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Cloned genes and their use in the analysis of inherited disease. Third Wellcome Trust lecture.
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Colworth Medal lecture. Detection, repair and signalling of DNA double-strand breaks.
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Hopkins Memorial Medal lecture. Pleasant surprises en route from the biochemistry of collagen to attempts at gene therapy.
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Development and testing of the autobiographical memory coding tool.
Development and testing of the autobiographical memory coding tool (AMCT) is detailed. The tool uses quantitative content analysis procedures to code interpretations of autobiographical memories as validating or lamenting. Development of a system of measuring autobiographical memories from transcribed reminiscence interviews involved defining the units of analysis, defining the categories and themes, constructing a codebook, assessing content validity, assessing reliability and making revisions. Thirty-nine transcripts of reminiscence interviews were used for tool development and testing. The AMCT contains a series of step-by-step guidelines for conducting the analysis and includes an autobiographical memory thematic dictionary and descriptions of range and variations in each theme to assist with coding data. Intercoder reliability estimates were 0.93, 0.93 and 0.95. Test-retest reliability was 1.00.
Assessing the level of student reflection from reflective journals.
The concept of reflective learning has been widely adopted in many of the nursing curricula today. Reflective learning is of particular relevance to the education of professionals, as it encourages students to integrate theory with practice, appreciate the world on their own behalf, and turn every experience into a new potential learning experience. While nurse educators have widely accepted the educational benefits of reflection, research into reflective learning is hampered by the lack of reliable and widely accepted methods for assessing whether reflection takes place and the level of any reflection. This study attempted to develop and test coding systems for written reflective journals based on two well-known models of reflective thinking. The reflective journals submitted by the students were subjected to content analysis at two levels. The findings of this study suggest that student writing can be used as evidence for the presence or absence of reflective thinking. The process of allocating students to three categories of non-reflector, reflector and critical reflector was straightforward and reliable. Identifying textual elements within journals and allocating them to the finer levels of reflection within a more complex model of reflective thinking was, however, more problematic and considerably less reliable.
How male nursing students learn to care.
the current definitions of caring in nursing education denote a mutual relationship between teachers and students in which they interact to provide an environment which supports the students' personal and professional development. The learning of caring in an interactional context is typical of the female experience. It is unknown if this is representative of the male experience. The lived experience of 20 male students as they learned to care as nurses was the focus of this phenomenological research study. The participants concurred that, although caring as a nurse could be learned if one was 'open to learning', teachers could only facilitate this learning; they could not directly teach it. The interactional strategies of storytelling, modelling, being cared for, the 'aha' encounter, and observing and giving care, were used by the participants in learning to care as nurses. The implications of these findings for nursing education and research are presented.
Farewell from the founding editor.
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Cognitive therapy integrated with life review techniques: an eclectic treatment approach for affective symptoms in older adults.
BACKGROUND: An important aspect of nursing theory development has been the adaptation of theory from other disciplines within the metaparadigm of nursing. This eclectic approach to theory development enhances the broad humanistic theory base on which effective, professional nursing practice is based. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to describe the process of integrating two distinct psychotherapeutic approaches into one coherent mental health nursing intervention for the treatment of affective symptoms in older adults. Guidelines for using this integration process in psychiatric mental health nursing clinical practice are presented and illustrated through the case study approach. METHODS: A case study is presented describing a clinical situation in which life review techniques were used to enhance the outcomes of a cognitive therapy experience for older adults enrolled in outpatient psychotherapy treatment for acute adjustment disorder with an affective component. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The advanced practice psychiatric mental health nurse who approaches psychotherapeutic interventions with older adult clients from an eclectic approach can achieve successful outcomes by having a clear understanding of (i) the dynamics of the various psychotherapeutic approaches, (i) the skill level of the practitioner, (iii) the psychosocial sophistication of the client, and (iv) the pathology being treated. In addition, active involvement by the client in a treatment process that matches his/her psychosocial skill and coping resource level will contribute to effective resolution of pathology. A cognitive therapy approach supplemented by life review techniques is an excellent example of an effective, eclectic treatment approach of affective disorders in older adults.
An encounter with the work of Annie Altschul: reflections from down under.
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Cloning and regulation of the ABO genes.
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Self portrait of a dermatologist.
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"Looking back" - memoirs of a Japanese doctor and his association with the International Society of Dermatology.
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George Engel: a personal reminiscence.
OBJECTIVE: To provide a review of my personal exposure to the Medical Psychiatric (Medical Psy) Liaison Group in Rochester during the tenure of a National Health of Medical Research Council Travelling Fellowship in the Clinical Sciences from June 1975 to March 1977. METHOD: A personal reminiscence and review of a number of papers by George Engel. RESULTS: The Medical Psy Liaison Group had been developed by George Engel in 1946. My experiences were coloured by the fact that Engel had recently stepped down as Head and tensions in the structure and function of the group were obvious. CONCLUSION: My personal experience with Engel, the Medical Psy Liaison Group, Rochester psychiatry and my exposure to American psychiatry all had major influences on my subsequent career but perhaps not in a way that I might have expected when I went to Rochester.
The return to Coree: the surgical connection.
Samuel Wilson purchased Coree in 1865. In 1874 he donated 30000 pound sterling to Melbourne University to build the Wilson Hall, used for ceremonial occasions including medical graduation. Samuel McCaughey purchased Coree in 1881. In 1919 he left large bequests used by Sydney University to found the first Chair of Surgery. This was held by Frances Percival Sandes from 1921 to 1928. David McCaughey died of general peritonitis at Coree in 1899, his son Samuel married Una McKellar who was Thomas Dunhill's step-daughter. Thomas Dunhill, pioneer thyroid surgeon, gave the hand of his stepgranddaughter, Unity McCaughey, to Murray Pheils in London in 1941. Roy McCaughey created the McCaughey Institute at Coree in 1945 in memory of his nephew Michael McCaughey who was killed in action in New Guinea. Pioneering work in ovum transfer and in vitro fertilization in sheep was carried out at Coree by Neil Moore from 1959 to 1971. Roy McCaughey left a bequest to the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in 1972, this was used to endow the Sir Roy McCaughey Scholarship in 1995.
'A leg to stand on': an existential-phenomenological analysis.
The analysis of a paradigm-case (a person with an injured leg, an autobiographical history related by Dr Sacks) presented here is an illustration of how existential-phenomenological analysis can be done. The aim of existential-phenomenological research is to analyse and to describe some dimensions of being. The person with an injured leg appears 'to bescotomized'. Well then, 'being-scotomized' can be analysed and described as a particular mode of 'being', even as a particular mode of 'being-ill'. 'Being' has been studied (in the philosophical tradition of Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Sartre) as that existential movement that brings an individual, the 'self', towards the world, meanwhile 'affecting' the personal body, personal time and space, the objects in a person's life-world, the individual's life-world and, finally, coexistence. The study of 'being-ill' is the study of the particular way the self, the body, time and space, the objects, the life-world, and coexistence are affected when being-ill. 'Being-scotomized' may appear as affecting: (i) the self, isolating the subject and leading to a personal disintegration; (ii) the body to which he maintains an ambiguous relationship: being a body and having a body, and not having a part of the body any more; (iii) time and space being vanished with the vanished leg. The subject is 'at' a nowhereness and 'at' a motionless time; there is no meaningful future; (iv) the things in the person's life-world, to which it appears impossible to give the 'right' sense; (v) the life-world, revealing itself as a noland, characterized by silence and motionlessness; (vi) the others in this life-world that appears no-man's-land, uninhabitable nearly by definition. Coexistence reveals not to be possible.
The voices of days gone by: advocating the use of oral history in nursing.
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