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PubMedDate not supplied

Objective versus subjective outcomes assessment in rhinology.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies on the relationship between computed tomography scan findings and patient-based quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have found very low correlations. Whereas surprising, similarfindings have been noted in other diseases. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the association between objective and subjective findings in nasal septal deformity and a systematic review and synthesis of the literature on CRS and other diseases. RESULTS: We found no association between objective anatomic findings and subjective symptoms in nasal obstruction (R = 0.03; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.97). Multiple studies in CRS and other diseases-sleep apnea, hearing loss, asthma, etc.- have found similarly low correlations between objective and subjective testing. CONCLUSION: For nasal septal deviation and CRS, the patient's subjective perception of disease severity has, at best, a very weak association with objective assessment of severity. Patient-based outcomes assessment remains important; these instruments apparently quantify an aspect of disease not detected by objective testing.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Auditory screening of neonates using an objective method--otoacoustic emissions].

Screening for hearing loss in children in Slovak republic with non-objective methods detects only deaf children, mean age of the diagnosis establishment is even 2.5 years. It is necessary for healthy child development to detect and treat a child with bilateral defect before 1 year of age. Preliminary results of auditory screening in 456 newborns with objective method of otoacoustic emissions (OAE) proved the necessity of otoacoustic screening in all risk newborns. In one of 204 risk newborns serious hearing loss was proved with BERA examination and in next 8 of them it is suspected according to the OAE results and additional tympanometric examination with the A curve. Until now in newborn without risk of hearing loss in history were not detected bilateral hearing loss, only unilateral, not requiring treatment. (Fig. 1, Tab. 2. Ref. 9.)

Female↗
PubMed1990

Object-memory evaluation for prospective detection of dementia in normal functioning elderly: predictive and normative data.

In a prospective study of dementia in initially normal functioning elderly, a brief form of the Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation (OM) was administered to 474 cognitively normal community-residing volunteers aged 75-85 at baseline and annually thereafter. Seventy-two subjects later became demented. Memory test data from the last annual evaluation before cognitive change was noted were available for 56. Although the entire population recalled 7.28 (SD = 1.33) of the 10 objects on Trial 1 of the test at baseline, these 56 subjects recalled only 5.96 (SD = 1.85). When recall of 6 or fewer objects was used as a predictor, the OM test identified 32 of the 56 who subsequently became demented. Compared to an estimated base rate of 15% for dementia, the predictive value of a positive test (PV+) was 39%, and that of a negative test (PV-) was 89%. With a cutoff of 5 or fewer items recalled, the PV+ rose to 59% and the PV- was 94%. Although the OM test was only moderately sensitive to incipient dementia (.57), it was fairly specific (.84), and lowering the cutoff to 5 increased the specificity to .96. Memory testing would therefore seem to hold promise as a predictor of dementia in cognitively normal elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome probable patients' virus RNA in Hangzhou by using a two loci and a modified nested real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the RNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV) by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeted for a two loci and a modified nested real-time RT-PCR as to improving the reliability and sensitivity of tests. METHODS: A nested RT-PCR was used for detecting one fragment of SARS-CoV RNA in oropharyngeal swabs from 3 SARS probable patients, 4 SARS suspect patients and other 27 patients with fever in Hangzhou, and the nested RT-PCR product from one SARS probable patient was sequenced. Meanwhile in these 3 SARS probable patients, other three RT-PCR methods, including a hemi-nested RT-PCR targeted for another fragment of SARS-CoV RNA, a real-time RT-PCR and a modified nested real-time RT-PCR, were employed to detect SARS-CoV RNA. RESULTS: Two positives were found in the 3 SARS probable patients, and none positive in 4 SARS suspect patients and other 27 patients with fever, using the nested RT-PCR. The sequence of the nested RT-PCR product from one SARS probable patient was identified with the counterpart of SARS-CoV genomes published in public database. The results of the hemi-nested RT-PCR, the real-time RT-PCR and the modified nested real-time RT-PCR in the 3 SARS patients were consistent with the one of the nested RT-PCR. During detecting specimen with low copies of RNA, a weak positive signal was produced after about 35 cycles in the real-time RT-PCR, but a strong positive signal was found only after 10 cycles in the modified nested real-time RT-PCR. CONCLUSION: It might improve the reliability of test by employing RT-PCR targeted for two or more fragments in SARS-CoV genome. The modified nested real-time RT-PCR might have higher sensitivity than the routine real-time RT-PCR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Fetal humeral length to detect Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the utility of ultrasonographic humeral length measurements for detection of fetuses with Down syndrome in the midtrimester of gestation. STUDY DESIGN: Ultrasonographic biometry data obtained before genetic amniocenteses on 43 fetuses with Down syndrome and 204 randomly chosen normal fetuses were analyzed. Regression equations relating biparietal diameter to humeral length and femoral length were used to calculate ratios of observed-to-expected length and sensitivity and specificity at various cutoff points. RESULTS: Humeral length in Down syndrome fetuses was significantly shorter than in normal controls (p less than 0.001). A ratio of 0.90 for observed/expected humeral length yielded a sensitivity of 28%, a specificity of 91%, and positive predictive values of 1.23% and 0.41% in populations at risk for Down syndrome of 1 in 250 and 1 in 750, respectively. The equivalent ratio for femoral length yielded a sensitivity of 19%, a specificity of 91%, and positive predictive values of 0.87% and 0.28% for baseline risks of 1 in 250 and 1 in 750, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of fetal humeral length measurements for Down syndrome detection in our hands was remarkably lower than previously reported. Independence of this parameter from currently used serum screening markers has not been established; therefore implementation in screening programs is not advisable at this point.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

An automated method for recording scent marking in Mongolian gerbils.

A device for the automated recording of scent-marking events in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) is described. The method uses minute temperature changes occurring at the surface of marked objects to detect scent marking. These events are recorded by a computer together with the exact time and the location of the marked object. The data obtained with this temperature-sensitive recording method correlate well with data obtained in parallel by human observers. The measurement of the diurnal rhythm of scent-marking behavior for 5 consecutive days in an undisturbed male demonstrates the specific usefulness of this new recording method. In addition, this temperature-sensitive automated recording of scent-marking behavior may also be applicable in other animals that primarily mark protruding objects.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of two compression algorithms and the detection of caries.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of two compression algorithms (JPEG and wavelet) on the detection of approximal caries. METHODS: Fifteen bitewing radiographs were generated using 100 posterior teeth mounted in blocks. The images were produced on conventional films (Ektaspeed Plus) and scanned at 300 d.p.i. Digital images were then compressed 9:1 with JPEG and wavelet methods. Nine observers detected the presence and depth of approximal caries recorded on a 5-point confidence scale and a 4-point depth scale from images viewed in random order. Histological examination provided the true depth of the lesions. Data were analysed by means of ANOVA. The null hypothesis was that there is no significant difference between the two compression algorithms and the original uncompressed images. RESULTS: JPEG performed significantly worse than the original and the wavelet algorithm (P<0.001) for the detection of dentinal lesions. However, no significant differences were found for the detection of sound surfaces, enamel lesions, and lesions up to the DEJ between JPEG-compressed images and each of the other two modalities. There was also no significant difference between the wavelet-compressed images and the original for all lesion depths. CONCLUSIONS: At a compression ratio of 9:1, there were no significant differences among the original images, JPEG and wavelet compressed images for the detection of enamel caries. JPEG-compressed images performed inferiorly to the original and wavelet-compressed images for the detection of dentinal lesions. Wavelet compression is a better choice than JPEG at the compression ratio investigated in this study.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

The Space Density of Primordial Gas Clouds near Galaxies and Groups and their Relation to Galactic High-Velocity Clouds.

The Arecibo H i Strip Survey probed the halos of approximately 300 cataloged galaxies and the environments of approximately 14 groups with sensitivity to neutral hydrogen masses >/=107 M middle dot in circle. The survey detected no objects with properties resembling the high-velocity clouds (HVCs) associated with the Milky Way or Local Group. If the HVCs were typically MHi=107.5 M middle dot in circle objects distributed throughout groups and galaxy halos at distances of approximately 1 Mpc, the survey should have made approximately 70 HVC detections in groups and approximately 250 detections around galaxies. The null detection implies that HVCs are deployed at typical distances of </=200 kpc from the galaxies or group barycenters. If the clouds are in virial equilibrium, their average dark matter fraction must be 98% or higher.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

[The percentage of free prostate specific antigen used in detecting prostate cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of the percentage of free prostate specific antigen in detecting prostate cancer. METHODS: Serum free prostate specific antigen (F-PSA) and total PSA were measured with immunoradiometric assay, and the free/total PSA ratio was calculated. In 117 patients, 31 had prostate carcinoma and 86 BPH. RESULTS: The free/total PSA ratio was lower in patients with prostate cancer than in those with BPH. If the total serum PSA level was limited with in 4 - 10 ng/ml, the free/total PSA ratio can be used in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and BPH except total PSA. CONCLUSIONS: The free/total PSA ratio can be used in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and BPH, especially when serum PSA level is limited with in 4 - 10 ng/ml.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Application of methylene blue staining in detection of Malassezia].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of methylene blue and parker ink staining in the detection of Malassezia. METHODS: Detecting Malassezia in three dermatoses samples (pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia folliculitis and dandruff) stained by methylene blue (3 g/L) or parker ink. Comparing the effectiveness and the positive rates of Malassezia detection between the two staining methods. Staining Malassezia and Candida and comparing the specificity of the two staining methods in staining Malassezia. RESULTS: Dark blue hyphae and spores were observed in smears stained by methylene blue, and light blue hyphae and spores were observed in smears stained by parker ink. Hyphae and spores were easy to identify on the background. The positive rates of methylene blue and parker ink for detecting Malassezia in the three dermatoses were 96% and 94% respectively. There was no significant difference between the two dye liquors in the positive rate for deterting Malassezia. Both Malassezia and Candida could be stained by methylene blue; nevertheless, only Malassezia could be stained by parker ink. CONCLUSION: Both methylene blue and parker ink staining can be used to detect Malassezia, but parker ink has higher specificity in Malassezia staining.

Dermatomycoses↗
PubMed2004

Basophil CD63 expression assay on highly sensitized atopic donor leucocytes-a useful method in chronic autoimmune urticaria.

BACKGROUND: The autoimmune subclass of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CU) has been characterized by the occurrence of biologically relevant IgG antibodies against the IgE molecule or the alpha chain of the high-affinity Fcepsilon receptor (FcepsilonRIalpha) on basophils and mast cells. These antibodies are usually detected by autologous serum skin testing and confirmed by histamine release studies, immunoblotting, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but not always. OBJECTIVES: To detect autoantibodies to the FcepsilonRIalpha in sera of CU patients by a modified serum-induced basophil activation test measured by flow cytometry (FCM) and to evaluate the relationship between the in vitro functional test, the autologous serum skin test (ASST), and the serum levels of IgE, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and antithyroid antibodies. METHODS: Sera of 30 patients with CU and 26 patients with systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis) were tested for CD63 activation marker expression on basophils by FCM. Leucocytes from two highly sensitized atopic donors (D(A1,) D(A2)) and one non-atopic donor (D(NA)) were incubated with patients' sera and double-labelled with anti-IgE and anti-CD63 antibodies. Subsequently, the percentage of CD63-expressing basophils was determined by using FCM. In all CU patients an ASST was carried out and the serum IgE, and ECP levels and antithyroid antibodies were evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve patients had a positive ASST and 14 patients a positive CD63 expression assay. There was a strong correlation between the ASST and CD63 assay. Sera from patients with systemic autoimmune diseases did not raise positive CD63 expression on basophils. There was a moderate negative correlation between the occurrence of atopic serum markers (IgE, ECP) and the ability of sera to induce CD63 expression on basophil cells of D(A2) (P < 0.05). The female sex was preponderant and antithyroid antibodies were more frequent. CONCLUSIONS: Our new technical observation demonstrates that basophils of highly sensitized atopic donors can be successfully used without priming with IL-3 for the in-vitro flow cytofluorimetric diagnosis of CU. With this investigation the characterization of the autoimmune origin of CU is based on an objective in vitro technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of duplex-doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal dysfunction and hepatorenal syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Kidney dysfunction commonly develops in patients with liver cirrhosis. Renal failure develops due to renal vascular constriction and can be present weeks or even months before clinical signs or increased levels of blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine concentrations become detectible. The objective of this study was to analyze the value of renal interlobar arterial resistance index, measured by duplex-Doppler ultrasonography for detecting early impairment of renal function in patients with liver cirrhosis and its possible use in detecting a subgroup of patients with a higher risk of developing hepatorenal syndrome. METHODOLOGY: The patients were divided into three groups: patients with liver cirrhosis and normal renal function (n=31), patients with liver cirrhosis and renal failure but without hepatorenal syndrome criteria (n=9), and patients with hepatorenal syndrome (n=6). The interlobar arterial resistance index was estimated with duplex Doppler ultrasonography, and liver and renal function tests were measured in all patients. RESULTS: The average value of interlobar arterial resistance index in patients with hepatorenal syndrome (0.74+/-0.01) was statistically significantly higher than interlobar arterial resistance index values measured in liver cirrhosis patients without the signs of azotemia (0.65+/-0.03) or in those with liver cirrhosis and kidney dysfunction, but without hepatorenal syndrome (0.67+/-0.01). In all patients with hepatorenal syndrome the value of interlobar arterial resistance index was over 0.70. In the group of patients with liver cirrhosis and kidney dysfunction, but without hepatorenal syndrome, interlobar arterial resistance index was below 0.70 in seven, whereas in the remaining two interlobar arterial resistance index was above 0.70. In those patients renal dysfunction displayed a progressive form and hepatorenal syndrome developed. CONCLUSIONS: Duplex-Doppler ultrasound of intralobar arteries is a simple, effective and non-invasive method which enables the early detection of renal hemodynamic disturbances in patients with liver cirrhosis even before renal dysfunction becomes clinically evident. It also makes possible the identification of a subgroup of patients with liver cirrhosis who are at higher risks for developing hepatorenal syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The determination of toxic compounds with a dinitrophenol structure in the forensic chemical study of cadaveric material].

A method for forensic chemical assessment of dinitrophenol toxic compounds has been developed. Acetone was used as the isolating agent. The isolates were purified by extraction followed by adsorption in a column packed with silica gel. The analyzed substances are analyzed by chromogenic reactions, from UV and visible spectra in alkali and DMPA, and by thin-layer and high-pressure chromatography. The method allows the detection of 47-83% dinitrophenols in artificial mixtures with liver tissue (with 50 mg of analyzed substance per 100 g of the object). The detection minimum for this group of compounds is 0.5 to 1.0 mg per 100 g of cadaveric material.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2005

Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on surface properties of the wheat plastid lipids.

Surface parameters of polar lipids extracted from winter wheat plastids were investigated by the Langmuir and X-ray differentiation scattering methods. Highly purified plastids were isolated from non-embryogenic (NE) and embryogenic (E) calli initiated from inflorescences. NE plastids contained more monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and less phospholipids (PL) fraction than E plastids. Moreover, in E calli, unsaturated fatty acids were detected in a higher proportion than in NE for both MGDG and DGDG. No significant differences in fatty acids saturation of PL between NE and E objects were detected. Aqueous surface monolayers were prepared from separate lipids and from mixtures of glycolipids and PL. In the case of MGDG, isotherms showed specific shoulders, contrary to continuous isotherms obtained for other investigated lipids. On the base of pi-A isotherms, the surface parameters: limiting area (A(lim)) and collapse pressure (pi(coll)) were calculated. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased the A(lim) of all separated lipids about 4-10 angstrom2/mol. However, for NE lipid mixture, the effect of IAA was much smaller (about 2 angstroms2/mol) than for other objects (usually about 5 angstroms2/mol). X-ray experiments for liposomes, obtained from mixtures of glycolipids and PL of NE and E plastids, showed continuous scattering curves with maxima characteristic for lipid bilayer membranes. Calculations of distance distribution functions indicated that bilayer thickness was 41 and 38 angstroms for NE and E, respectively. IAA influence on membrane structures was detected especially in E liposomes and increased the distance between head groups by about 2 angstroms. It is suggested that changes occur during embryogenesis in specific structure of plastid membranes determined also the formation of domains, similar to that suggested for plasmalemma (Plant Sci. 165 (2003) 265). IAA treatment influenced the membrane structure, especially E plastids increasing distances between polar groups.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expanding tuberculosis case detection by screening household contacts.

OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis (TB) case detection remains low in many countries, compromising the efficacy of TB control efforts. Current global TB control policy emphasizes case finding through sputum smear microscopy for patients who self-report to primary health centers. Our objective was to assess the feasibility and yield of a simple active case finding strategy in a high incidence population in northern Lima, Peru. METHODS: We implemented this pilot strategy in one health center's catchment area. Health workers visited household contacts of new TB case subjects to identify symptomatic individuals and collect sputum for screening. Neighboring households were screened in the same manner. Secondary analyses measured risk of TB by (1) sputum smear status of the index case subject, (2) compliance with testing, and (3) risk factors for disease detected through active contact tracing in contrast to self-report. RESULTS: The TB prevalence detected through combined active and passive case finding among 1,094 household contacts was 0.91% (914 per 100,000), much higher than with passive case finding alone (0.18%; 183 per 100,000; p=0.02). Among 2,258 neighbors, the combined strategy detected a TB prevalence of 0.22% (221 per 100,000) in contrast to 0.08% (80 per 100,000) detected through passive case finding alone (p=0.25). Risk factors for being diagnosed through active case finding in contrast with self-report included age >55 years (odds ratio [OR]=5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 22.8) and female gender (OR=3.9; 95% CI 0.99, 22.3). CONCLUSIONS: Risk of active TB among symptomatic household contacts of active case subjects in this community is very high. Results suggest that contact tracing in such settings may be a powerful means of improving case detection rates for active TB disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana by a simple and rapid procedure using broad-range PCR amplification and direct single-strand sequencing of part of the 16S rRNA gene.

OBJECTIVE: To detect directly Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana using culture-independent, molecular techniques, and to evaluate a simple and rapid procedure that allows uncultivable bacteria to be detected in usually sterile clinical specimens in a diagnostic laboratory. METHODS: From four clinical specimens proven to contain B. henselae (n=3) or B. quintana (n=1) DNA, part of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and broad-range bacterial primers followed by reamplification and direct, single-strand sequencing. The partial 16S rRNA sequences were compared to reference sequences in databases. RESULTS: Similarities between sequences derived from clinical samples and those of B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively, were in the range 98.7--100%, indicating a strong association to the genus Bartonella. Intraspecies sequence variations within the B. henselae sequences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The method described is a rapid, sensitive and reliable tool to generate partial 16S rRNA sequences of B. henselae and B. quintana directly from normally sterile clinical specimens. It is compatible with adequate prevention of contamination as is needed for diagnostic purposes, and it possesses the potential to detect other pathogens, including those as yet unknown.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Detectability in conventional and adaptive sampling.

In this paper a simple but very general method is given for estimating a population total with any sampling design when objects in sampled units are observed with imperfect detectability--a problem characteristic of many surveys of natural and human populations. In the most general case, the method consists of dividing the value of the variable of interest associated with each detected object by the detection probability for that object and then proceeding to use the estimation method that would ordinarily be used under the design if there were no detectability problems. Examples illustrating the method include simple random sampling, conventional unequal probability sampling, and adaptive cluster sampling.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Unconscious updating of grasp motor program.

Grasp modification during prehension movements was studied in response to slight variations of somesthetic information about object size. Three experiments were carried out. In experiment 1 eight subjects were required to reach and grasp an object whose size could either increase or decrease, whereas its visual image remained unmodified. The object size was changed during the experiment with uninformed subjects after a block of trials during which visual and somesthetic information were congruent. At the end of the experiment subjects were required to reproduce the size of the object with their fingers (matching test). Results showed that maximal grip aperture during prehension as well as finger aperture in the matching test were modified according to variation in object size, although no subject realized that the object had changed during the experiment. Grasp time was also altered by object size change. Greater and earlier adaptation in maximal grip aperture, as well as perturbation of grasp time, were observed for decrease than for increase in object size. However, complete compensation was never reached for both parameters. Constant confidence in vision could have prevented both complete compensation and conscious detection of object change. This was investigated in two additional experiments. In experiment 2 visual information was made unreliable by informing subjects about variation in grasped object size. This led to greater and earlier modification in maximal grip aperture than in experiment 1. Grasp time was kept almost constant regardless of size variation. In experiment 3 vision of the stimulus was prevented and no information on change in object size was given to subjects. The results of experiment 3 were similar to those of experiment 1, although modification in maximal grip aperture was larger for increase in object size. Correspondingly, grasp time was more affected by increase than by decrease in object size. The results of the three experiments suggest that kinematic parameters usually considered as dependent on object properties, such as maximal grip aperture, were modified in order to compensate perturbation of temporal parameters. This modification induced a "pragmatic" knowledge of object size (as showed by the results of the matching test), although awareness was not reached.

Adult↗