[Car-dummy. A tool in assessment of driving competence].
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Automobile Driving↗
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Driving at high risk!
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Automobile Driving↗
[Binocular vision and its role in car driving].
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Automobile Driving↗
Alarm mistrust in automobiles: how collision alarm reliability affects driving.
As roadways become more congested, there is greater potential for automobile accidents and incidents. To improve roadway safety, automobile manufacturers are now designing and incorporating collision avoidance warning systems; yet, there has been little investigation of how the reliability of alarm signals might impact driver performance. We measured driving and alarm reaction performances following alarms of various reliability levels. In Experiment One, 70 participants operated a driving simulator while being presented console emitted collision alarms that were 50%, 75%, or 100% reliable. In Experiment Two, the same participants were presented spatially generated collision alarms of the same reliability levels. The results were similar in both experiments: alarm and automobile swerving reactions were significantly better when alarms were more reliable; however, drivers still failed to avoid collisions following reliable alarms. These results emphasize that alarm designers should maximize alarm reliability while minimizing alarm invasiveness.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Accident risk of foreign drivers--the case of Russian drivers in south-eastern Finland.
Foreign drivers are considered to be a greater risk than domestic drivers in most countries in the world. Few empirical findings have been reported, though. This paper contributes some evidence of the risk of foreign drivers in south-eastern Finland during 1992-1995. Most of the foreign drivers are Russian. Based on accident statistics collected by the police and origin-destination studies carried out on the Finnish-Russian border stations, accident rates were calculated for both Finnish and foreign drivers. The results show that accident rates of foreign drivers are higher than rates of domestic drivers. The winter season is especially risky for foreign drivers. It is argued that the traffic culture of different countries largely explain the differences rather than some specific, technical risk parameters. Some probable risk parameters can be identified in this study, such as a lack of knowledge concerning traffic rules, insufficient winter-time driving skills and winter-time equipment, as well as the general attitude towards traffic safety which is reflected in the driving behavior.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Vision standards for driving in Canada and the United States. A review for the Canadian Ophthalmological Society.
We review the vision requirements for driving with the goal of revising current Canadian Ophthalmological Society (COS) recommendations for vision standards for driving. The report comprises two sections. In the first section we report the results of a survey of transportation authorities in Canada and the United States conducted on behalf of the COS to determine the current standards and medical review procedures. The results suggest that although the standards in Canada are more consistent than those in the United States, few of the standards in either country are evidence-based. In the second section we review the recent literature on visual function and driving. We conclude from this review that adequate contrast sensitivity is as important as, if not more important than, good visual acuity for driving and that there is little evidence to support a monocular standard for acuity, contrast sensitivity or visual field. Although there is evidence that the extent of a visual field defect is related to the ability to perform driving tasks, there is little evidence to suggest a relation between the location of the visual field defect and fitness to drive.
Automobile Driving↗
Driving and otolaryngology: do we know the rules?
Certain medical conditions may affect one's ability to drive safely. In the United Kingdom, the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) issues guidelines outlining which medical conditions drivers must notify them of. In order to assess our knowledge of, and ability to apply, the current DVLA guidelines with regard to otolaryngological conditions, a postal survey was sent to all otolaryngologists in Scotland. The responses obtained suggest that the current DVLA guidelines are not well understood or easily applied, and it is recommended that all otolaryngologists familiarize themselves with these guidelines in order to better advise their patients with regard to driving.
Automobile Driving↗
Evaluating the driving competence of dementia patients.
The driving behaviors of dementia patients have received little in the way of empirical scrutiny except through retrospective reports of crash rates. Understanding the driving errors of dementia patients and how they differ from those of normal older and younger drivers is important. This knowledge is basic to the development of road tests and scoring procedures to evaluate the driving competence of older, experienced drivers, especially those whose fitness to drive may have been compromised by a medical illness that alters their mental abilities. We have drive tested over 100 currently driving elderly patients with clinically significant cognitive decline (mostly diagnosed as the early stages of Alzheimer disease) and compared their performance with that of normal drivers. The study identified the types of driving errors that distinguish and differentiate the cognitively impaired group as well as a set of driving errors typical of both cognitively impaired and normal experienced drivers but differing in the number and severity of errors. A set of errors was also identified that did not differentiate the groups and should not be used in evaluating a person's competence to drive.
Adult↗
The 1994 International Consensus Conference on Dementia and Driving: a brief report. Swedish National Road Administration.
A possible relationship exists between the increased relative crash risk of older drivers and the prevalence of age-related diseases such as dementia. However, although dementia effects cognitive functions essential for safe driving, the evaluation of driving competence in demented persons is problematic. A clear-cut policy, intended chiefly for primary care physicians, is still lacking. In recognition of this fact, the Swedish National Road Administration invited a group of researchers to review existing research and to formulate a consensus on the issue of driving and dementia. The consensus group suggested that physicians should routinely make a cursory evaluation of the mental condition of their older driving patients. When signs of cognitive impairment are detected, possible influence on visuospatial skills, attention, judgment, and memory functions should be carefully considered. Information from caregivers on past and current driving performance as well as functions relating to activities of daily living (ADL) should be taken into account. Consensus was reached that a diagnosis of moderate to severe dementia indicates sufficient cognitive impairment to preclude driving. In addition, diagnosed mildly demented individuals or nondiagnosed cognitively impaired individuals with functional deterioration should be considered for specialized assessment of driving competence.
Automobile Driving↗
A visual profile of the alcoholic driver.
Some visual characteristics of the chronic alcoholic were investigated in a sample of 100 male alcoholic patients and 100 matched controls. The purpose of the retrospective study was to determine whether these characteristics may contribute to an increased motor vehicle accident rate among alcoholics. Significant differences between the two groups, which might affect driving abilities, were found for color vision deficiencies and the breakage and loss rate of spectacles. No significant differences were found for stereopsis deficiencies, limitation of visual field, distance phorias, ductions, or the need to wear spectacles for driving. An analysis of the refractive data suggests that alcoholic patients may be slightly more hyperopic and less astigmatic than others; however, these differences are not sufficient to influence driving ability.
Alcoholism↗
Central and paracentral visual field defects and driving abilities.
The effect of central and paracentral visual field defects on driving abilities has until now received little attention. To date studies and surveys have concentrated on visual acuity and peripheral field loss. Here we summarise for the first time those diseases causing central visual field defects likely to be associated with binocular visual acuity adequate for driving.
Automobile Driver Examination↗
Effects of azatadine maleate on subjective appraisal and psychomotor functions relevant to driving performance.
Studies were carried out in normal healthy male subjects to assess the effects on psychomotor functions and subjective ratings of performance after acute administration of azatadine maleate, a potent antihistamine with additional antiserotonin activity. In the first trial, 2 mg azatadine was compared with another new antihistamine Sch 12169 (2 mg) and placebo. In a second trial, higher doses of azatadine (4 mg and 8 mg) were compared with dexchlorpheniramine (4 mg) and placebo. Both trials were of a double-blind, randomized Latin square design and subjects were assessed using a battery of tests, after administration of each trial drug. The time and sequence of tests were standarized, with a 1-week interval between test sessions. The results showed that azatadine did not produce significant impairment of psychomotor function at either the standard 2 mg or the maximum recommended 4 mg per day dosage level. Permormance was only significantly impaired, compared with that after placebo, at the 8 mg dose level and was of a similar order to that observed after dexchlorpheniramine at the usual 4 mg dosage. It is suggested, therefore, that at the normal recommended dosage of 2 mg per day, azatadine is not likely to impair driving ability.
Adolescent↗
The parkinsonian and driving.
A survey of 15 members of branches of the Parkinson's Disease Society was undertaken by a medical student as part of a course in social medicine. Most of the individuals had given up driving a car but only a third of the group had notified the Driving and Vehicle Licensing Centre of their disorder, which they are required to do; similarly, most had neglected to inform their insurance companies of the diagnosis. Four people admitted that Parkinson's disease had been a contributory factor in an accident involving another vehicle, and anxiety over being a hazard was admitted by most of the group. Giving up driving exacerbated the premature social ageing encountered in Parkinson's disease, and those afflicted should be encouraged to liaise more closely with arrangements for re-education in methods of safe driving.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Antihistamines and driving safety.
The results of two placebo-controlled driving performance studies confirm laboratory data showing that the nonsedating antihistamine terfenadine does not influence the driving performance of users. The amplitude of vehicle weaving calculated for drivers who received this agent did not differ from control values. Neither terfenadine nor loratadine, another nonsedating antihistamine, potentiated the adverse effects of alcohol on driving performance.
Automobile Driving↗
Methamphetamine and driving impairment.
Following a review of the effects of methamphetamine on human performance, actual driving and behavior were evaluated in 28 cases in which drivers arrested or killed in traffic accidents had tested positive for methamphetamine. The circumstances surrounding the arrest or accident were examined, together with any observations by the arresting officer regarding behavioral irregularities. The investigators also made a determination of culpability. Most of the arrests resulted from accidents in which the driver was determined to be culpable. Typical driving behaviors included drifting out of the lane of travel, erratic driving, weaving, speeding, drifting off the road, and high speed collisions. Behavioral manifestations of methamphetamine use in arrestees included rapid or confused speech, rapid pulse, agitation, paranoia, dilated pupils, violet or aggressive attitude. Combined alcohol and methamphetamine use was uncommon, however use of marijuana was evident in about one third of the cases. In addition to impairing judgment and increasing risk taking, the effects of withdrawal from methamphetamine use including fatigue, hypersomnnolence, and depression are likely contributors to many of these accidents. A consideration of the literature and the cases discussed here, leads to the conclusion that methamphetamine at any concentration is likely to produce symptoms that are inconsistent with safe driving.
Adolescent↗
Quantitative analysis of truck driver EEG during highway operations.
Scalp electroencephalograms (EEGs) were collected from each of 80 male, commercial truck drivers during one week of open-highway driving (4 or 5 round trips per week; about 50 hours of driving per driver) as part of the Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study funded by the Federal Highway Administration. Features of the central EEG were selected for extraction based upon known characteristics of the EEG spectrum during sleep onset. Data reduction focused on the contributions to total EEG power from the theta, alpha, sigma and beta spectral bands. The means and regression slopes for the EEG measures were calculated on the time axis and used to estimate EEG values at the beginning and end of each leg of each trip for each driver. The weekly patterns of EEG power appeared to be interpretable by reference to expected circasemidian rhythms. The EEG sigma/beta ratio may provide an index of midafternoon sleepiness while driving.
Adult↗
DRUGS AND DRIVING.
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Accident Prevention↗