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PubMed2001

Improving parent knowledge about antibiotics: a video intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an educational video could improve parent knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors about the appropriate use of oral antibiotics. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in an urban primary care clinic and a suburban pediatric practice. Parents were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. Parents in the intervention group were asked to view a 20-minute video, specifically developed for this project, over a 2-month period, and given a brochure about antibiotics. Parent knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors were assessed at the time of enrollment and then by telephone 2 months later. RESULTS: A total of 193 (94%) of 206 parents completed the study. The groups were equivalent with respect to all important baseline characteristics. No differences were found for adjusted posttest means between the intervention and control groups for knowledge, beliefs, or behavior. For example, the intervention group scored 8.04 on the knowledge questionnaire (11 true-false questions), compared with 7.82 for the control group. Subgroup analysis, based on site of enrollment, indicated that families in the intervention group from the primary care urban clinic improved their knowledge score (6.03 to 6.92) and were more likely to report that there were problems with children receiving too many antibiotics (intervention 67% vs control 34%). CONCLUSION: Overall, this video had only a modest effect on parent knowledge, beliefs, and self-reported behaviors regarding oral antibiotics. We believe that any campaign promoting the judicious use of oral antibiotics must use a multifaceted approach and target both parents and physicians.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Child safety seat knowledge among parents utilizing emergency services in a level I trauma center in Southern California.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of child safety seat (CSS) and airbag safety knowledge in parents who utilize emergency care services for their children and to determine factors that influence knowledge of safe transportation of children. METHODS: A prospective survey study was conducted in a 42 000-visit-per-year Level I trauma center and emergency department (ED) in Southern California from May through October 2000. Subjects were parents of ED-registered children (< or =6 years). Research assistants administered the survey in the subject's native language. Parent knowledge of age-appropriate restraint use and airbag safety was collected. RESULTS: Six hundred fifty-five subjects were enrolled. Most parents (97%) reported a regular source of pediatric medical care, and 57% had a previous ED visit. Eighty-six percent reported owning a CSS or booster seat. Eighty-one percent were aware that infants in rear-facing CSSs should never be placed in front of an airbag. Only 46% knew that a child weighing 40 to 60 lb should travel in a booster seat, and 59% knew that the State law required CSS use for children up to 4 years and weighing up to 40 lb. When knowledge scores were examined by ethnicity, fluency in English, income, and years of education, fluency was found to have the greatest influence on both CSS and airbag knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Although nearly all of our subjects admitted that their children had a regular source of care, many parents showed evidence of lack of knowledge of CSS and airbag safety. Furthermore, many parents were not familiar with the state law regarding child restraints. Our findings suggest that parents of small children who utilize emergency care services could benefit from child passenger safety education during their ED visit and that non-English media and materials may be important to reaching this population.

Air Bags↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy among primary, secondary and tertiary level teachers.

The attitudes toward people with epilepsy are influenced by the degree of knowledge of the condition. Teachers usually do not receive any formal instruction on epilepsy during their training. This study was done to access three hundred teachers' knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy by answering a questionnaire in order to quantify their knowledge, attitude and practice toward epilepsy. Almost all the teachers had heard about epilepsy yet could not demonstrate discrimination among the students. Some teachers still thought that epilepsy was contagious. A few others either objected to having epileptic children in their classes or did not think that an epileptic child could achieve higher studies. The knowledge about the clinical characteristics and initial procedures to attend a person during a seizure was unsatisfactory. We conclude that schools should offer some kind of knowledge or assistance in health services and physicians must ensure that these teachers have sufficient knowledge of epilepsy. Also general public education campaigns should be encouraged in this field.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Obesity, eating habits and nutritional knowledge among school children].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between obesity and eating habits and nutritional knowledge among schoolchildren. METHODS: Weight and height were measured in 573 schoolchildren of public schools in two cities of State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Obesity was defined as Body Mass Index above the 95th percentile based on the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) criteria. Eating habits and nutrition knowledge were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. Simple and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess associations. RESULTS: Obesity among children was found to be associated with limited nutrition knowledge and unhealthy eating and habits. These children were five times more likely to be obese (OR=5.3;1.1-24.9). CONCLUSIONS: The level of knowledge affects the association between obesity and eating habits, and there's reason to suspect that children who have more nutrition knowledge report habits known to be healthier but not necessarily the ones they actually practice. Taking into account children's level of knowledge, unhealthy habits were strongly associated to obesity.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

[Knowledge about contraceptives in a population 15 years or older in a southern Brazilian city].

In Brazil, prevalence of contraceptive use is high, but incorrect and inappropriate use is frequent, suggesting limited knowledge about methods. This study thus evaluated the knowledge about the most widely used contraceptive methods, measured through a score (0-10) and related factors. A population-based cross-sectional study was performed, with 3,542 subjects ages 15 or older, residing in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State. The mean overall knowledge score was 4.65 (sd = 2.07): 5.02 (sd = 2.10) for women and 4.18 (sd = 1.92) for men. Lower age, higher schooling, a report of unwanted pregnancy, and any lifetime use of contraceptive methods (exclusive or combined) were associated with higher knowledge scores among men, while for women, the determinants of higher knowledge were higher age, living with a partner, higher schooling, higher socioeconomic status, not reporting a religion, and any lifetime use of contraceptive methods (exclusive or combined). Despite high prevalence of any lifetime contraceptive use (75.3%), knowledge is still limited about the most widely used methods, as well as about the menstrual cycle and fertile period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Factors associated with condom use and knowledge about STD/AIDS among teenagers in public and private schools in São Paulo, Brazil].

This study aimed to compare knowledge about STD/AIDS and identify the factors associated with adequate knowledge and consistent use of male condoms in teenagers from public and private schools in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We selected 1,594 adolescents ranging 12 to 19 years of age in 13 public schools and 5 private schools to complete a questionnaire on knowledge of STD/AIDS and use of male condoms. Prevalence ratios were computed with a 95% confidence interval. The score on STD knowledge used a cutoff point corresponding to 50% of correct answers. Statistical tests were chi-square and Poisson multiple regression. Consistent use of male condoms was 60% in private and 57.1% in public schools (p > 0.05) and was associated with male gender and lower socioeconomic status. Female gender, higher schooling, enrollment in private school, Caucasian race, and being single were associated with higher knowledge of STDs. Teenagers from public and private schools have adequate knowledge of STD prevention, however this does not include the adoption of effective prevention. Educational programs and STD/AIDS awareness-raising should be expanded in order to minimize vulnerability.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

[Acute diarrhea: does mother's knowledge of the disease reduce admission of children under two years of age?].

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship of mother's knowledge about signs of dehydration, causes and management of acute diarrhea with admission of children under two years of age with the disease. METHODS: A nested cross-sectional and case-control study was carried out with children who were admitted at the "Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco" with acute diarrhea: and control children admitted with other diseases. Variables were: patient admission having or not acute diarrhea (dependent); social-economic condition, nutritional state; duration of breastfeeding; mother's knowledge about acute diarrhea and its management (independent). The Epi-info software, 6.0 was used for analysis. RESULTS: There was statistical association between patient admission with acute diarrhea and poor social-economic conditions (p = 0.01); malnutrition (p = 0.01); short time of breastfeeding (p = 0.01), lack of mother's knowledge about how to avoid dehydration (p = 0.05) and effectiveness of oral rehydration solutions (p = 0.02). There was no statistical association with knowledge about causes, signs of dehydration or management of acute diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: The study disclosed association between admission of children under two years of age with acute diarrhea and poor social-economic conditions; short time of breastfeeding, malnutrition, mother's lack of knowledge on how to avoid dehydration and effectiveness of oral rehydration solutions. Data suggests that lack of mother's knowledge reflects poor social-economic conditions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge translation and evidence-based perinatal/neonatal health care.

Knowledge translation is the process of bridging the gap between the overwhelming amount of research data/information/evidence and its critical appraisal, synthesis, dissemination, and application as knowledge by influential role models. Knowledge translation includes ongoing surveillance of the results of the implementation of new knowledge. By conducting research that is driven by relevant, well-defined questions and by using the most powerful study designs available, researchers generate valid new information that can later be translated into knowledge and applied in the clinical setting. Systematic reviews of the literature serve as good examples of knowledge management, when defined as "making proper use of the sum of what is known." Such reviews may identify that an intervention is effective without any harmful side effects, that it is noneffective, or that further research is warranted. Consumers of perinatal/neonatal health care or their ombudsmen should be encouraged to take part in setting the agenda and defining important outcomes for such research.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between knowledge of recent HbA1c values and diabetes care understanding and self-management.

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of one's actual and target health outcomes (such as HbA(1c) values) is hypothesized to be a prerequisite for effective patient involvement in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes. We examined 1) the frequency and correlates of knowing one's most recent HbA(1c) test result and 2) whether knowing one's HbA(1c) value is associated with a more accurate assessment of diabetes control and better diabetes self-care understanding, self-efficacy, and behaviors related to glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a sample of 686 U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes in five health systems who had HbA(1c) checked in the previous 6 months. Independent variables included patient characteristics, health care provider communication, and health system type. We examined bivariate and multivariate associations between each variable and the respondents' knowledge of their last HbA(1c) values and assessed whether knowledge of HbA(1c) was associated with key diabetes care attitudes and behaviors. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 66% reported that they did not know their last HbA(1c) value and only 25% accurately reported that value. In multivariate analyses, more years of formal education and high evaluations of provider thoroughness of communication were independently associated with HbA(1c) knowledge. Respondents who knew their last HbA(1c) value had higher odds of accurately assessing their diabetes control (adjusted odds ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.05-2.42) and better reported understanding of their diabetes care (P < 0.001). HbA(1c) knowledge was not associated with respondents' diabetes care self-efficacy or reported self-management behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Respondents who knew their HbA(1c) values reported better diabetes care understanding and assessment of their glycemic control than those who did not. Knowledge of one's HbA(1c) level alone, however, was not sufficient to translate increased understanding of diabetes care into the increased confidence and motivation necessary to improve patients' diabetes self-management. Strategies to provide information to patients must be combined with other behavioral strategies to motivate and help patients effectively manage their diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An interactive integrative approach to translating knowledge and building a "learning organization" in health services management.

This paper proposes a basic approach to ensuring that knowledge from research studies is translated for use in health services management with a view towards building a "learning organization". (A learning organization is one in which the environment is structured in such a way as to facilitate learning as well as the sharing of knowledge among members or employees.) This paper highlights various dimensions that determine the complexity of knowledge translation, using the problem-solving cycle as the backbone for gaining a better understanding of how different types of knowledge interact in health services management. It is essential to use an integrated and interactive approach to ensure that knowledge from research is translated in a way that allows a learning organization to be built and that knowledge is not used merely to influence a single decision in isolation from the overall services and management of an organization.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2000

Primary schoolteachers' knowledge of asthma: the impact of pharmacist intervention.

The Newcastle Asthma Knowledge questionnaire was used to determine primary schoolteachers' knowledge of asthma. The mean score achieved (20.71 +/- 3.20), was representative of a reasonable degree of knowledge. However, knowledge of symptoms associated with asthma and of medications used to manage the condition was poor. Teachers who had contact with an asthmatic individual or who had received previous training on asthma had a significantly greater knowledge of asthma. An asthma training session, delivered by a pharmacist, was found to significantly improve primary schoolteachers' knowledge of the condition, however, the extent of the improvement was low.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

What is learned in knowledge-related categories? Evidence from typicality and feature frequency judgments.

When a category's features are tied together by integrative knowledge, subjects learn the category faster than when the features are not directly related. What do subjects learn about the category in such circumstances? Some research has suggested that the subjects can use the knowledge itself in performing the category learning task and, thus, do not learn the details of the category's features. Two experiments investigated this hypothesis by collecting feature frequency estimates after category learning. The results showed that integrative knowledge about a category did not decrease subjects' sensitivity to feature frequency--if anything, knowledge improved it. A third experiment found that integrative knowledge did reduce sensitivity to feature frequency in typicality ratings. The results suggest that knowledge does not inhibit the learning of detailed category information, though it may replace its use in some tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The influence of prior knowledge in intentional versus incidental concept learning.

Previous research has demonstrated that background knowledge has a clear influence on concept learning. This influence, however, has been observed with a narrow range of intentional learning tasks. In the present experiments, the role of background knowledge was examined as a function of a variety of incidental learning tasks as well as with intentional learning tasks. The influence of prior knowledge was investigated by comparing the encoding of conceptually related co-occurrences with the encoding of conceptually unrelated co-occurrences. A clear influence of prior knowledge was observed with incidental encoding, and conceptual relatedness was found to have at least as powerful an influence with incidental as with intentional learning tasks. The results indicate that many types of knowledge-based influences will not vary as a function of encoding strategy. The pervasiveness and strength of the influence of background knowledge on concept learning are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge and attitudes of primary care nurses and midwives towards health promotion in rural South Africa.

This study was designed to study knowledge, attitudes and views about health promotion among nurse clinicians in rural South Africa. The sample included 90 nurse clinicians (73 primary health care nurses and 17 midwives) in the age range of 24 to 59 years (M age 38.4 yr., SD = 9.3) in the Northern Province. Results indicate that nurses (66.6%) had an inadequate knowledge score on health promotion in this sample. Higher knowledge scores on health promotion were not associated with age and years of experience. However, male nurses had significantly higher knowledge scores on health promotion than female nurses. The majority strongly supported the centrality of their role in health promotion acknowledging the time constraints involved. Better knowledge on health promotion was associated with more positive views on health promotion. More nurses had a satisfactory positive attitude towards health promotion (63.3%) than knowledge about health promotion (33.3%). Finally, the study found that compliance with health promotion was seen as a problem but health counselling was nevertheless seen as cost effective.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition knowledge and food choice among black students in South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviour, and to assess the perceived influences on food selection among Black students in South Africa. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: University of the North and two semi-urban Secondary Schools. SUBJECTS: 213 second year social science university students, 104 (48.2%) male and 112 (51.9%) female, and 199 Grade 11 secondary school students, 67 male (32.7%) and 132 female (66.3%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire and a Food Choice Questionnaire. RESULTS: Generally, students seemed to have below average nutrition knowledge levels. University students had significantly more nutrition knowledge than secondary school students. Dietary recommendations were associated with source of nutrients and diet-disease relationships, and sources of nutrients were associated with diet-disease relationships. Choosing everyday foods was not associated with dietary recommendations, source of nutrients, and diet-disease relationships. Among both university and secondary school students the three highest food choice factors included health, sensory appeal and mood. CONCLUSION: Below average nutrition knowledge levels were found. Choosing everyday food seemed to be not associated with nutrition knowledge, and food choice was not only influenced by health but also sensory appeal and mood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Knowledge, self-efficacy and behavioural intent towards AIDS prevention behaviours among culturally diverse secondary school pupils in South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavioural intent towards AIDS prevention behaviours among culturally diverse secondary school pupils in South Africa. DESIGN: Randomised study. SETTING: Three urban secondary schools in Pietersburg, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and sixty six Grade 11 secondary school pupils, comprising 150 (41%) males, and 216 (59%) females, aged 17 to 24 years (mean age 19.3 years, SD=2.6). The three cultural groups were 142 Blacks, 112 Whites and 112 Asians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire included items on socio-economic and family background, knowledge about HIV, perceived self-efficacy and behavioural intent regarding AIDS preventive behaviours. RESULTS: Overall, the participants showed an adequate level of AIDS knowledge. However, there was considerable inaccuracy regarding AIDS transmission myths or how AIDS cannot be transmitted. The different cultural groups generally felt most self-efficacious regarding how to protect themselves from becoming infected (75-90%) and least self-efficacious on knowing where to go for information on AIDS (72-74%). Generally, participants reported a high behavioural intent. The Whites stand second in knowledge and more or less second in self-efficacy and behaviour intent. The Blacks stand third in knowledge and more or less second in self-efficacy and behaviour intent. CONCLUSION: Culturally diverse knowledge, self-efficacy and behavioural intent towards AIDS prevention was found among White, Black and Asian pupils, which should inform a culturally sensitive and appropriate AIDS health promotion programme in South Africa.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between consumer food safety knowledge and reported behavior among students from health sciences in one region of Spain.

A survey was conducted to investigate the relationship between knowledge about food safety and actual food handling practices among Spanish university students (mainly from the health sciences disciplines) who usually prepare meals at home. Based on level of education in food safety topics, students were divided in three groups: high, which included students from Food Science and Nutrition; medium, which included students from other health sciences; and low, which included students from non-health-related studies. More than two thirds of the 562 people selected had an accurate knowledge of the eight foodborne pathogens included in the survey, but only 5.2% were able to identify Staphylococcus aureus as a foodborne pathogen. Significant differences in responses were found depending on educational level concerning the food safety topic. For food handling, up to 60% of the responses reflected accurate knowledge of proper storage of prepared meals and washing of hands and materials to avoid cross-contamination. However, with the exception of questions related to storage temperature, there was considerable difference between knowledge and reported behavior. Although 98.6% of the participants recognized the importance of hand washing before and during food preparation, only one quarter (24.4%) affirmed that they washed their hands with soap and water. On questions concerning food practices, more accurate answers were given by the older students. Women answered questions regarding cross-contamination more accurately, whereas men were more accurate in response to questions concerning temperature and food preservation. In general, students with more knowledge of food hygiene had better reported practices, but even these students reported some high-risk behaviors. These results confirm the need to improve educational programs, ensuring that the acquired knowledge actually modifies consumer behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Food safety knowledge of consumers and the microbiological and temperature status of their refrigerators.

The objectives of this study were to examine domestic food safety knowledge levels of consumers, establish the levels and incidence of bacterial contamination and operational temperatures in domestic refrigerators, and identify areas in which consumer food safety education is necessary in Ireland. A food safety knowledge questionnaire applied to a representative sample of households (n = 1,020) throughout the island of Ireland found the gaps in consumer food safety knowledge. Analysis of swab samples (n = 900) recovered from the domestic refrigerators in these households showed average total viable counts of 7.1 log CFU/cm2 and average total coliform counts of 4.0 log CFU/cm2. Analysis of swab samples also detected the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus (41%), Escherichia coli (6%), Salmonella enterica (7%), Listeria monocytogenes (6%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (2%). Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in domestic refrigerators. The temperature profiles of a subset of the sampled refrigerators (100) were monitored for 72 h, and 59% were found to operate, on average, at temperatures above the recommended 5 degrees C. Knowledge and temperature survey results varied considerably, but consumers who scored better in terms of basic food safety knowledge had reduced levels of bacterial contamination in their refrigerators and reported a reduced incidence of food-associated illnesses. This study confirms the effect of basic food hygiene knowledge on hygienic practice and identifies specific areasfor emphasis in the development and delivery of effective food safety risk communication messages to consumers.

Adolescent↗