[Present and future development of scientific instruments in Japan: an essay by a person in charge of the issue in a manufacturer].
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Computers↗
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Results for “computer sciences”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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[An international exchange and dissemination of chemical safety information on the Internet].
An information system for chemical safety has been developed on the National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS) Information and Computing Infrastructure. The system is based on client server systems on the local area network (LAN) connected to the Internet. A wide range of safety information for chemicals including foods, food additives, household goods, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants were collected and put on the World Wide Web (WWW) server and the database management system, Sybase. In addition to original information contents, the System has links to many useful Web sites so that it functions as a global hub for chemical safety information.
Agrochemicals↗
Using hypertext to facilitate nurse education.
The increased use of both multimedia and the World Wide Web for nurse education necessitates critical examination of the use of hypertext in nursing education. The use of hypertext and multimedia have the potential to revolutionize teaching and learning generally, and have a significant impact on nursing specifically. This article discusses hypertext use in nurse education and incorporates an examination of cognitive theories to identify specific hypertext design strategies customized for nursing user groups. Particular attention is directed to the application of cognitive flexibility theory to hypertext design for nurse education, highlighting the representation of both complex clinical situations and human physiology. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential uses of hypertext as a means of accessing information by nurses in clinical practice.
Cognitive Science↗
Neuropathology: art and science.
So many examples of computer-designed (rather than human-designed) displays occurred at a recent meeting of the American Association of Neuropathologists that we were stimulated to develop simple guides to help improve presentation. Various color combinations provide examples of the best (and worst) contrast between the message and the medium (background).
Art↗
An information technology emphasis in biomedical informatics education.
Unprecedented growth in the interdisciplinary domain of biomedical informatics reflects the recent advancements in genomic sequence availability, high-content biotechnology screening systems, as well as the expectations of computational biology to command a leading role in drug discovery and disease characterization. These forces have moved much of life sciences research almost completely into the computational domain. Importantly, educational training in biomedical informatics has been limited to students enrolled in the life sciences curricula, yet much of the skills needed to succeed in biomedical informatics involve or augment training in information technology curricula. This manuscript describes the methods and rationale for training students enrolled in information technology curricula in the field of biomedical informatics, which augments the existing information technology curriculum and provides training on specific subjects in Biomedical Informatics not emphasized in bioinformatics courses offered in life science programs, and does not require prerequisite courses in the life sciences.
Biomedical Engineering↗
[Computer-assisted surgery of the area of the cranial base. "Supplementary tool, revolution or science fiction?"].
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Endoscopes↗
[Intranarcotic infusion therapy -- a computer interpretation using the program package SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)].
In a retrospective 18-month study the infusion therapy applied in a great anesthesia institute is examined. The data of the course of anesthesia recorded on magnetic tape by routine are analysed for this purpose bya computer with the statistical program SPSS. It could be proved that the behaviour of the several anesthetists is very different. Various correlations are discussed.
Adolescent↗
An alternative approach to deal with geometric uncertainties in computer analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis gels.
With the growing importance of proteomics in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences a need has emerged for computing tools that are capable of digitally visualizing and analyzing protein spot patterns within two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gel. Matching programs need to meet requirements such as interlaboratory comparison and the comparison of samples from different origins. For such research purposes, we have developed the CAROL system that implements new algorithms for spot detection and matching, which enable researchers to take a different approach to protein spot identification and comparison. The present short communication discusses how the system deals with uncertain geometric spot information that arises from streaks and complex spot regions and how this can be amplified for the matching procedure.
Algorithms↗
Laboratory instruction in histology at the University at Buffalo: recent replacement of microscope exercises with computer applications.
Histology is a morphologic science in which the structure of the cells, tissues, and organs of the body are examined with a microscope. In the laboratory courses in histology at the School of Medicine of the University at Buffalo, histologic specimens had been used since the late 19th century to teach the principles of cell, tissue, and organ structure. Students also had to learn how to analyze or "read" slides with a microscope. Learning histology in this way, i.e., by direct examination of actual specimens, is time consuming and viewed by some as unnecessary. As a result of recent curricular reform at the School of Medicine that reduced contact time in histology, half of all laboratory exercises that would have been performed with a microscope were performed instead with interactive computer applications. By replacing some microscope exercises with more efficient computer applications, the histology course accommodated curricular change by both reducing contact time and continuing to offer valuable microscope laboratories for most of the organ systems of the body. To provide a basis for comparing traditional microscope exercises with computer-assisted instruction in histology, the nature of the laboratory experience between 1846 and 1998 is briefly reviewed. The instructional strategy behind the use of computers is presented, along with the nature of the computer applications and the means by which the computer applications were incorporated into the school's laboratory course in histology.
Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
Automated information retrieval in science and technology.
The rapid advances in computer and communication technology in the 1970's have enabled large interactive scientific and technical information retrieval systems to be implemented. Major search services today offer on-line access to millions of bibliographic citations and an increasing number of "electronic handbooks." In addition, development of knowledge bases is well under way. Despite the impressive speed and flexibility of interactive retrieval systems, their impact has been lessened by limited awareness of their existence, uneven quality of retrieval, inadequate linkages among data bases, and reliance on specially trained intermediaries.
Computers↗
Medical informatics: an introduction to computer technology in medicine.
Access and effective management of medical information have become increasingly important in the practice of medicine today. Computer technology is developing to achieve this goal. This had led to the emergence of a new specialty, medical informatics, the basic science of the use of computers in medicine. Areas of patient care to which medical informatics has been applied include history taking, medical records, medical data base information retrieval, test performance, test result retrieval, decision support, patient monitoring, medical education, quality assurance and utilization review, medical research, and medical office and financial management. It is important that these applications become integrated with existing medical information systems and that physicians take a leading role in developing and maintaining these systems.
Computers↗
Looking for a general for some modern major models.
Computer climate models are some of the most complex scientific structures ever conceived. Consisting of hundreds of thousands of equations and running on supercomputers capable of trillions of operations per second, they chart the evolution of past and future climates across thousands of years. These simulations are breathtaking in their qualitative detail and vastly ambitious in their quantitative exactitude. However, their progress has recently been challenged by the very size and complexity of the models, factors that are also paralleled in the communities of scientists that build them. This complex co-evolution of computers and scientific communities gives us insight into the promise and limits of sciences driven by exponential increases in computing power.
Climate↗
Anticircumvention rules: threat to science.
Scientists who study encryption or computer security or otherwise reverse engineer technical measures, who make tools enabling them to do this work, and who report the results of their research face new risks of legal liability because of recently adopted rules prohibiting the circumvention of technical measures and manufacture or distribution of circumvention tools. Because all data in digital form can be technically protected, the impact of these rules goes far beyond encryption and computer security research. The scientific community must recognize the harms these rules pose and provide guidance about how to improve the anticircumvention rules.
Computer Security↗
The scientific method is dead--long live the (new) scientific method.
The scientific method has been the mainstay of scientific inquiry and clinical practice for nearly a century. A new methodology has been emerging from the scientific (nonmedical) community: the introduction of modeling and simulation as an integral part of the scientific process. Thus, after the hypothesis is proposed and an experiment is designed, modern scientists perform numerous simulations of the experiment. An iterative optimization of the design of the experiment is performed on the computer and is seen in virtual prototyping and virtual testing and evaluation. After this iterative step, when the best design has been refined, the actual experiment is conducted in the laboratory. The value is that the modeling and simulation step saves time and money for conducting the live experiment. The practice of medicine should look to the tools being used by the rest of the scientific community and consider adopting and adapting those new principles.
Computer Simulation↗
CEREC: science, research, and clinical application.
Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM), as embodied in the CEREC system, enables the fabrication of high-quality esthetic ceramic restorations chairside. Resin cements are used to complete the clinical process, providing a high-strength, stress-free adhesive assembly. The current generation of CEREC technology can be used to create restorations with a repeatable 50-micron adhesive interface width. Systematic analysis of the literature on clinical trials of CEREC restorations indicates a high level of clinical success. CEREC technology is compatible with contemporary, conservative cavity preparation design and limits pulpal trauma by completing complex restorations in a single visit. The occlusal form of CEREC restorations can be machined with full regard to the patient's occlusion, using functionally generated pathway recordings.
Ceramics↗
Designing a user interface and computer screens for instruction: some considerations.
Computer-assisted instruction and interactive videodisc are being used more often in allied health sciences education and medical training. Because computer graphics screens can enhance both legibility and readability, an effective computer interface for instruction is basic to the design and development of both. This article discusses guidelines on legibility, which includes the use of graphics, type and text, contrast, and color.
Color↗
The Claude Bernard Distinguished Lecture. In pursuit of meaningful learning.
The Bernard Distinguished Lecturers are individuals who have a history of experience and expertise in teaching that impacts multiple levels of health science education. Dr. Joel Michael more than meets these criteria. Joel earned a BS in biology from CalTech and a PhD in physiology from MIT following which he vigorously pursued his fascination with the mammalian central nervous system under continuous National Institutes of Health funding for a 15-yr period. At the same time, he became increasingly involved in teaching physiology, with the computer being his bridge between laboratory science and classroom teaching. Soon after incorporating computers into his laboratory, he began developing computer-based learning resources for his students. Observing students using these resources to solve problems led to an interest in the learning process itself. This in turn led to a research and development program, funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), that applied artificial intelligence to develop smart computer tutors. The impact of problem solving on student learning became the defining theme of National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported research in health science education that gradually moved all of Dr. Michael's academic efforts from neurophysiology to physiology education by the early 1980's. More recently, Joel has been instrumental in developing and maintaining the Physiology Education Research Consortium, a group of physiology teachers from around the nation who collaborate on diverse projects designed to enhance learning of the life sciences. In addition to research in education and learning science, Dr. Michael has devoted much of his time to helping physiology teachers adopt modern approaches to helping students learn. He has organized and presented faculty development workshops at many national and international venues. The topics for these workshops have included computer-based education, active learning, problem-based learning, and the use of general models in teaching physiology.
Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
Issues of imaging science for future consideration.
Acceleration of the emergence of imaging science as a new discipline will require the development of new organizational structures to foster research and educational programs that integrate components of the traditional disciplines, all of which stand to benefit. However, the greatest impact of imaging science will likely be from computer-based general educational programs that present both visual and verbal materials utilizing software that is not only interactive but also analytic, diagnostic, and adaptive in response to individual students. Ultimately, this powerful learning paradigm will have profound effects on all aspects of our culture. Imaging science will not have emerged fully until the conceptual, organizational, educational, cultural, and ethical issues it raises have been addressed.
Education↗