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PubMed2007

Intelligence and EEG current density using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA).

The purpose of this study was to compare EEG current source densities in high IQ subjects vs. low IQ subjects. Resting eyes closed EEG was recorded from 19 scalp locations with a linked ears reference from 442 subjects ages 5 to 52 years. The Wechsler Intelligence Test was administered and subjects were divided into low IQ (< or =90), middle IQ (>90 to <120) and high IQ (> or =120) groups. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomographic current densities (LORETA) from 2,394 cortical gray matter voxels were computed from 1-30 Hz based on each subject's EEG. Differences in current densities using t tests, multivariate analyses of covariance, and regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between IQ and current density in Brodmann area groupings of cortical gray matter voxels. Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions of interest (ROIs) consistently exhibited a direct relationship between LORETA current density and IQ. Maximal t test differences were present at 4 Hz, 9 Hz, 13 Hz, 18 Hz, and 30 Hz with different anatomical regions showing different maxima. Linear regression fits from low to high IQ groups were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Intelligence is directly related to a general level of arousal and to the synchrony of neural populations driven by thalamo-cortical resonances. A traveling frame model of sequential microstates is hypothesized to explain the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

An intelligent data acquisition system for simultaneous screening of microsomal stability and metabolite profiling by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

This paper describes the development of a mass spectrometer-based, intelligent, programmable, sample-selection data acquisition system with two unique features. One is that the system allows automatic determination of the mass to charge ratio (m/z) of an unknown compound and the utilization of the molecular ion information to perform selective ion monitoring (SIM) experiments for quantitation. The other is its decision-making capability to select intelligently different samples and perform different experiments during data acquisition. These features were demonstrated by the application of the system to simultaneous screening for the microsomal stability and metabolite profiling of adatanserin. In this application, the data acquisition system continuously calculated the peak areas of adatanserin from SIM analyses of a batch of microsomal incubates stopped at various time points. Once the peak area of adatanserin had dropped to an arbitrarily predefined 60% of the initial value, the system made a decision to perform metabolite profiling of the sample. This decision initiated a series of automated operations, such as selecting a sample for re-analysis, changing the data acquisition time and liquid chromatographic gradient and switching the SIM mode to the data-dependent product ion scanning mode. The completed analysis of the batch of samples provided information both on the microsomal stability and on the metabolic profile of adatanserin. This simultaneous approach to investigating microsomal stability and metabolite profiling significantly increases the throughput for drug discovery support.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Dopamine and the origins of human intelligence.

A general theory is proposed that attributes the origins of human intelligence to an expansion of dopaminergic systems in human cognition. Dopamine is postulated to be the key neurotransmitter regulating six predominantly left-hemispheric cognitive skills critical to human language and thought: motor planning, working memory, cognitive flexibility, abstract reasoning, temporal analysis/sequencing, and generativity. A dopaminergic expansion during early hominid evolution could have enabled successful chase-hunting in the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa, given the critical role of dopamine in counteracting hyperthermia during endurance activity. In turn, changes in physical activity and diet may have further increased cortical dopamine levels by augmenting tyrosine and its conversion to dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS). By means of the regulatory action of dopamine and other substances, the physiological and dietary changes may have contributed to the vertical elongation of the body, increased brain size, and increased cortical convolutedness that occurred during human evolution. Finally, emphasizing the role of dopamine in human intelligence may offer a new perspective on the advanced cognitive reasoning skills in nonprimate lineages such as cetaceans and avians, whose cortical anatomy differs radically from that of primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Artificial intelligence in pediatrics: important clinical signs in newborn syndromes.

New methods are warranted in the field of syndromology. This study is an exploration into whether an artificial intelligence method (ID3) could provide a new angle for approaching syndromes. Diagnosing syndromes in the newborn is difficult. The accepted approach is to look for individual clinical signs that add up to a syndrome diagnosis. Of all possible clinical signs, one would want to extract the signs with the strongest predictive power. I used the ID3 algorithm to extract predictive clinical signs from a catalogue of syndromes (Birth Defects Encyclopedia Online; BDEO). Using information from BDEO, files of randomly generated "patients" were created. The signs consistently high in the identification tree were long philtrum, short palpebral fissures, low-set ears, and hepatosplenomegaly. The program used featured a crude "expert system" based on the ID3 algorithm. When using one-half of the data set as a training set and the other half as a testbed, a correct classification rate of 92.1-98.1% was attained. When the ID3 expert system was tested against cases from a clinical database (Pictures of Standard Syndromes and Undiagnosed Malformations), the correct classification rate was less than 20%. This may not necessarily reflect faults with the ID3 approach, but possibly biases in the clinical database. In syndromology no "criterion standards" exist that can confirm a diagnosis. The statistical method of cluster analysis does not require prior knowledge of diagnoses and will make a tree of syndromes based upon clinical signs. A cluster analysis was performed as a validity check to provide a tree for comparison with the ID3 tree. There was a reasonable degree of agreement between the two. Applying artificial intelligence methods to this field highlights problems with basic assumptions and philosophical aspects of syndrome diagnosis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Deletion of chromosome 21 and normal intelligence: molecular definition of the lesion.

Application of a method for the fine structure analysis of unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements using quantitative Southern blot analysis has established that an individual of normal intelligence and largely normal appearance has a significant interstitial deletion of chromosome 21. Using high resolution cytogenetic analysis and molecular analysis with five single copy DNA sequences unique to chromosome 21 and a probe for human SOD1 (CuZn, superoxide dismutase), we find that the deletion extends to the border of bands 21q11.1-11.2. and extends to the border of bands 21q21.2-q21.3. The latter border is established molecularly by the presence of two copies of SOD1, previously mapped to band 21q22.1, and of four single copy sequences known to be located distal to this region. The presence of SOD1 was confirmed by enzyme dosage analysis. These findings demonstrate that deletion of close to 20,000 kb of autosomal material is compatible with normal intelligence. Further, they suggest that chromosome 21 may include a large region of relative developmental neutrality whose molecular basis may now be investigated. Because of the limits of even high resolution cytogenetic analysis, fine structure molecular analyses of this type will be necessary to reliably detect and define similar small chromosomal deletions or insertions. The molecular definition of such aneuploidy provides the basis for increasing the resolution of the human physical genetic map.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1984

Intelligence, classroom behavior, and academic achievement in children at high and low risk for psychopathology: a structural equation analysis.

The intelligence, academic achievement, and classroom behavior of 158 children were assessed in a sample that is being followed longitudinally. The sample included children at high risk for mental disorder by virtue of having a parent with a psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder, children at moderate risk, and children at low risk. A series of path analyses indicated that in this sample (1) classroom behavior was more likely an affect that a cause of academic achievement, and (2) the influence of parental psychopathology on classroom behavior was mediated by a child's intelligence and academic achievement. We were unable to substantiate an unmediated causal link between parental psychopathology and children's academic achievement or classroom behavior.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

The Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and severely emotionally disturbed adolescents: relationship to intelligence, academic achievement, and sociometric ratings.

This study explored the relationship among the subscales of the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and intelligence, academic achievement, and sociometric ratings for a sample of 62 severely emotionally disturbed adolescents enrolled in a special school. A relationship of the Attention Problems-Immaturity subscale with intelligence scores and mathematics achievement was found. Four of six subscales were found to be related to peer sociometric ratings of social acceptance, while only one subscale was related to sociometric ratings of peer acceptance of his/her classmates. These findings are discussed within the context of previous research.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Health managers' attitudes toward robotics and artificial computer intelligence: an empirical investigation.

An empirical investigation of the perceived role of robotics and artificial computer intelligence in the future of health care reveals factors favoring a positive attitude by health administrators. The study employed a two-part survey administered in late 1989 and early 1990 to health care managers in hospitals and nursing homes. Part One of the survey asked about the participant, his or her work habits and work environment. Part Two obtained a psychological profile of rationality vs. intuition in problem solving. Through bivariate and multivariate post hoc statistical tests, we discovered the following variables which significantly determined attitudes toward robotics and artificial computer intelligence: sex; number of employees supervised; perceptions of waste and inefficiency in the workplace; perceptions of time-consuming personnel problems; perceived need to make more efficient use of time, money, and facilities; and perceived favorable climate for innovation. Among the factors which did not have an effect on attitudes toward advanced technology were three measures of rationality vs. intuition in problem solving.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1980

Examiner effects in adoption studies of intelligence.

To test the hypothesis that examiner differences influence family correlations in adoption studies of intelligence, data from two recent adoption studies were reanalyzed as a function of whether the same or different examiners tested both members of a pair. While each study yielded trends suggesting examiner effects on correlations, results of the two studies were directly counter to each other. Our conclusion is that examiner effects are not yet predictable and, overall, cannot be demonstrated to bias adoption studies of intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Inbreeding depression and intelligence quotient among north Indian children.

This study presents the assessment of inbreeding depression on the intelligence quotient among north Indian Muslim Children of school age. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R)-74 was given to the children in both groups (50 each non-inbred and inbred of the first-cousin status), aged 6 to 11 years and from the same socio-economic status. The change of the mean follows genetic theory; however, the nature of the change in variance seems to be somewhat different.

Child↗
PubMed1990

The heritability of intelligence in Japan.

Japanese data for 543 monozygotic (MZ) twins and 134 dizygotic (DZ) twins tested for intelligence at the age of 12 give correlation coefficients of .782 and .491, respectively, indicating a heritability of .582. Heavier twins at birth have significantly higher IQs at the age of 12, suggesting that prenatal nutrition exerts a significant effect on intelligence.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1994

Intelligent systems in patient monitoring and therapy management. A survey of research projects.

Although today's advanced biomedical technology provides unsurpassed power in diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment, interpretation of vast streams of information generated by this technology often poses excessive demands on the cognitive skills of health-care personnel. In addition, storage, reduction, retrieval, processing, and presentation of information are significant challenges. These problems are most severe in critical care environments such as intensive care units (ICUs) and operating room (ORs) where many events are life-threatening and thus require immediate attention and the execution of definitive corrective actions. This article focuses on intelligent monitoring and control (IMC), or the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to alleviate some of the common information management problems encountered in health-care environments. This article presents the findings of a survey of over 30 IMC projects. A major finding of the survey is that although significant advances have been made in introducing AI technology in critical care, successful examples of fielded systems are still few and far between. Widespread acceptance of these systems in critical care environments depends on a number of factors, including fruitful collaborations between clinicians and computer scientists, emphasis on evaluation studies, and easy access to clinical information.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1995

Multivariate genetic analysis of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) factors.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) factor scores (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom from Distractibility) were obtained from 574 twin pairs in the Colorado Reading Project and subjected to multivariate genetic analysis. Variances were partitioned into components common to the three WISC-R factors and to those specific to each factor. Substantial commonality, both genetic and environmental, was found among the three factors. The full model fit the data well, and estimates of heritability and environmentality indicated that about half of the phenotypic variance for each factor is due to additive genetic effects. These results were compared to those obtained in a previous twin study of the three Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) factors by Tambs et al. (1986).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The independent prediction of general intelligence by elementary cognitive tasks: genetic and environmental influences.

Current theories of intelligence have, in some cases, begun to include elementary cognitive tasks. Behavioral genetic studies of intelligence have not taken these theories into account. The current study includes 135 MZ and 128 DZ twin pairs from the Western Reserve Twin Project. The 11 WISC-R subtests as well as 6 elementary cognitive tasks were employed. Using a Schmid-Leiman (1957) transformation, analyses indicate a four-group factor model, supported by a second-order general factor at both phenotypic and biometric levels. Results indicate that the general factor, group factors, and specific residuals are necessary when examining additive genetic variance. Common environmental variance can be collapsed into a single general factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Final intelligence in late treated patients with phenylketonuria.

UNLABELLED: Despite neonatal screening programmes, there is still a number of patients with phenylketonuria who are not diagnosed and start treatment late. The question in this study was to evaluate which factors will contribute, other than the quality and duration of dietary treatment, to final outcome in late treated patients with phenylketonuria. We retrospectively analysed the data of 40 patients with phenylketonuria, of whom 2 patients at 35 and 24 years of age had a normal IQ despite never being treated. In 38 patients starting dietary treatment between 0.7 and 7 years of age, mean IQ/DQ at diagnosis was 52.7 (SD = 16) (mean age 2.5 years), final IQ (mean age 33.5 years) was 79.0 (SD = 16), the difference was highly significant (P < 0.0001). Important factors for the final intelligence in adult late treated patients with phenylketonuria were onset (r = -0.46, P < 0.009) and DQ/IQ (r = 0.51, P < 0.002) when dietary treatment was started. Thus, in late treated patients with phenylketonuria, in addition to the quality and duration of treatment, the outcome is mainly influenced by the age of starting treatment and also by the intellectual status of the patient. In one of the two patients with normal intelligence, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that brain phenylalanine was undetectable even though blood phenylalanine was 30 mg/dl. A second metabolic disorder may protect these patients from severe brain damage. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that brain damage in untreated or late treated patients with phenylketonuria is influenced by various genetic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Are there changes in intelligence and memory functioning following surgery for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in childhood?

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the neuropsychological and medical variables of 26 children who underwent a cortical resection as part of the management of their medically refractory epilepsy was conducted. Neuropsychological variables included pre- and postoperative measures of intelligence (Wechsler Scales) and memory functioning (Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning). Medical variables included age at onset of seizures, age at surgery, site of resection, and degree of seizure control postoperatively. RESULTS: Twenty patients had temporal resections (13 left-sided). Six had extratemporal resections. In this series, cortical resection as treatment of epilepsy in children did not result in a significant change in performance on measures of intelligence or memory functioning. No significant correlation was found between the medical variables and the neuropsychological outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Association of CHRM2 with IQ: converging evidence for a gene influencing intelligence.

The cholinergic neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in many aspects of memory, attention, and higher cognition. In the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample, we have previously reported linkage and association to the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor gene (CHRM2) on chromosome 7 with evoked EEG oscillations (Jones et al. 2004), providing evidence that this gene may be involved in human brain dynamics and cognition. In addition, a small number of genetic markers were genotyped in CHRM2 in the Minnesota Twin and Family Study (Comings et al. 2003) and a Dutch family study (Gosso et al. 2006, in press) and both research groups found evidence that this gene may be involved in intelligence. In the COGA sample, we have extensively genotyped SNPs within and flanking the CHRM2 gene. We find evidence of association with multiple SNPs across CHRM2 and Performance IQ, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). These results remain significant after taking into account alcohol dependence and depression diagnoses in the sample.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1990

Intelligence and behaviour and motor vehicle accident mortality.

Risk factors for mortality from motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) were examined in all Australian former National Service conscripts of the Vietnam conflict era, by comparing all those who had died from MVAs since the end of their basic training up until 1982 with a random sample of survivors, using data available from service records. Decedents were in their third and fourth decades. Risk of mortality was higher for men with lower scores on the army intelligence test, with poorer education, with lower preenlistment occupational status, with a history of juvenile offenses before army enlistment, and who went absent without leave (AWOL) during National Service. These factors were modelled using logistic regression, which showed that intelligence plus either lower levels of education or a history of offenses before army service were the most important of these factors in predicting mortality in MVAs.

Accidents, Traffic↗