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PubMed1975

[New views on the significance and treatment of undescended testis (author's transl)].

Undescended testis is of clinical importance because there are increased risks of milignancy and torsion and disturbances of fertility and psychosexual development. New quantitative morphologic investigations show that human prepubertal testicular maturation does not occur in phases but is continuous. This made it necessary to investigate afresh the causes of disturbance of fertility and the treatment of indescended testis. Our own investigations show that damage to the germ epithelium need not be congenital but may develop because of its ectopy. If, in dogs, a testis is placed into the abdomen, not only this but also the normally placed testis in the scrotum is damaged. The diameter of the tubules and their surfaces as well as the numbers of pachtenous primary spermatocytes are significantly reduced both in the displaced and the normally placed testis. Nuclear surfaces and density of the cells involved in spermatogenesis differ from those in the controls. The findings support the plea for early hormonal or surgical treatment in order to prevent later disturbances of fertility.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[Late results of testis homotransplantation].

15 patients with testis dysplasia and traumatic anorchidism were treated with testis homotransplantation. 14 of 15 cases have been followed up for 1.5 to 5 years. The transplanted testes of 14 cases were with moderate hardness and obvious improvement of secondary sex characters and sexual function have been observed in these patients. The size of the transplanted testes was as big as that of international testis model 15 in 11 cases. The transplanted testes of 3 cases atrophied 9 to 14 months after operation. The sperms were found in semen or urine collected from the bladders after prostatic massage in 3 cases. Sperm count and sperm motility were normal in 2 cases. The wife of 1 case was impregnated and bore a boy in the fourth year after operation. The value of serum testosterone became normal (450-900 ng/dl) from preoperative low level. Therapeutic effectiveness of testis homotransplantation was evaluated and treatment of rejective reaction of the testis homotransplantation was discussed in the paper.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of specific insulin binding sites in rat testis following induced diabetes and experimental starvation.

The presence of insulin-saturable binding sites in the rat testis have been demonstrated. Employing radioreceptor assay (RRA), the characteristics of insulin binding in both liver and testis of the normal (control) rats have been studied. Crude receptor binding at 37 degrees C after 18-20 hrs of incubation in Tris-HCl buffer at pH-7.5. The binding of 125I-insulin to liver and testis of the experimental rats, rendered diabetic for two months with single parenteral streptozotocin (STZ) administration (65 mg/Kg, BW, ip) was also studied. In the diabetic rats, the insulin binding in liver as compared to the control increased by over 92% (P 0.001); the increase in the binding of 125I-insulin to the testis of the diabetic rats however was not statistically significant. Similarly, insulin binding to the testis did not vary much after 3 days of starvation as against 84% (P 0.001) increase in the insulin binding to the liver of the fasted rats. These results suggest that testicular insulin receptors are similar to those of liver but may have a different physiological control.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Traumatic dislocation of the testis. A case report].

A case report of a traumatic dislocation of the testis is described. The patient was a 19-year-old man whose perineum received a high speed impact against the smooth wedge shape of the gasoline tank in a motor cycle accident. Immediate surgical replacement of the testis was successfully performed. Right testis was found between the Scarpa's fascia and the aponeurosis of external oblique in the superficial inguinal pouch. The testis was rotated through 180 degrees in its horizontal axis, such that the inferior pole was lying superiorly. Tunica vaginalis was ruptured, but testis had a normal appearance. Spermatic cord also showed normal appearance. Including our case, 50 cases (55 testes) of this entity have been reported in Japan. According to the classification of Alyea, 4 testes (7.3%) were in the pubic, 1 (1.8%) in the penile, 0 in the crural, 24 (43.6%) in the inguinal, 1 (1.8%) in the perineal, 4 (7.3%) in the inguinal canal, 4 (7.3%) in the abdomen, and 0 in the femoral canal. Seventeen (30.9%) testes had compound dislocation. Recent reports reveal an increased number of motor cycle accidents, and age distribution has its peak incidence at the ages of 20-29 (34%).

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1988

Structure and expression of rodent genes encoding the testis-specific cytochrome c. Differences in gene structure and evolution between somatic and testicular variants.

Mammalian testis contains two forms of cytochrome c, one identical to the form found in somatic tissues and a second that is expressed in a stage-specific manner during spermatogenic differentiation. We have isolated both rat and mouse cDNA clones and the rat gene encoding the testis-specific cytochrome c and determined their DNA sequences. The testicular variant displays a number of notable differences with its somatic counterpart. 1) In contrast to the multipseudogene family derived from mammalian somatic cytochrome c genes, the testis gene is single-copy in genomic DNA with no detectable pseudogenes. 2) The rat testis gene is approximately 7 kilobases (kb) long with three introns totaling nearly 6.5 kb whereas the two introns dividing the 2.1-kb somatic gene occupy only 0.9 kb. Introns differ in position as well as size. 3) The testicular variant has a longer 5'-untranslated leader (230 versus 70 base pairs for the somatic gene) with an upstream open reading frame of 129 base pairs beginning with an AUG in a favorable translational context. 4) A single polyadenylation site in the testicular mRNA (approximately 900 nucleotides) contrasts with the three functionally equivalent sites observed in rat somatic messages. 5) Finally, rat and mouse testis cytochromes c differ at 4 amino acid residues as opposed to the complete sequence identity found in the somatic proteins suggesting a shorter unit evolutionary period for these molecules. These observations are consistent with a duplication of an ancestral cytochrome c gene leading to the emergence of novel structural features and regulatory properties likely associated with the striking tissue specificity of the testicular cytochrome c.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Morphologic effects of orchiopexy or orchiectomy on the contralateral testis in experimental unilateral cryptorchidism.

For evaluation of the effects of orchiopexy and orchiectomy on the contralateral descended testis, unilateral cryptorchidism was produced in 60 21-day-old mice by suturing of the left testis to the inner abdominal wall. A sham operation was performed on the left testis of 20 control mice (S). After creation of unilateral cryptorchidism, orchiopexy (P) or orchiectomy (O) was performed on the left testis at 2 (group I) and 10 (group II) weeks (ten mice each). All testes were removed for examination 2 weeks after orchiopexy or orchiectomy. In both groups the mean values of testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, and tubular biopsy score of contralateral O testes were always statistically similar to the values of contralateral S testes (p greater than 0.01). The difference between TBS values of contralateral P and S testes was not significant in group I (p greater than 0.01), but it was significant in group II (p less than 0.01). The data from this murine experiment suggest that orchiectomy for unilateral cryptorchid testis is almost always helpful in improving contralateral morphology; however, orchiopexy can be helpful if it is not performed late in the period of maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of DNA methyltransferase in the testis of rat.

In mammalian DNA, the base 5-methylcytosine is generated by post-replicational methylation of cytosine residue by DNA methyltransferase. In this study the levels of DNA methyltransferase of testis during various ages and the effects of gonadotropic hormones on immature rat testis were studied. It was observed that the specific activity of DNA methyltransferase was high in the testis at the age of 20 and 30 days. After this age, the activity of DNA methyltransferase declined significantly and was maintained at lower level from days 120 to 240. Treatment with follicle stimulating hormone significantly decreased the enzyme activity in the testis while luteinizing hormone did not cause any effect. These results indicate that DNA methyltransferase of certain cells in the testis is under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Biochemical changes in testis and ovary of Chrysocoris stolli Wolf. after the application of juvenoid and ecdysterone.

The changes in the metabolic status of both testis and ovary of Chrysocoris stolli following the treatment with juvenile hormone analogue (JHa) and ecdysterone were studied. After the exogenous application of JHa in selective dose, total carbohydrate, glycogen, trehalose, cholesterol, ascorbic acid and inorganic phosphorus increased significantly whereas free fatty acid (FFA), phospholipid, total protein, RNA and DNA decreased significantly in comparison to control of both testis and ovary. Total lipid significantly decreased in testis and significantly increased in ovary after JHa injection. The activities of cellular enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase, catalase and peroxidase significantly decreased while acid phosphatase and GPT significantly increased after the JHa application in comparison to control both in testis and ovary. Activities of GOT and general esterase significantly decreased in testis and increased in ovary after JHa application. The exogenous application of ecdysterone also brought about the similar kind of responses as was noticed in case of JHa treatment but these two treatments differed in some cases such as ecdysteroid that produced some results which were just the reverse of what was produced by JHa treatment. The results obtained here were explained in terms of mode of action of these two hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Epididymo-testicular anomalies in the undescended testis. How important is their effect on infertility?

Infertility in subjects affected by undesceded testis occurs in from 25 to 100% of the cases according to the various Authors. This depends on whether one or both gonads are concerned and on the age when medical and/or surgical treatment of the condition was begun. Our study was made in two successive periods: first we studied the secretory causes of infertility by examining some histological parameters, (MTD, IFT), and endocrinological ones, (basal testosterone and then after HCG, basal gonadotropin and then after GnRH) in 43 subjects of ages ranging between 2 and 13 years who are affected by uni- or bilateral maldescension. We then analysed the excretory causes of infertility and classified and interpreted 108 epididymo-testicular malformations out of a total of 144 undescended testis observed during our last year of work. We conclude that from a histological point of view, from the third year after birth there is a steady progressive reduction in the tubular fertility index in undescended testis compared to scrotal testis. There is no significant reduction, however, in the mean tubular diameter up to the prepubertal phase. From the endocrinological point of view, we found a normal LH secretion and hypertonia in the pituitary secretion of FSH in bilateral maldescension, not found, however, in unilateral maldescension. Finally, anomalies concerning the epididymo-testicular relationship are found in 75% of undescended testis and of these 36% have a definite effect on infertility of the excretory type.

Cryptorchidism↗
PubMed1983

The effect of age, mating and vasoligature on angiotensin I converting enzyme in rat testis and epididymis.

Angiotensin I converting enzyme was measured in testis, different sections of epididymis and vas deferens of rats with the analytical method of Piquilloud et al. In tissue specimens without a prior washout of seminal fluid the highest enzyme activity was found in the testis. The enzyme activity fell significantly towards the end of the excurrent ducts, suggesting that the enzyme is synthesized in the Sertoli cells of the testis, undergoes exocrine secretion and is partially inhibited during passage through the epididymis. This was supported by additional analyses of seminal fluid from rete testis and vas deferens. According to data obtained from various age groups, sexual stimulation due to mating and bilateral vasoligature, enzyme synthesis in the testis and enzyme inhibition in the epididymis seem to be under simultaneous (androgenic) control. Though the highest specific enzyme activity in the rat is located in the gonads, CE's enzyme substrate and the anatomical structures on which its reaction product is effective are not yet apparent.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

[Morphological and cytochemical differentiation of the rat testis under physiological conditions and after administration of toxic doses of cadmium chloride].

The paper describes morphological and cytochemical changes in rat testis starting with the first day of postnatal life to 1,5 year under physiological conditions and after single intraperitoneal injection of 1,5 mg CdCl2/kg. We have proved that sensitive cells in testis are: spermatogonia B and primary spermatocyte. Maximum morphological and cytochemical changes occur in the testis of 30-60 days old rats and in 15 year old rats following destruction of the testis begins in capillar walls and blod-testis barrier.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endothelin-1 and its receptors in human testis.

We have previously found the presence of endothelin (ET) receptor and ET-like immunoreactivity in rat testis. We now extend our studies from rat to human testis. We found expression of a specific transcript for ET-1 and ET-1-like immunoreactivity in human testis. Positive staining was confined to the Sertoli cells of the tubular compartment, although few peritubular and interstitial cells were also stained. We also identified specific ETA and ETB receptor transcripts in human testis; ETA expression was more abundant than the ETB expression. Mathematical analysis of multiple self- and cross-competition studies among [125I]ET-1, [125I]ET-3, and analogues confirmed the presence of the ETA and ETB isoreceptors. In testicular homogenates, the ETA receptor was sevenfold more concentrated than the ETB receptor. In order to localize the receptors, we performed [125I]ET-1 autoradiography. Binding sites were mostly concentrated into the seminiferous tubules, although interstitial and peritubular myoid cells were also positive. Within the seminiferous tubules, [125I]ET-1 binding sites were confined to primary and secondary spermatocytes and early spermatids, whereas Sertoli cells were negative. We were unable to demonstrate the presence of functional ET receptors in ejaculated spermatozoa. Because ET-like immunoreactivity was present in Sertoli cells, we next asked whether authentic ET-1 is present in human seminal fluid and represents a good index for Sertoli cell function. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of ET-like immunoreactivity in seminal fluid indicated that most of the detected peptides correspond to the ET-1 precursor, big-ET-1. The seminal concentration of ET-like immunoreactivity was similar in normospermic, oligospermic, azoospermic, and vasectomized men, indicating that ETs are produced in different parts of the male genital tract and that they do not represent an useful tool for the diagnosis of male reproductive diseases. In conclusion, this study demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of ET-1 and its receptors in human testis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Diagnostic laparoscopy in non-palpable testis].

In this article we present our experience with diagnostic laparoscopies in 45 patients with a total of 48 impalpable testes. Laparoscopy was performed before surgical exploration, in the same operative set-up. No complications were seen. One laparoscopy was a technical failure. In six children and one adult no testis, no deferent duct or spermatic vessels were found. The diagnosis of testicular absence was made. In 14 children no testis was found. In 13 cases atrophic spermatic vessels were seen, in one case histologically proven testicular tissue was found. In one case a blind-ending deferent duct was seen. In 27 patients an intra-abdominal testis was found, mostly 2-3 cm before the internal annulus. We performed an orchidectomy 10 times, an orchidopexy 3 times and an autotransplantation of the testis 9 times. Laparoscopy proved to be an easy, safe and reliable method to localise an impalpable testis. It is the method of choice in our clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Perineal ectopic testis. Report of seven cases].

Between 1973 and 1993 7 perineal testis are observed and operated on in our surgical department. The perineal testis is a rare ectopic testis probably caused by some mechanical obstacles in the entrance of the testis in the scrotum. A diagnosis is easy if also the less frequent localizations of testicular ectopia are palpated. Surgery must be precociously performed or, in case of late discovery, upon diagnosis effected because the perineal testis is particularly subject to traumathisms. Orchiopexy is easy to perform, the results are good and, if promptly treated, this form of ectopia has an excellent prognosis of fertility.

Child↗
PubMed1993

[Pathogenic effects of Trypanosoma congolense on the testis of Baoulé bulls: quantitative and morphometric histology].

The effect of Trypanosoma congolense on testis was studied in 53 trypano-resistant "Baoulé" bulls by quantitative histology and morphometry. The daily spermatozoa production per testis of control groups (n = 45) was 382 +/- 334 x 10(6) (m +/- sd) and the epididymis contained 0.6 +/- 1 x 10(9) spermatozoa in the caput, 0.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(9) in the corpus and 1.2 +/- 1.8 x 10(9) in the cauda. The infected bulls (n = 8) showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) when compared to the control despite their average low value. The morphometric analysis during infection revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease (32%) of total Leydig cell volume per testis, 4.4 +/- 0.9 cm3 for the control (n = 5) and 3.0 +/- 0.8 cm3 for infected bulls (n = 8). The number of round spermatids per Sertoli cell and the daily round spermatid production (DRSP) per testis were also significantly reduced in infected bulls when compared to controls (P < 0.05), 5.2 +/- 0.7 and 2.8 +/- 2 for round spermatid per Sertoli cell and 6.1 +/- 2.0 and 3.1 +/- 1.9 x 10(8) for DRSP. These observations indicate that Trypanosoma congolense infection alters the interstitial tissue and meotic divisions of germinal cells leading to low daily round spermatid production per gram of testis in "Baoulé" bulls.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of effects of 0.5 and 3.0 Gy X-irradiation on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme function in rat testis and liver.

The prooxidant effect of X-irradiation on rat testis and liver tissue was studied with doses of 0.5 and 3.0 Gy; the latter dose kills the proliferating spermatogonia and causes a maturation-depletion process in the germ cells. The level of lipid peroxidation, measured by the formation of diene conjugates and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were determined 0.5 hours, 1 day, 7 days, and 31 days after the exposure. In the liver, increased levels of diene conjugation (+36%, P < 0.05) in the group of 3.0 Gy at 0.5 hours indicated increased lipid peroxidation. At the same time, TBARS were increased (+25%, P < 0.05) in the group of 0.5 Gy, but not in the 3.0-Gy group. In the testis, diene conjugation was not determined at 0.5 hours postirradiation, and at day 1 it was at the control level. The level of TBARS in the testis was below control (-11%, P < 0.01) in the 3.0-Gy group at day 1. At day 31 after 3.0 Gy in the testis, an increase in the amount of conjugated dienes (+24%, P < 0.01) was observed in parallel with a decreased level of TBARS (-15%, P < 0.01). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was decreased in the testis at 0.5 hours postirradiation (-28%, P < 0.05, and -29%, P < 0.05, in the groups of 0.5 and 3.0 Gy), whereafter it returned to normal by day 7. In the liver, such inactivation of SOD was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The biomechanical aspect of testis hydrocele.

The liquid content of the hydrocele or watery hernia presses blood vessels of the testis. This pressure occurs in the accordance with hydrostatic and hydraulic laws. However, none of 223. 568 studies on the pressure in mammalian organisms registered worldwide has reported on the pressure values in case of testis hydrocele. Results obtained by observation of 20 patient with testis hydrocele suggested that the hydrostatic pressure of testis hydrocele always surpassed the pressure of blood vessels within the scrotum, proving that the pressure of a fluid as a mechanical factor plays an important role in the malfunction of spermatogenesis as well as in hypoxemic hypoxia of the testis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect on human gamma interferon on mice testis: a quantitative analysis of the spermatogenic cells.

Effect of Human Gamma Interferon (Hu-IFN-gamma) on the testicular histology was studied in mice. Male mice were administered Hu-IFN-gamma intratesticularly at the doses of 2, 10 and 20 micrograms/testis in a volume of 1.0 microliter isotonic normal saline. Contralateral testis served as control and was administered same amount of vehicle. All the animals were sacrificed 7 days after drug administration. Body weight and the weights of testis and epididymis were not affected by IFN treatment nor was there any effect of the drug on the motility of the vas deferens spermatozoa. Low dose of IFN (3 mukg) did not have significant effect on the histoarchitecture of the testes and various spermatogenic elements, a progressive damage was however observed with the increasing doses of IFN. Pronounced deleterious effect of IFN on the testis leading to desquamation of the germinal epithelium, reduction in the germinal cell height and tubular diameter was observed with 20 micrograms dose. Quantitative studies on seminiferous epithelium showed a significant decrease in the number of Sertoli cells, stage-7 spermatids and stage-16 spermatozoa. The ratios of resting type spermatocyte: type A spermatogonia and stage-7 spermatids: pachytene spermatocyte was also reduced. The ratios of pachytene spermatocyte: resting spermatocyte and stage-16 spermatozoa: stage-7 spermatids were however not affected by IFN treatment. In another experiment IFN was administered (2 micrograms/day) subcutaneously to male mice for 30 days. No effect of drug treatment on body weight, organ weight, sperm motility and histology (including morphometry) of the testis was observed. Our data suggest that IFN action at testis may be associated with the antiproliferative effect of interferon.

Animals↗