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PubMed1995

Modulation of binding sites for corticotropin-releasing hormone by chronic psychosocial stress.

This study was conducted to determine whether long lasting psychosocial stress would affect corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) binding sites in the brain, the pituitary, and the adrenal gland. As a model for sustained emotional stress we used chronic psychosocial conflict in male tree shrews. In subordinate tree shrews, repeated confrontation with a dominant conspecific results in constant hyperactivity of the HPA-axis and an elevated neurosympathetic tone. After 24 days of psychosocial conflict, CRH binding sites were quantified by in vitro-autoradiography with 125I-ovine CRH in 23 discrete brain regions, the pituitaries, and the adrenal glands of subordinate and control animals. Chronic stress significantly reduced the number of binding sites (Bmax) in the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the dentate gyrus, the CA1-CA3 areas of the hippocampus, and in both the stratum griseum superficiale and the stratum opticum of the superior colliculus. In cortical area 17, the reduction of Bmax was counterbalanced by an increase in the affinity (Kd) of the radioligand for the binding sites. A significant stress-induced enhancement of Bmax was observed in the frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, claustrocortex, the central and lateral nucleus of the amygdala, and in the choroid plexus. This increase was accompanied by a significant decrease of Kd-values in the frontal and cingulate cortex, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, and the choroid plexus. These findings represent the first in vivo demonstration of a modulation of extrahypothalamic CRH receptors by a naturally occurring form of stress. The different response patterns of the central CRH binding sites reflect distinct neuroendocrine processes which are presumed to coordinate behavioral, autonomic, endocrine, and immune responses to long-lasting psychosocial conflict.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2006

Supplication and appeasement in conflict and negotiation: The interpersonal effects of disappointment, worry, guilt, and regret.

This study examined the social effects of emotions related to supplication and appeasement in conflict and negotiation. In a computer-simulated negotiation, participants in Experiment 1 were confronted with a disappointed or worried opponent (supplication), with a guilty or regretful opponent (appeasement), or with a nonemotional opponent (control). Compared with controls, participants conceded more when the other experienced supplication emotions and conceded less when the other experienced appeasement emotions (especially guilt). Experiment 2 replicated the effects of disappointment and guilt and showed that they are moderated by the perceiver's dispositional trust: Negotiators high in trust conceded more to a disappointed counterpart than to a happy one, but those with low trust were unaffected. In Experiment 3, trust was manipulated through information about the other's personality (cooperative vs. competitive), and a similar moderation was obtained.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1985

Use of controlling language in the rehabilitation of the elderly.

Discussion rests on the notion that a paradox exists in the techniques used by nurses during the rehabilitation of elderly patients; and that this can be identified in the language nurses use during interactions with their patients. This language is seen as essentially controlling and as such contributing to a sense of helpless dependence rather than confident independence conducive to patients' successful rehabilitation. Social and physical antecedents to this are identified and the pertinence of issues of power and control in the lives of the elderly discussed. Supporting evidence is drawn from studies of nurse-patient verbal interaction. An attempt is made to identify and emphasize the subtle nature of 'controlling language'. Research questions are identified and the future contribution of research highlighted.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Gender, status and 'powerless' speech: interactions of students and lecturers.

The present study investigated whether the use of 'powerless' speech was affected by role status, speaker's gender and gender of another participant. Fifty-two university lecturers and 156 students participated. Students were paired with a lecturer or student of the same or opposite sex. The findings placed a question mark over the link between powerless speech and individuals of low role status. Moreover, against hypothesis, speaker's gender and gender of partner did not affect the use of qualifiers or fillers, although they affected the use of tag questions and some types of hesitation. A qualitative analysis was also conducted which suggested that the powerless features were, in fact, multi-functional with respect to power. In addition, the importance of a variety of interactional techniques, such as credibility techniques, in the creation or negotiation of relational power was documented. As a whole, these findings highlight problems with the concept of 'powerless' speech, at least with respect to relational power.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity: expected dominance versus expected arousal as mediators in acquaintance-rape situations.

Individuals who are high in rape myth acceptance (RMA) have been found to report a high proclivity to rape. In a series of three studies, the authors examined whether the relationship between RMA and self-reported rape proclivity was mediated by anticipated sexual arousal or anticipated enjoyment of sexually dominating the rape victim. Results of all three studies suggest that the anticipated enjoyment of sexual dominance mediates the relationship between RMA and rape proclivity, whereas anticipated sexual arousal does not. These findings are consistent with the feminist argument that rape and sexual violence may be motivated by men's desire to exert power over women. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Personality correlates of the abstract response on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.

Through the innovative use of a special set of Holtzman inkblots, several variables of the Personality Research Form were shown to be correlates of the Abstract response for 30 male and 33 female undergraduates. For males, positive correlations were obtained between Abstract and Achievement, Endurance and Sentience; while negative correlations were obtained between Abstract and Harmavoidance and Order, respectively. For females, Abstract was positively correlated with Dominance, Nurturance, Exhibition, and Social Recognition; and negatively correlated with Abasement and Affiliation.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact.

This study extends the literature on interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace by examining the incidence, targets, instigators, and impact of incivility (e.g., disrespect, condescension, degradation). Data were collected from 1,180 public-sector employees, 71% of whom reported some experience of workplace incivility in the previous 5 years. As many as one third of the most powerful individuals within the organization instigated these uncivil acts. Although women endured greater frequencies of incivility than did men, both genders experienced similarly negative effects on job satisfaction, job withdrawal, and career salience. Uncivil workplace experiences were also associated with greater psychological distress; however, indices of psychological and physical health were relatively unaffected. The authors discuss these findings in the context of organizational and cognitive stress theories.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Empirical investigations on the position of the therapist in group psychotherapy].

A new sociometric approach has been used to objectify the relative position of the therapeutist in group psychotherapy through the use of such parameters as valency and potency. The method described in this paper may be used for determining the course of therapy and provides information about the proper functioning of the group and the influence of the therapeutist upon the patients participating in psychotherapy. This allows undesirable effects to be corrected.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed1992

A personal recovery program for codependent nurse practitioners.

Codependence is a progressive emotional and behavioral disease that makes life painful. Because of nursing's historical roots and the present role of advance-practice nurses in the health care system, nurse practitioners are at risk for developing this disease. Codependence interferes with nurse practitioner's job performance by causing dysfunctional interactions with supervisors, peers and subordinates. A personal program of recovery is the only way to halt the progress of this syndrome and to re-establish healthy work patterns. The stages of recovery from codependence are identification, awareness, reintegration and genesis. Tools of recovery include involvement in a 12 Step program, connecting with other recovering people, daily affirmations and meditations, and attending programs and workshops on codependence.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Have MMPI MF scale correlates changed in the past 30 years?

This study was designed to investigate whether behavioral correlates of the MMPI Masculinity-Femininity (MF) scale are similar to or different from those established in the 1950s, given the many social and cultural changes that have taken place since then. There were 306 participants in the study, 102 target subjects (51 males, 51 females) and 204 same-sex friends. The former were administered the first 399 items of the MMPI, the Interpersonal Adjective Scale (IAS), and other questionnaires. The friends described each subject on the IAS. Low MF females were rated by themselves and their peers as tender and emotional, whereas high MF females considered themselves exploitative and self-confident and were rated as bold and unsympathetic by their peers. Low MF males described themselves as domineering and impersonal and were described by their peers as well-mannered. High MFs saw themselves as undemanding and shy and were perceived as emotional by their peers. It appears that the behavioral correlates established a generation ago are still valid today, at least for college students.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed2004

Aggressive behavior in female golden hamsters: development and the effect of repeated social stress.

In male golden hamsters, agonistic behavior matures during puberty, changing from play fighting to adult-like aggression. In addition, this transition is accelerated by repeated social subjugation early in puberty. However, little is known about the development of agonistic behavior in females. In the present study, we compared the development of agonistic behavior in male and female golden hamsters. Furthermore, we also tested the effects of repeated social subjugation on the development of agonistic behavior during puberty. Hamsters were tested for agonistic behavior in the presence of a smaller intruder at different intervals during puberty. Several observations were made. First, the frequency of attacks remained stable in females, while varying in males. Second, the transition from play fighting to adult-like aggression occurred at earlier time periods in females than in males. Finally, a clear transitional period marked by attacks focused on the flanks was observable in males around mid-puberty. However, this transitional period was not apparent in females. In addition, juvenile females were exposed to aggressive adult males or females. In both cases, repeated exposure to stress had no statistically significant effect on the development of agonistic behavior. After 2 weeks of subjugation, exposure to aggressive adults had no effect on serum cortisol levels, indicating that juvenile females habituate to repeated social stress. These data show significant sex differences in the development of agonistic behavior and adaptation to repeated stress in juvenile golden hamsters.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Countertransference examples of the syntactic expression of warded-off contents.

This is a preliminary statement of the hypothesis that syntax in speech may act as an "incidental stimulus" in the communication of mental contents which the speaker is motivated both to conceal and to express. Ten clinical examples, taken from verbatim transcripts of one psychoanalyst's interventions in a recorded case, illustrate the expression of countertransference attitudes by syntactic and other linguistic properties such as: the agentless passive, pronominal ambiguity, yes/no questions, extraposition, the pseudocleft construction, delaying tactics, the passive construction and conceptual focus, lists and logical complexity, foregrounding, syntactic and lexical ambiguity, subordinate clauses and syntactic opacity.

Communication↗
PubMed1995

Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques.

Grooming behavior of which the primary function appears to be the removal of lice on other (Tanaka and Takefushi [1993] Anthropological Science 101:187-193) was studied in Japanese maceques at Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan, June 1990-July 1993. Several louse egg-handling techniques used during grooming were identified (with differences in efficiency) in a free-ranging group. In the low-ranking maternal lineages, the distribution of these techniques is quite homogeneous, suggesting social transmission with goal emulation (one form of social learning) based on maternal kin. However, there is considerable variation in the high-ranking matriline. The social system of dominance--the tendency of subordinates to groom more often than to be groomed--may result in oblique transmission of more effective techniques from low-ranking monkeys to some offspring of high-ranking females.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[The role of psychologic factors in adaptive behavior of younger and older people].

Contemporary view on the issue of adjustment potential in an aging human being is presented. In a prognostic model the following features, ranked according to their importance, were identified: for younger individuals--friendship, warmth, responsibility, thoroughness, persistence, control of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, sensitivity, tenderness, wide range of interests, tolerance towards other people and high level of intellectual efficiency; for older individuals--self control, social maturity and balanced approach to the others, lack of conflicts in interpersonal relationships, self sufficiency and independence, tolerance with a tendency to self subordination and psychological immunity. Attention is drawn to the results of the obtained prognostic models which will constitute a reference base for psychologists working in geriatric wards.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Social experience and social context alter the behavioral response to centrally administered oxytocin in female Syrian hamsters.

The type of social behavior displayed by an individual is profoundly influenced by its immediate social environment or context and its prior social experience. Although oxytocin is important in the expression of social behavior in several species, it is not known if social factors alter the ability of oxytocin to influence behavior. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that social experience and social context alter the ability of oxytocin to regulate flank marking (a form of scent marking) in female Syrian hamsters. Oxytocin was microinjected into the medial preoptic anterior hypothalamic continuum (MPOA-AH) of socially experienced, dominant female hamsters which were then tested with either a subordinate partner, with a novel partner, or alone. Oxytocin induced flank marking in a dose-dependent manner but only when the experienced dominant hamsters were tested with their familiar, subordinate partners. Oxytocin did not induce flank marking when injected into socially naive female hamsters that were tested with an opponent or alone. In males, by contrast, oxytocin induced flank marking in dominant hamsters when they were tested with their subordinate partner or alone. These data support the hypothesis that social experience and social context interact to regulate the ability of oxytocin to stimulate flank marking by its actions in the MPOA-AH in female hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Social stratification, health, and violence in the very young.

Inequalities in human social groups contribute in important ways to the initiation and perpetuation of violence. Because both social inequalities and interpersonal aggression emerge in early life, it is important to study their developmental origins in the collective and individual behavior of young children. As young as 2 years of age, children assemble stable, linearly transitive dominance hierarchies when brought together in novel social groups. Just as the consequences of socioeconomic status may be due in part to experiences of social ordering per se, subjective childhood experiences of occupying a lesser or greater position on a scale of social influence may similarly affect health, safety, and behavior in early development. Children's experiences with social ordering may represent a first, formative encounter with the hierarchical social relations that affect health and susceptibility to violence over the human lifespan. We have studied the health correlates of group stressors, dominance positions, and biobehavioral reactivity within cohorts of preschool children and semi free-ranging rhesus macaques. Social position is ascertained using naturalistic observations of critical dyadic events, and stress-reactivity is measured using assessments of behavioral and biological responses to standardized challenges. Outcome measures, including indicators of mental and physical health and interpersonal injuries, have been assessed--in the case of children--with parent- and teacher-report questionnaires, child self-report protocols, and frequent, objective physical examinations of the child and--in the case of rhesus monkeys--with daily observations of violence-related injuries. Results to date have suggested the following provisional conclusions: (1) Children and monkeys form stable, linearly transitive social hierarchies in which identifiable subgroups of individuals occupy dominant and subordinate social positions. (2) Individuals occupying subordinate positions within the social group show exaggerated adrenocortical and/or autonomic reactivity to challenge and disproportionate rates of chronic medical conditions or violent injuries. (3) Stress-reactivity, naturally occurring stressors, and social position are interactively predictive of rates of morbidity. Monkeys who displayed high biobehavioral reactivity sustained disproportionate numbers of violent injuries during a confinement stressor. Children who were high in the dominance hierarchy and low in reactivity showed significantly higher rates of externalizing mental health symptoms, while those who were in subordinate social positions and high in reactivity showed higher prevalences of internalizing symptoms. In conclusion, the prevention of youth violence--and other forms of early disorder--will require a deeper, developmental understanding of the "headwaters" of aggression and victimization in early childhood and a stronger accounting of how early social inequalities set trajectories toward healthy or disordered behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Sex-role stereotyping in health care: perceptions of physical therapists.

Eighty-nine physical therapists reported their observations and perceptions on six dimensions of sex-role stereotyping of women, either as patients or as providers of health care. Three dimensions focused on negative attitudes or beliefs about women as patients: female behavior, female physiology, and need for different standards of health care for men and women. The other three dimensions focused on women as health care providers: sex-role conflicts, male-dominant female-subordinate role play, and capacity for leadership. A significant majority of the participants did not believe that female patients are often stereotyped. They also disputed the belief that female health workers are viewed as sex objects, are passive in making recommendations, and are more limited in their effectiveness in leadership and in professional growth than are their male counterparts. They did perceive that female health workers experience certain career conflicts. We concluded that the respondents could not, or were unwilling to, attest to the dilemmas of female clients and providers in health care as claimed in recent literature.

Adult↗