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At least 1,063 records · Page 59Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Counting Pakistanis in the Middle East: problems and policy implications.

"Using Pakistan as a case study, this article focuses on the difficulties of measuring both the outflow of workers over time and the stock abroad at any particular time. The various estimates of the number of Pakistanis in the Middle East are evaluated and an alternative estimate is provided based on hitherto unused data from two major surveys of returning workers. The alternative estimate differs substantially from the others, the difference being attributed principally to clandestine worker immigration. The concluding section discusses the policy implications of inaccurate information about the numbers of workers abroad and the likely effects of the current Persian Gulf crisis on Pakistan's economy."

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Decree No. 43 of 1988 on Conditions for granting work permits for foreigners, 8 March 1988.

This Decree provides that foreigners are not to be permitted to work in Egypt until they have obtained a work permit from the Office of Manpower and Training. In deciding whether to grant a work permit, the Office is to consider the following principles: 1) a foreigner should not be competing with Egyptian citizens who are equally or better qualified; 2) a foreigner must comply with regulations relating to skills and experience established by Egyptian law; and 3) a foreigner born and permanently resident in Egypt is to be given priority over other foreigners. The Office is also to consider the need of the Egyptian economy and of the specific place of work for the foreigner's work. The total number of foreigners employed is not to exceed 10% of the work force of any establishment, although exceptions can be made to this rule in the interests of the Egyptian economy. Exceptions to the provisions of this Decree can also be made for foreigners married to Egyptian citizens. In addition, persons of indeterminate nationality residing in Egypt at least 15 years and political refugees certified as such are to be given priority in employment. Under the Decree, employers are to keep a register of foreigners employed. Further provisions of the Decree relate to fees charged for work permits and the circumstances under which work permits can be withdrawn or forfeited.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population growth.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

The relative economic progress of male foreign workers in Kuwait.

"A human capital framework is utilized to examine the economic progress of nine nationality groups of foreign workers [in Kuwait] using data from the 1983 national Labor Survey. The sources of earnings' variations of particular interest to us included different degrees of education and experience transferability, occupational affiliation and ethnic background. In general, the results derived from the analysis suggest that 1) foreign workers achieve a discernible economic progress as their residence lengthens; 2) the rate of economic progress varies depending on worker's education, home and Kuwait-specific experience, occupational status and ethnic background; and 3) about one third of the earnings inequality is due to unexplained factors including discrimination."

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiology of diarrhoea in two major cities in Saudi Arabia.

The epidemiological pattern of diarrhoeal diseases, causative agents and risk factors of their occurrence in two referral hospitals of Saudi Arabia is presented in this study. Stool specimens from 1726 admitted diarrhoeal cases were examined for parasites, yeast, enteropathogenic bacteria and rotavirus using the ELISA test. 41.3% of cases were due to rotavirus (RVGE) while 53.1% of cases showed no causative pathogens. Mean age of all cases was 20.2 months and RVGE cases showed a steady rise from the neonatal period onward, reaching a peak between 6-14 months. Males accounted for higher percentage of all diarrhoeal cases. Mothers of diarrhoea cases were mostly housewives with low educational level. Bottle fed children showed higher proportion (53.1%) of diarrhoea than other types of feeding suggesting the faeco-oral route of infection and the effect of poor sanitation. A pattern of higher RVGE cases was seen in warmer months in Al-taif and in cooler months in Jeddah. Findings demonstrated the interaction between host, pathogen and environmental factors in the epidemiology of infectious diarrhoeas in developing countries and the areas of possible prevention.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1997

Son preference and differential treatment in Morocco and Tunisia.

This report investigates the links between son preference and differential treatment of children by analyzing data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of Morocco and Tunisia, two countries that are thought to vary considerably regarding indicators of gender. The analyses find no significant differences in either country in the duration and intensity of breastfeeding and small differences in favor of boys in Tunisia regarding immunization and the treatment of diarrhea. These findings, which are, to some degree, unexpected, are discussed in light of other research relevant to son preference in the two countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The WHO antenatal care randomised controlled trial: rationale and study design.

The World Health Organisation and collaborating institutions in developing countries are conducting a multicentre randomised controlled trial to evaluate a new antenatal care (ANC) programme, consisting of tests, clinical procedures and follow-up actions scientifically demonstrated to be effective in improving maternal and newborn outcomes. These activities are distributed, for practical reasons, over four visits during the course of pregnancy and are aimed at achieving predetermined goals. The study is taking place in four countries, Argentina, Cuba, Saudi Arabia and Thailand. Recruitment of study subjects started on 1 May 1996. All 53 ANC clinical units had been enrolled by December 1996. Clinics in each country were randomly allocated (cluster randomisation) to provide either the new programme or the traditional programme currently in use. Approximately 24,000 women presenting for ANC at these clinics over an average period of 18 months will have been recruited. As women attending the control clinics receive the 'best standard treatment' as currently offered in these clinics, individual informed consent is requested only from women attending the intervention clinics. Authorities of the corresponding health districts and all participating clinics have provided written institutional informed consent before randomisation. The primary outcome of the trial in relation to maternal conditions is the rate of a morbidity indicator index, defined as the presence of at least one of the following conditions for which ANC is relevant: (a) pre-eclampsia or eclampsia during pregnancy or within 24 h of delivery; (b) postpartum anaemia (haemoglobin < 90 g/L); or (c) severe urinary tract infection/pyelonephritis, defined as an episode requiring antibiotic treatment and/or hospitalisation. The primary fetal outcome is the rate of low birthweight (< 2500 g). Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes are expected for approximately 10% of the control group. Several maternal and perinatal secondary outcomes are also considered. A comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis and women's and providers' satisfaction evaluation are performed concurrently with the trial. Health-care programmes should be rigorously evaluated by randomised controlled trials, which are feasible in developing countries and should be conducted before introducing new treatments or health interventions.

Argentina↗