cx46. Single oocytes injected with either Cx56 or Cx46 cRNA developed time-dependent, outward currents that activated on depolarization. The currents induced by Cx56 and Cx46 showed differences in steady-state voltage dependence and in their degree of rectification. Furthermore, the voltage-dependent properties of the nonjunctional channels induced by the connexin cRNAs in external solutions containing low concentrations of calcium ions could account remarkably well for the behavior of the intercellular channels formed by Cx56 and Cx46 in paired oocytes. These results suggest that many of the voltage-dependent properties of the hemi-gap-junctional channels are retained by the intercellular channels.
Animals↗
Behavioral and physiological thermoregulation in male cicada killers (Sphecius speciosus) during territorial behavior.
(1) Male cicada killers had elevated, apparently regulated, thoracic and head temperatures during territorial perching and patrolling in full sunshine. (2) Dead, dry wasps reached near-lethal temperatures on the bare ground, and were hotter with their bodies perpendicular to the sun's rays, as opposed to parallel. (3) The percentage of males perching on the ground, their perch duration, and the percentage oriented perpendicular to the sun decreased during the mid-day. (4) Males used a low-amplitude wing vibration early and late in the day, perhaps boosting heat production. (5) Changes in behavior were related to changes in the intensity of solar radiation.
Journal Article↗
Behavior and behavioral determinants in the management of demented people in residential homes.
The major goal of this Dutch study was to compare the behavior of staff towards demented patients in residential homes with five expert recommendations for dealing with dementia. There were 136 respondents in this postal survey. The results showed that the staff carried out the recommendations of encouraging activity, establishing effective communication, and not changing the routine of the patient's physical environment without good reason. However, the staff tested and corrected the residents too often. This was related to insufficient knowledge and a lack of support from colleagues. It is recommended that staff receive specific training during and after their professional training.
Aged↗
Neural recordings and behavioral observations in the monkey vestibulo-ocular reflex constrain the cellular mechanisms for cerebellum-dependent behavioral learning.
Recordings from the cerebellum under behavioral conditions that cause learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) constrain the cellular mechanisms that could mediate learning. Analysis of the complex-spike responses of Purkinje cells demonstrates a mismatch between the properties of cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) in vitro and the signals available to guide learning in vivo. To resolve this mismatch, it may be necessary to assume that there are multiple cellular mechanisms of VOR learning, including both depression and potentiation.
Animals↗
Neighborhood behavior of in silico structural spaces with respect to in vitro activity spaces--a benchmark for neighborhood behavior assessment of different in silico similarity metrics.
In a previous work, we have introduced Neighborhood Behavior (NB) criteria for calculated molecular similarity metrics, based on the analysis of in vitro activity spaces that simultaneously monitor the responses of a compound with respect to an entire panel of biologically relevant receptors and enzymes. Now, these novel NB criteria will be used as a benchmark for the comparison of different in silico molecular similarity metrics, addressing the following topics: (1) the relative performance of 2D vs 3D descriptors, (2) the importance of the similarity scoring function for a given descriptor set, and (3) binary or Fuzzy Pharmacophore Fingerprints-can they capture the similarity of the spatial distribution of pharmacophoric groups despite different molecular connectivity? It was found that fuzzy pharmacophore descriptors (FBPA) displayed an optimal NB and, unlike their binary counterparts, were successful in evidencing pharmacophore pattern similarity independently of topological similarity. Topological FBPA, identical to the former except for the use of topological instead of 3D atom pair distances, display a somehow weaker, but significant NB. Metrics based on "classical" global 2D and 3D molecular descriptors and a Dice scoring function also performed well. The choice of the similarity scoring function is therefore as important as the choice of the appropriate molecular descriptors.
Journal Article↗
A Triangular Copper(I) Complex Displaying Allosteric Cooperativity in Its Electrochemical Behavior and a Mixed-Valence Cu(I)-Cu(I)-Cu(II) State with Unusual Temperature-Dependent Behavior.
Reaction of the tris-chelating hexadentate podand ligand tris[3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazol-1-yl]hydroborate (Tp(Py)) with [Cu(MeCN)(4)][PF(6)] affords [Cu(I)(3)(Tp(Py))(2)][PF(6)] (1), which was crystallographically characterized. 1.(MeCN)(2): C(52)H(44)B(2)Cu(3)F(6)N(20)P, orthorhombic, Pna2(1); a = 24.592(7), b = 16.392(5), c = 13.365(5) Å; Z = 4. Each Cu(I) ion is four coordinated by one N,N '-bidentate arm from each ligand; each ligand therefore donates each bidentate arm to a different Cu(I) ion. The isosceles triangular arrangement of Cu(I) ions with N-donor ligands is reminiscent of the tricopper(I) site of ascorbate oxidase. One-electron oxidation of 1 affords the Cu(I)(2)Cu(II) complex [Cu(3)(Tp(Py))(2)][PF(6)](2) (2). The potentials of the Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox couples are affected by the ease with which the accompanying geometric rearrangement can occur. Thus, the first oxidation of 1 is facile (-0.52 V vs the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple, Fc/Fc(+)), but as a result of the concomitant structural rearrangement the second oxidation is rendered much more difficult (+0.12 V vsFc/Fc(+)) and results in slow decomposition of the product. A third oxidation does not occur at accessible potentials. This complex therefore exhibits negative cooperative behavior, in which the geometric change accompanying one metal-based redox change hinders further redox changes at other sites via an allosteric effect. EPR studies on the mixed-valence complex 2 show that in frozen glasses below 120 K the unpaired electron is delocalized over two metal centers (7-line spectrum), but above 160 K the electron becomes localized and gives a simple axial spectrum. The electronic spectrum of 2 in solution shows an intense band at 910 nm (epsilon 2100 dm(3) mol(-)(1) cm(-)(1)) which we believe to be an IVCT band. The combination of EPR and electronic spectral studies show that 2 is class III (fully delocalized over 2 centers) below 120 K but class II (localized but strongly interacting) at higher temperatures.
Journal Article↗
Apparently anomalous sedimentation behavior in mixed solvent systems with strong interactions between solution components: analysis of nonideal behavior by bovine serum albumin in 7 M urea at pH 3.3.
The use of the analytical ultracentrifuge to study nonideal behavior of macromolecules in multicomponent systems is discussed, noting the value of interference optics to extend the range of concentrations of macromolecule that may be studied. The choice of appropriate theory in the treatment of experimental data is examined, using a study of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 7 M urea at pH 3.3 as an example. Under these conditions BSA undergoes extensive unfolding and exhibits marked nonideality, with the binding of approximately 200 molecules of urea per molecule of BSA.
Animals↗
Suicidal behavior after severe trauma. Part 1: PTSD diagnoses, psychiatric comorbidity, and assessments of suicidal behavior.
The study comprises 149 refugees from various countries, reporting exposure to severe traumata, who were referred for psychiatric diagnosis and assessment of suicide risk. The stressors reported comprised both personal experience of and/or forced witnessing of combat atrocities (including explosions or missile impacts in urban areas), imprisonment (including isolation), torture and inflicted pain, sexual violence, witnessing others' suicide, and of summary and/or mock executions. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was diagnosed in 79% of all cases, other psychiatric illness in 16% and no mental pathology in 5%. The prevalence of suicidal behavior was significantly greater among refugees with principal PTSD diagnoses than among the remainder. PTSD patients with depression comorbidity reported higher frequency of suicidal thoughts; PTSD nondepressive patients manifested increased frequency of suicide attempts.
Africa↗