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PubMed1985

Measurement of mood and affect in schizophrenic inpatients.

Ratings of mood and affect using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and an affective flattening scale in 32 male schizophrenic inpatients revealed high total scale reliability but lower intra-item reliability, especially for specific depression items. Interscale correlations suggested several dimensions of mood and affect: anxiety-depression (psychological dysphoria, motor activation, and somatic symptoms), retardation-affective blunting, thought disturbance, and hostility-suspiciousness. Correlation with a rating of extrapyramidal symptoms suggested an association with the presence of depressive symptoms. These results suggest that although adequate total scale reliability was obtained, these indexes of depression may measure different dimensions in schizophrenic patients than they do in patients with affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Low electrooculographic ratios in patients with seasonal affective disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Changes in retinal sensitivity to light have been hypothesized as etiological in seasonal affective disorder. This study was undertaken to investigate sensitivity to light in seasonal affective disorder using electrooculography (EOG), an objective measure of retinal light response. METHOD: In a mood disorders clinic, 19 depressed, drug-free patients with seasonal affective disorder, diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria, were compared with 19 age- and sex-matched normal comparison subjects. All subjects had identical EOG testing performed during the winter. EOG (Arden) ratios were calculated from the EOG data. RESULTS According to multivariate analysis of variance, the EOG ratios in the patients with seasonal affective disorder were significantly lower than those of the normal comparison subjects, although there was considerable overlap in EOG ratios between patients and comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that seasonal affective disorder is associated with subtle retinal abnormalities at the level of the photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium complex, consistent with subsensitivity to light. A limitation of this study is that the retinal origins of the EOG response are nonspecific and still not completely elucidated.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Schizoaffective disorder and affective disorders with mood-incongruent psychotic features: keep separate or combine? Evidence from a family study.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether the distinction between schizoaffective disorder and affective disorders with mood-incongruent psychotic features as described in DSM-III-R is reflected by aggregation of schizophrenia in the families of probands with the former disorder and aggregation of affective disorders mainly among the relatives of probands with the latter type of disorders. METHOD: The probands were 118 inpatients with definite lifetime diagnoses of DSM-III-R schizoaffective disorder or a major mood disorder with incongruent psychotic features according to structured clinical interviews. Diagnostic information on 475 of the probands' first-degree relatives was gathered through direct interviews (with 80% of the living first-degree relatives) or the family history approach. The rates of affective and psychotic disorders among these relatives were then compared with those among the relatives of a comparison group of 109 interviewed individuals from the general population who were matched on sociodemographic factors to the inpatient probands. RESULTS: With regard to the familial aggregation of schizophrenia, the DSM-III-R distinction emerged as valid. However, the risk of unipolar affective disorders was enhanced in the families of all of the subgroups of patients studied. The unipolar/bipolar distinction in both DSM-III-R diagnostic groups was reflected by distinct patterns of bipolar disorders in the relatives. CONCLUSIONS: The results partly support the DSM-III-R dichotomy of schizoaffective disorder and affective disorders with mood-incongruent psychotic features. Although the differences between these two diagnostic groups were significant, the magnitude of the differences remained relatively modest.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Neuropsychological differences between first-admission schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The study compared the neuropsychological functioning of patients with first-admission schizophrenia with that of patients with first-admission psychotic affective disorders. METHOD: Data came from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project, an epidemiological study of first-admission psychotic disorders. Subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (N=102) and psychotic affective disorders, including bipolar disorder with psychotic features (N=72) and major depressive disorder with psychotic features (N=49), were compared on a battery of neuropsychological tests administered 2 years after the index admission. RESULTS: Subjects with schizophrenia performed worse than those with the psychotic affective disorders, even after adjusting the results for differences in demographic characteristics and general intellectual functioning. The most consistent differences were on tests of attention, concentration, and mental tracking. The two psychotic affective disorder groups were indistinguishable in performance on the neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSIONS: Even early in its course, schizophrenia is distinguishable from psychotic affective disorders by global and specific neuropsychological deficits. These deficits might contribute to the disability and poor outcome associated with schizophrenia in the mid- and long-term course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Relationships among affect, work, and outcome in group therapy for patients with complicated grief.

This study examined the relationships among patient affect (experienced and expressed), work, and outcome in two forms of time-limited, short-term group therapy for complicated grief. Work was defined as the degree to which the patient pursued the primary objectives of the two forms of therapy. Substantial evidence of direct relationships between the experience and expression of positive affect and favorable outcome was found. A direct relationship between work and favorable outcome was also found. Additive and interaction effects indicated that the combination of these two types of predictor variables (positive affect, work) had a stronger relationship to favorable outcome than either variable alone. Some evidence was found for an inverse relationship between the experience and expression of negative affect and favorable outcome. The findings were consistent with a social-functional theory of the impact of affect on others during bereavement. Clinical implications of the findings are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Preferences and inferences in encoding visual objects: a systematic comparison of semantic and affective priming.

The authors systematically compared semantic and affective priming in five studies involving words and pictures. In Studies 1 (lexical decision task) and 2 (evaluation task), irrelevant short duration (200 ms) primes were briefly flashed before relevant targets. The authors orthogonally varied both the semantic and affective relations between primes and targets. In both studies, semantic priming but not affective priming was found. Study 3 revealed that the same stimuli can produce affective priming, but only when words come from a single semantic category. Studies 4 and 5 used pictures rather than words to examine automatic encoding tendencies. The results conceptually replicated those from Studies 1 and 2. In sum, the findings suggest that affective priming may be a relatively fragile phenomenon, particularly when the semantic properties of objects vary in a salient manner.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of affect in determining the attributional weight of immoral behaviors.

Theories about why immoral behaviors carry a large amount of attributional weight tend to emphasize traditional cognitive variables. In contrast, the authors propose that the degree of negative affect that these behaviors induce in observers is largely responsible for their attributional weight. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate an association between the amount of negative affect induced by immoral behaviors and their attributional weight. Studies 3 and 4 provide causal evidence for this idea by either "adding in" or "taking away" the negative affect associated with immoral behaviors to influence their attributional weight. Finally, Study 5 demonstrates that negative affect can be induced through a variety of negative emotions (disgust, sadness, and fear), with similar results. It is argued that it is difficult to account for these data solely on the basis of traditional cognitive variables, and so a theory that includes an emphasis on affect as a causal variable is desirable.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Negative symptoms and affective disturbance in schizophrenia and related disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To review the data and discuss clinical recommendations for treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms (e.g., poverty of thought, affective blunting) have been regarded as part of schizophrenia since Kraepelin's early descriptions, although they remain a subject of controversy. For example, it is unclear if negative symptoms are distinct from other psychiatric symptoms such as depression, or are in actuality depression within schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests that negative symptoms are independent of depression. METHOD: Factor analytic studies have suggested that a negative factor (loss of affect, volition, poverty of thinking) may be distinguished from other components and is separable from a depression factor. Experimental use of vignettes have also been useful in the assessment of negative symptoms. A second controversial area is whether or not the presence or absence of affect is the fundamental issue separating schizophrenia from other psychoses. RESULTS: A continuum of psychosis has been hypothesized, with unipolar psychotic depression at one pole and schizophrenia with defect state at the other. Within this proposed continuum, negative symptoms are associated only with schizophrenia without affect and with defect state schizophrenia. As such, variation in affect could be a primary determinant of the type of psychosis. CONCLUSION: It appears that negative symptoms are a distinct aspect of schizophrenia and may aid in our understanding of psychotic disorders.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2005

Impaired comprehension of affective prosody in elderly subjects is not predicted by age-related hearing loss or age-related cognitive decline.

Impairments in the ability of elderly people to comprehend affective prosody have been reported, but little is known about the relationship between affective prosodic comprehension and age-related changes in hearing and cognition. The Aprosodia Battery, which included an assessment of attitudinal comprehension, was used to compare affective-prosodic comprehension in young and elderly subjects and to investigate the relationship of results to selected hearing and neuropsychological measures. As a group, the healthy elderly subjects were impaired relative to young subjects on all tasks assessing comprehension of affective prosody. Variability within the elderly group was not predicted by mild to moderate peripheral hearing loss and was only marginally predicted by traditional cognitive measures. These findings along with those of other researchers suggest that loss of affective-prosodic comprehension in elderly persons is related to a specific aging effect that impairs right hemisphere function.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Work-related goal perceptions and affective well-being.

The aim was to clarify how perceptions of work-related goals influence affective well-being and goal commitment. Participants (N = 201) completed a Goal Perceptions Questionnaire and affect scales. A model was refined using structural equation modelling. Value and success expectation substantially mediated the effects of other goal perceptions on affects and commitment. Both value and success expectation increased commitment, but whereas value increased positive affects, success expectation reduced negative affects. The determinants of value (e.g. personal origin) were different from those of success expectation (e.g. personal control). Through astute goal setting, it is possible to promote well-being without compromising commitment.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Neuroanatomical studies of major affective disorders. A review and suggestions for further research.

Interest in the long-neglected neuropathology of major affective disorders has recently been rekindled, partly because of the emergence of brain-imaging techniques. We review the literature suggesting that attention be given to the neuroanatomy and neuropathology of primary and secondary affective disorders. Computerised tomography studies show that patients with affective disorders tend to be similar to schizophrenic patients and significantly different from normal control subjects in ventricle:brain ratio, sulcal widening, and cerebellar vermian atrophy. As yet, there are few neuropathological investigations of the brains of patients with primary affective disorders. Suggestions for further research in the neuropathology of affective disorders are offered.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1994

Disturbed attachment and negative affective style. An intergenerational spiral.

The relationship between the quality of parents' attachment to their own parents and the quality of affective style was examined with a sample of 49 severely disturbed young adults and adolescents and their families receiving long-term in-patient treatment. Measures reflecting disturbances in attachment of parents to their own parents, derived from a five-minute speech sample task, were strongly associated with measures of negative affective style (e.g., criticism, intrusiveness and guilt induction) in face-to-face interactions with the disturbed offspring, as assessed through videotaped discussions of conflictual family issues after three months of treatment. The most significant findings involved the linkages between disturbances in the mother's attachment to her own mother and the degree of negative affect directed at the child patient. The association between disturbed intergenerational parental attachments and negative affective style supports the hypothesis that the parent's own internal burdens, stemming from disturbed attachment representations, particularly of the same-sex parent, may be a driving force behind the negative affect they display in interactions with their disturbed offspring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Obstetric complications and affective psychoses. Two case-control studies based on structured obstetric records.

BACKGROUND: Unlike schizophrenia, little interest has been taken in the incidence of obstetric complications in affective psychoses. AIMS: To find out whether obstetric complications are more common in affective psychoses than matched controls. METHOD: Two hundred and seventeen probands with an in-patient diagnosis of affective psychosis who had been born in Scotland in 1971-74, and a further 84 born in 1975-78, were closely matched with controls and the incidence of obstetric complications in the two compared using obstetric data recorded in a set format shortly after birth. RESULTS: Abnormal presentation of the foetus was the only complication significantly more common in the affective probands in the 1971-74 birth cohort and artificial rupture of the membranes was the only event more common in the probands in the 1975-78 cohort. Both are probably chance findings. CONCLUSION: It is unlikely that the incidence of obstetric complications is raised in people with affective psychoses of early onset.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Predictors of later schizophrenia and affective psychosis among attendees at a child psychiatry department.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia has been linked with psychological problems in childhood but there is little information on precursors of affective psychosis. AIMS: To compare childhood psychological antecedents of adult schizophrenia and affective psychosis. METHOD: Childhood item sheets, which give standardised information on signs and symptoms of mental illness in the year preceding assessment are completed for all attendees at the children's department of the Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hospital. We examined item sheet data on individuals with an adult diagnosis of schizophrenia (n=59) or affective psychosis (n=27) and a comparison group with no adult mental illness (n=86) (all had attended the department). RESULTS: Abnormal suspiciousness or sensitivity and relationship difficulties with peers are associated with later schizophrenia. In contrast, affective psychosis is associated with childhood hysterical symptoms and disturbances in eating. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood psychological precursors for schizophrenia and affective psychosis differ and do not simply reflect non-specific psychiatric disturbance in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Negative affect in offspring of depressed mothers is predicted by infant cortisol levels at 6 months and maternal depression during pregnancy, but not postpartum.

This study tests the hypothesis that maternal depression during pregnancy predicts temperament in offspring aged 6 m to 5 y. Previous studies have shown that maternal depression is related to negative affect and that certain temperament factors, such as negative affect and behavioral inhibition, in children predict affective disorders. Here, maternal depression is divided into depression during pregnancy vs. depression postpartum. Maternal depression was determined by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) throughout pregnancy and postpartum (prospectively) and by a diagnostic interview (SCID) at 6 months postpartum. The data show that maternal depression during pregnancy, but not postpartum, predicted the ratings of negative affect in the offspring. Importantly, symptoms of depression in the mother (BDI) were used as a control variable in the analyses in order to control for potential bias related to the mother's mood. In addition, cortisol levels in response to a mild stressor at 6 months of age predicted negative affect in infants and toddlers. We conclude that the effects of maternal depression on behavioral problems and vulnerability to mental illness may be mediated by altered temperament and enhanced stress responsiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Affective guilt states in women and the Perceived Guilt Index.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the determinants of affective guilt states, and to examine the interrelationships among one measure of dispositional guilt, and two measures of affective guilt. In study 1, women who were high in affective trait guilt had higher guilt states after being required to make sexual responses to sexual double-entendre words. In study 2, high affective trait guilt women had higher guilt states after being told they would be required to make sexual responses, but before they actually made any responses. The hypothesized relationship between a measure of dispositional guilt and a measure of affective state guilt was not found in either experiment.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Effects of combination estrogen plus progestin hormone treatment on cognition and affect.

CONTEXT: Some studies of hormone treatment in postmenopausal women suggest benefits on specific cognitive functions, particularly memory. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether hormone therapy influences changes in specific cognitive functions and affect in older women. DESIGN: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Participants were women from 14 of 40 clinical centers of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). PARTICIPANTS: Postmenopausal women (1416) aged 65 yr and older, free of probable dementia, and enrolled in WHI and the WHI Memory Study (WHIMS) trial of combination estrogen and progestin for a mean of 3 yr and followed for a mean of 1.35 yr, were studied. INTERVENTION: Intervention was conjugated equine estrogen (CEE; 0.625 mg) with 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in one daily tablet (CEE + MPA) or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual rates of change in specific cognitive functions and affect, adjusted for time since randomization, were measured. RESULTS: CEE + MPA had a negative impact on verbal memory (P <or= 0.01) and a trend to a positive impact on figural memory (P = 0.012) over time compared with placebo, but other cognitive domains were not affected. Both effects on memory were evident only after long-term therapy. CEE + MPA did not significantly influence positive affect, negative affect, or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of CEE + MPA on cognitive function varies across cognitive domains in older women, reflecting both possible beneficial and detrimental actions of ovarian steroids on the aging brain. Our results extend prior findings about dementia and global cognitive function to age-related changes in specific cognitive functions and suggest directions for future research.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Affective and cognitive control of persons and behaviours.

Three studies assessed the relative contribution of affect and cognition to determining behavioural intentions for a variety of behaviours using both between-participants and within-participants analyses. The between-participants analyses showed that affect tends to make more of a contribution than does cognition for more behaviours. However, the within-participants analyses indicated that there are strong individual differences among people. Some people are more under affective control, across behaviours, whereas other people are more under cognitive control. The most interesting finding was that, despite the potential independence of between-participants and within-participants analyses (Mischela, 1990), between-participants analyses on subsamples created from the within-participants analyses showed significant dependence. The predictive validity of affect vs. cognition depended upon whether participants were affectively or cognitively controlled.

Affect↗