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PubMed2003

Gender, age, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with major dietary patterns in the Spanish Project SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra).

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the major dietary patterns in the cohort 'SUN' and to assess the association of several sociodemographic (including age and gender) and lifestyle variables with the adherence to these dietary patterns. DESIGN: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of 3847 subjects (1587 men and 2260 women) belonging to a prospective cohort study based on self-reported questionnaires. A factor analysis based on 30 predefined food groups was conducted to ascertain the major dietary patterns in the cohort. Multiple regression models were fitted to assess the relationship between several sociodemographic and lifestyle variables and the adherence to these dietary patterns (measured using two scores with observed values ranging from -3.2 to +4.6 for the Western pattern and -3.1 to +5.5 for the Mediterranean pattern). RESULTS: Two major dietary patterns were found. The first pattern was labelled as a 'Western' dietary pattern and the other as a 'Spanish-Mediterranean' dietary pattern. Younger subjects were more likely to follow a 'Western' dietary pattern; the coefficient representing the change for every 10 y increase in age was b=-0.24 (P<0.001) for men and b=-0.12 (P<0.001) for women. More physically active subjects were less likely to follow a 'Western' dietary pattern and more likely to follow a 'Spanish-Mediterranean' dietary pattern. CONCLUSIONS: An association between a higher level of physical activity during leisure time and adherence to a 'Spanish-Mediterranean' diet was apparent. However, the profile of being a young, sedentary and single male was identified as the most likely to exhibit a departure from the traditional 'Spanish-Mediterranean' diet and follow a 'Western' dietary pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Response of growth-retarded, hypophagic-hypodipsic rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions to a diet in liquid and powder forms.

Weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (DMNL rats) and sham-operated controls exhibited significantly reduced food intake and ponderal and linear growth during an 11-day post-operative period on lab chow. For 28 days, a synthetic liquid diet (Liquid) was fed to one DMNL and one control group; a second DMNL and control group received the same diet in a powder form (Powder). DMNL rats remained hypophagic on either diet but DMNL and control rats fed Liquid ate significantly more than their counterparts fed Powder. Total fluid intake pattern was identical to caloric intake. For 27 days all groups again received lab chow. They reverted to the caloric intake pattern shown during the 11-day post-operative period. Body weight gains paralleled the caloric and fluid intake patterns except that during the synthetic diet period the Liquid-fed controls outgained all other groups and that there was no difference between DMNL rats on Liquid and Powder. At sacrifice, plasma glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids and total protein were similar in all groups but carcass protein was higher in the DMNL rats formerly fed Liquid. DMNL rats behave in accordance with extensive previous data that led to the formulation of a "resetting" hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents with diabetes: an implementation paper. British Diabetic Association's Professional Advisory Committee.

General Recommendations: 1. Children with diabetes mellitus have the same basic nutritional requirements as other children. 2. Dietary recommendations should be based on good eating habits for the whole family. Radical changes in diet involving unusual foods or eating patterns for the child with diabetes alone are not appropriate. 3. Energy requirements of children vary widely and the energy content of the diet should be based on what the child usually eats. The diet should be reviewed regularly to meet the changing needs of growth and physical exercise without obesity. 4. The insulin regimen should, as far as is possible, be chosen to fit the child's daily lifestyle and preferred eating habits. Insulin type, dose, and frequency should be reviewed with the diet as the child develops. 5. Regular distribution of meals and snacks throughout the day remains the most important way to avoid extremes of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. This distribution should be based on an exchange system, using handy measures and taking into account food and meal type, the particular insulin regimen and the child's exercise patterns and usual eating habits. Currently this exchange system is based on carbohydrate foods but in the future the energy and fat contents will need further consideration. 6. Most special 'diabetic foods' are unnecessary. Low calorie sweeteners, as used in low calorie fruit squashes and fizzy drinks, are useful. 7. Children with diabetes from specific ethnic minority groups, or on vegan diets or living in deprived circumstances require special dietary attention for their diabetes. Those with coexisting chronic disorders such as cystic fibrosis or coeliac disease, should receive dietary advice from professionals with specialist knowledge. 8. Translating the principles of diabetic dietary management into a varied diet, arranged readily by the parents and eaten by the child, is demanding. It can best be met by a skilled dietitian working in close co-operation with child, parents, diabetes specialist nurse and doctor. Infancy 9. The diet should not differ from that of infants without diabetes. Breast feeding should be encouraged or a standard infant formula-feed used. Solids may be introduced from 3-6 months, but breast milk or a modified infant formula is encouraged as part of the increasingly mixed diet to at least the end of the first year. 10. Diabetes is rare in infancy so expert advice should be sought from dietitians experienced in paediatric diabetes. Under fives: 11.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Regulation of apical K channels in rat cortical collecting tubule during changes in dietary K intake.

Long-term adaptation to a high-K diet is known to increase the density of conducting secretory K (SK) channels in the luminal membrane of the rat cortical collecting tubule (CCT). To examine whether these channels are involved in the short-term, day-to-day regulation of K secretion, we examined the density of K channels in animals fed a high-K diet for 6 or 48 h. CCTs were isolated and split open to provide access to the luminal membrane. Cell-attached patches were formed on principal cells with 140 mM KCl in the patch-clamp pipette. SK channels were recognized from their characteristic single-channel conductance (40-50 pS) and gating patterns. Animals fed a control diet had SK channel densities of 0.40 channels/micrometer(2). When the diet was changed for one containing 10% KCl for 6 h, the channel density increased to 1.51 channels/micrometer(2). Maintaining the animals on a high-K diet for 48 h resulted in a further increase in SK channels to 2.29 channels/micrometer(2). Animals fed a low-K diet for 5 days or longer had SK densities of 0.53 channels/micrometer(2), not significantly different from control values. The presence of conducting Na channels in the luminal membrane will also affect K secretion by the CCT by altering the electrical driving force through the K channels. The density of Na channels, measured with LiCl in the pipette, was 0. 08 for controls and 1.00 and 1.08 channels/micrometer(2) after 6 h and 48 h on a high-K diet. Plasma aldosterone increased from 15 +/- 4 ng/dl (controls ) to 36 +/- 8 and 98 +/- 23 ng/dl after 6 and 48 h of K loading, respectively. The increase in K channel density could not be reproduced by infusion of the animals with aldosterone. We conclude that regulation of the density of conducting Na and K channels may contribute to day-to-day variation in the rate of renal K secretion and to the short-term maintenance of K balance.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Changes in kidney medullary phospholipid metabolism in the potassium-deficient rat. I.

Renal medullary phospholipids (PLs) increase rapidly in rats placed on a low potassium (K) diet. There is a unique pattern of morphologic change in renal medullary cells which parallels this biochemical alteration. Highly membranous multivesicular bodies (MVBs) appear in all cell types of the kidney medulla, and the number and size of these MVBs increase with further K depletion. Medullary PL levels are doubled in rats after 11 days on the low K diet and continued increase occurs with longer depletion. There are no major changes in the relative proportion of different medullary PL species with this increase. The rise in PL levels is quickly reversed by the addition of K to the low K diet of depleted rats. Potassium repletion returns renal medullary PL levels to normal values with a concomitant rapid loss of MVBs from medullary cells. Tissue slices of kidney medulla from rats in various stages of K depletion have been incubated with radioactive precursors of PL. These incubation studies indicate that the in vitro ability to incorporate label into PL is increased in medulla from K-depleted animals, suggesting that increased renal medullary PL synthesis causes the PL accumulation in K deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Maximal growth occurs at a broad range of essential amino acids to total nitrogen ratios in kittens.

Kittens fed diets containing 2.0 and 3.0 times (x) the NRC (1986) essential amino acid (EAA) requirement (EAArq) and 210 to 560 g crude protein (CP)/kg diet had growth rates and plasma amino acid patterns that were not significantly different than kittens fed a control diet (CD) containing 1.5 x EAArq and 350 g CP/kg diet. Growth rates of kittens fed diets containing only EAA (with nontoxic levels of arginine and methionine) and 280 to 460 g CP/kg diet were equivalent to those of kittens fed CD. Kittens fed only EAA and 140 and 210 g CP/kg diet had growth rates that were significantly lower than kittens fed CD. Since the growth rate of kittens fed 1.5 x EAArq and 210 g CP/kg diet in a previous experiment was equivalent to kittens fed CD (Taylor et al., 1997), it is suggested that the requirement for CP is higher (up to 280 g CP/kg diet) when only EAA are fed. The higher crude protein requirement appears to be primarily a consequence of the high obligatory nitrogen loss as urea (especially from arginine) incurred in the conversion of nitrogen from EAA to dispensable amino acids in the liver and secondarily because of a slow rate of catabolism of the EAA. A 3-dimensional plot of weight gains vs. CP levels and EAA to total nitrogen (E:T) ratios of kittens shows a broad range of CP levels and E:T ratios that support optimal growth in the kitten. It is suggested that similar patterns would occur in the chick, rat and other species if adverse effects caused by excesses of specific amino acids are avoided.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Coronary artery disease trends in Japan.

Japan has experienced great socioeconomic development together with industrialization, urbanization and motorization since 1945. This has resulted in dramatic changes in both the frequency of disease and the spectrum of diseases, as well as in a rapid increase in the elderly population. Changes in eating patterns during the past 40 to 50 years seem to be a major factor in this evolution. Departure from the traditional Japanese diet, which was very high in salt and low in fat and protein (currently the diet is 25% calories from fat, 60% from carbohydrate and 15% from protein and 12 gm salt/day), has been associated with a reduced incidence of stroke, but not with an increase in coronary heart disease mortality. Therefore, the current Japanese diet may be an optimal eating pattern for maintaining health. However, since the exposure to increased fat calories is recent, future trends must be carefully monitored.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Dietary intake of middle-aged men from an East and a West German city after the German reunification: do differences still exist?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diets of men from East and West Germany after the reunification under the new food market conditions in the East. DESIGN: Both dietary surveys were part of the third MONICA surveys in population based random samples. SETTING: City of Erfurt in the Federal State of Thuringia, East Germany (dietary survey in 1991/92) and city of Augsburg in the Federal State of Bavaria, West Germany (dietary survey in 1994/95). SUBJECTS: Comparable samples of 185 Erfurt vs 331 Augsburg men, aged 45-64 y. MEASURES: Data on food and nutrient intakes and percentage of users of foods are derived from 3 d weighed records from Erfurt and three matching days of 7 d weighed records from Augsburg. RESULTS: Nutrient intakes show the pattern of a typical Western diet in both samples with 15.2 en% from protein, 39.5 en% from fat, 38.8 en% from carbohydrates and 6.2 en% from alcohol in Erfurt. Corresponding figures for Augsburg are 16.4 en%, 37.9 en%, 39.0 en% and 6.5 en%. Intake of animal protein, cholesterol, water and selected micronutrients is distinctly higher in Augsburg. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary differences still exist, but the pattern of difference has changed. It is unclear, whether differences between East and West exceed regional differences in the West.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1979

Cholesterol Index of foods. Teaching tool for fat-modified diets.

The Cholesterol Index of foods expresses the relative effect of individual portions of foods on the serum cholesterol of an average individual. It is calculated from food cholesterol content and fatty acid composition. The total Cholesterol Index for the day has a value of 100 for a 2,400-kcal, prudent diet and a value of slightly above 200 for an equicaloric average American diet. The Cholesterol Index for a recipe prepared at home is the sum of the Index values for its ingredients. The Index can be adapted to individual dietary prescriptions fo patients with hyperlipidemia. After publication of Cholesterol Index tables, the Index could be used by dietitians or by individuals who wish to alter their present food pattern to a more prudent diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Diet effect on fatty acids composition in trout (salmo gairdnerii). rev. esp. fisiol., (author's transl)].

The effect of diets with different fatty acids composition on muscular and hepatic fatty acids of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) was studied. The effect was higher on muscular fatty acids than on hepatic ones. The lack of correlation between dietary and liver fatty acids in diets with a high level of linoleic acid, showed a better utilization of this acid by the liver. The change in muscular fatty acids pattern was observed within a week of diet change, showing a significant tendency to approach the new dietary fatty acids pattern.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tissue composition in persistent dietary obesity after early and adulthood overfeeding in the rat.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of prolonged cafeteria-diet feeding on tissue composition in adult rats comparing those that had been overfed in early life and then in adulthood with a group that was only overfed in adulthood, and to determine whether any alterations were related to the high energy diet per se or to obesity. In addition to following the body weight changes in detail, tissue masses and composition were determined at selected points of this long term dietary experiment. The marked changes in body weight and tissue composition of cafeteria-fed obese rats were sustained for at least 84 days after returning to the standard diet, and the obesity was exaggerated if these animals were pre-exposed to the palatable diet in early life. Three patterns of tissue composition in response to cafeteria feeding could be discerned: Liver and brown adipose tissue developed cell hypertrophy without apparent hyperplasia. In contrast, the retroperitoneal white adipose depot developed hyperplasia whereas the intestine and kidneys were not associated with marked changes in lipid composition. These adaptations were not recovered to control levels by prolonged standard diet feeding. Previous obesity influenced the adaptations in adipose tissue during the subsequent return to standard diet feeding, and differences between cafeteria-induced obese animals became more apparent when the cafeteria diet was removed. These results indicated the important effects of early dietary experience in subsequent responses to overfeeding.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1977

Effect of income and geographic region on the nutritional value of diets in Brazil.

The nutritional quality of dietary patterns in Brazil was examined as influenced by income level, region, and urbanization by calculating nutrient to calorie ratios and amino acid scores. In general, income level had only a minor influence on diet quality. Riboflavin and calcium were generally low in the low income groups in all regions, especially in urban areas. Thiamin intake was marginal in urban areas at all income levels. Protein quality appeared to be relatively independent of income, with two exceptions. These were the dietary patterns of the lowest income groups in the rural Northeast and the City of Sao Paulo which were somewhat limiting in methionine and lysine, respectively. In contrast, the total availability of calories and protein was greatly dependent on income and the lowest income families were seriously short of food. Income, therefore, appeared to be more important in determining the total amount of food available to a family in Brazil than in affecting the nutritional quality of the diet.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Natural abundance variations in stable isotopes and their potential uses in animal physiological ecology.

Chemical, biological, and physical processes lead to distinctive "isotopic signatures" in biological materials that allow tracing of the origins of organic substances. Isotopic variation has been extensively used by plant physiological ecologists and by paleontologists, and recently ecologists have adopted the use of stable isotopes to measure ecosystem patterns and processes. To date, animal physiological ecologists have made minimal use of naturally occurring stable isotopes as tracers. Here we provide a review of the current and potential uses of naturally occurring stable isotopes in animal physiological ecology. We outline the physical and biological processes that lead to variation in isotopic abundance in plants and animals. We summarize current uses in animal physiological ecology (diet reconstruction and animal movement patterns), and suggest areas of research where the use of stable isotopes can be fruitful (protein balance and turnover and the allocation of dietary nutrients). We argue that animal physiological ecologists can benefit from including the measurement of naturally occurring stable isotopes in their battery of techniques. We also argue that animal physiologists can make an important contribution to the emerging field of stable isotopes in biology by testing experimentally the plethora of assumptions upon which the techniques rely.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1995

Weight concerns and eating patterns: a survey of university students in Europe.

OBJECTIVE: To assess a wide range of health-related behaviours, beliefs and knowledge in educated young adults. DESIGN: A standardized questionnaire was developed, translated, and administered in university classes. SUBJECTS: 16,486 university students in 21 European countries. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Reported and self-perceived body size, eating practices and weight concerns. RESULTS: Body Mass Index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) was slightly different between countries, and rather low overall (20.5 in women and 22.0 in men). These low values can be attributed to the young age of respondents (21.4 years) and to their presumably high socio-economic status. Very few were overweight (8%) and less than 1% were obese. In spite of the low BMI, many perceived themselves as overweight, especially among women. Trying to lose weight (44% of women, 17% of men) and dieting (14% in women and 3% in men) were not uncommon, although large differences existed between countries. Dieting affected snack and meal patterns: dieters reported fewer snacks and female dieters also reported fewer meals than non-dieters. Breakfast was skipped by almost twice as many dieters as non-dieters. Some evidence of anorexia nervosa (dieting in very underweight individuals) appeared. CONCLUSION: The data suggest excessive responses to weight loss pressures and imperfect translation of nutritional advice into behaviours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Host-plant-derived variation in ultraviolet wing patterns influences mate selection by male butterflies.

We report on the first case in which sequestered secondary plant compounds determine an insect's external appearance in the ultraviolet spectrum and thereby influence visually mediated mate choice. Larvae of the common blue butterfly Polyommatus icarus specifically sequester flavonoids in different amounts and types, depending on the part or species of food plant. During late pupal development the majority of ultraviolet-absorbing flavonoids are deposited in the wing scales. The flavonoid content of the larval diet thereby determines ultraviolet wing patterns. In laboratory and field experiments, male butterflies clearly preferred flavonoid-rich, ultraviolet-absorbing female dummies. This preference is mediated visually by the ultraviolet pattern of the wings. Food-plant parts and species vary in value as a food source, so ultraviolet wing patterns may signal mate quality and are not a species-specific characteristic. We discuss the use of principal component analysis in analysing spectral data in the context of visual communication. We propose the alternative application of confidence intervals of averaged spectra as a novel straightforward statistical method for comparing groups of spectra in a manner that is independent of assumptions about the visual system of the receiver. In addition, they can be used to give confidence intervals to derived measures of colour such as quantum catch by photoreceptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bioaccumulation of selected PCBs in zebrafish, three-spined stickleback, and arctic char after three different routes of exposure.

The uptake and elimination of 20 structurally diverse tetra- to heptachlorinated biphenyls were studied in zebrafish (Danio rerio), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were administered to the fish through food, intraperitoneal injection of peanut oil, or intraperitoneal implantation of silicone capsules. The retention of the PCBs in fish exposed through their diet was related with the substitution patterns of the compounds. Ortho-substituted congeners with no unsubstituted meta-para positions had high biomagnification potential. PCBs with low biomagnification all had adjacent vicinal hydrogens, indicating that congeners with this feature may have been metabolically eliminated. The retention characteristics of the PCBs in the diet-exposed and the injected zebrafish were similar. The pattern of congeners in Arctic char indicates that they have a lower capacity to metabolize PCBs compared to three-spined sticklebacks and zebrafish. The levels in the fish exposed to the PCBs through a silastic implant were negatively correlated with the hydrophobicity of the congeners. Most probably congener-specific release rates of the PCBs from the implants mask their retention characteristics. It is suggested that food, mimicking the natural intake route, should be used in PCB exposure studies to validate extrapolations to natural situations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Diet and cancer.

Differences in food intake patterns are positively correlated with differences in the incidence of various cancers in world populations. It is postulated here that dietary factors play a vital role in the genesis of several major neoplasms, specifically gastric and colon carcinomas. In addition to the food consumed, such variables as total caloric intake, nutrtional excess or deficit, exposure to carcinogens and consumption of alcohol also increase the risk of cancer. Through recognition of these factors and subsequent long-term manipulation of diet, it should be possible to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

Cholesterol is required for the secretion of the very-low-density lipoprotein: in vivo studies.

Rats were fed for 1 week with a standard chow diet, a diet supplemented with lovastatin (0.1%), or a diet supplemented with both lovastatin and cholesterol (0.1/0.1%), to study effects of depletion of a putative hepatic metabolic pool of cholesterol on secretion of the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the intact animal. Triton WR-1339 (50 mg/100 g body wt.) or the 0.9% NaCl vehicle alone was given intravenously via a sacral vein. Treatment with lovastatin decreased the secretion of all plasma VLDL lipids, the average decrease after 2 h for VLDL triacylglycerol, phospholipid, cholesterol and cholesteryl ester being 45%. When both lovastatin and cholesterol were included in the diet, the secretion of VLDL triacylglycerol and phospholipid was similar to that of control animals, while secretion of VLDL cholesterol and cholesteryl ester was increased. Treatment with lovastatin reduced the hepatic concentration of cholesteryl esters 42% without affecting free cholesterol. In separate experiments, in vivo synthesis of cholesterol was determined 1 h after intraperitoneal administration of 3H2O. Incorporation into hepatic and plasma free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters was greater in the rats fed lovastatin than in control animals, concurrent with decreased VLDL secretion. The metabolism of VLDL was determined in vivo by intravenous administration of 125I-VLDL. The fractional clearance rates of 125I-VLDL from the plasma were similar among the three experimental groups. Synthesis of hepatic triacylglycerol from [1-14C]oleate in vivo was similar in all treatment groups; incorporation into plasma triacylglycerol was reduced with lovastatin treatment and reversed partially by inclusion of 0.1% cholesterol in the lovastatin diet. Plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol followed patterns of incorporation of [1-14C]oleate. Triacylglycerol concentration in the liver increased when cholesterol was included in the diet. In companion experiments, incorporation of [1-14C]oleate into perfusate triacylglycerol in vitro was reduced with perfused livers from lovastatin-treated animals. In these experiments, oxidation of fatty acid into CO2 and perchloric acid-soluble counts was not affected by lovastatin, added either to the diet or to the perfusate in vitro. It appears, therefore, that lovastatin does not affect triacylglycerol synthesis or fatty acid oxidation, which per se might reduce formation and secretion of VLDL. These data, therefore, strengthen the hypothesis that reduced availability of cholesterol in a putative hepatic metabolic pool, required for secretion and transport of triacylglycerol in the VLDL, is a factor contributing to decreased secretion of the VLDL.

Animals↗