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At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Structural brain correlates of verbal and nonverbal fluency measures in Alzheimer's disease.

This study examined the relationships between regional brain volumes and semantic, phonological, and nonverbal fluency in 32 participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Object but not animal semantic fluency correlated with frontal and temporal gray matter volumes. Phonological fluency was not significantly associated with any brain volume examined. Nonverbal fluency was selectively associated with bilateral frontal gray matter volumes. Hippocampal volumes, although markedly reduced in these patients, were not related to any of the fluency measures. Results lend evidence to the importance of the frontal lobes in the directed generation of nonverbal and verbal exemplars by AD patients. Furthermore, both left- and right-hemisphere regions contribute to the generation of verbal and nonverbal exemplars.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in schizophrenia associated with symptom remission, normalisation of blood fatty acids, reduced neuronal membrane phospholipid turnover and structural brain changes.

The administration of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to a drug-naive patient with schizophrenia, untreated with conventional antipsychotic medication, led to a dramatic and sustained clinical improvement in both positive and negative symptoms. This was accompanied by a correction in erythrocyte membranes of abnormalities in both n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids and with reduced neuronal membrane phospholipid turnover, as evidenced by serial 31-phosphorus cerebral magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using recently developed techniques of image segmentation, subvoxel registration and quantitation, analysis of serial high-resolution 3D cerebral MRI scans showed that, in the year before EPA treatment, cerebral atrophy was taking place and that this atrophy was reversed by six months of EPA treatment. These results demonstrate that EPA can reverse both the phospholipid abnormalities previously described in schizophrenia and cerebral atrophy. They provide strong further evidence in support of the membrane phospholipid model of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Therapeutic and physiopathological contribution of electric stimulation of deep brain structures in Parkinson's disease].

Ablative functional neurosurgery constituted during the first half of the 20th century the main treatment of advanced forms of Parkinson's disease. The surgical procedure was spectacularly efficient on tremor, but sometimes complications were not totally regressive and even more severe when surgery was bilateral, this leading to neurocognitive deficits or to speech problems. This, associated to the efficiency of levodopa, was at the origin of the almost total disappearance of this type of surgery during the '60s until the eighties. The rebirth of functional neurosurgery, necessitated by the appearance of dyskinesias, was possible in most part because of the development of techniques with a lower morbidity, such as high frequency stimulation (HFS). This was initially applied to the thalamic ventral intermedius nucleus VIM, and the low morbidity of the method has been demonstrated by the possibility to operate a large number of patients bilaterally without complication. The demonstration that the pallidal target, which had been abandoned during the '50s because of its low efficiency on the triad of symptoms of Parkinson's disease, was selectively efficient on dyskinesias, led naturally to apply HFS to this target. In 1990, the demonstration in the field of fundamental research of the role of the subthalamic nucleus as a key element of regulation of movement, suggested to register this nucleus into the list of targets, despite the risk of hemiballism that this structure presents when it is lesioned by haemorrhage, because of the good tolerance of HFS as a surgical method. This target quickly showed its remarkable efficiency on all symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Because of the reduction of the doses of dopaminergic treatments which were allowed, this target had also the capacity to reduce, indirectly, the intensity of dyskinesias. If the efficiency of the method is nowadays demonstrated as well as the stability on the long term of its results, the mechanism is still mostly not understood. Moreover the physiopathogenic hypothesis suggests the possibility of a neuroprotective effect of the stimulation, which still needs to be clearly established at the experimental level as well as at the level of clinical applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of brain structure volumes in Insectivora and primates. IX. Trigeminal complex.

Volumes of the trigeminal complex (TR) were measured in 30 species of Insectivora, 3 species of Scandentia, 18 species of prosimians, 26 species of non-human simians and in man. The relative size showed a definite tendency to decrease from 159 in Insectivora to 56 in simians (expressed as size indices). The difference in the development of the TR between Insectivora and Primates is explained by differences in the role of their oro-facial region in exploratory behavior. The largest size was found in semiaquatic Insectivora (average 283). In semiaquatic forms, the reduction of the olfactory centers is compensated by an increase in TR size. The extremely long vibrissae innervated by the trigeminal nerve seem to have a teletactile function in detecting vibrations in the water produced by potential prey.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of atropine and mecamylamine given locally into periaqueductal gray on bioelectrical activity of chosen brain structures of the rabbit.

Atropine (Atr) or mecamylamine (MeC) were administered locally into the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes into the motor-sensory cortex (MSC) ventro-posterolateral thalamic nuclei (NVPL), PAG and midbrain reticular formation (MRF). Bioelectrical responses in the cortex and subcortical structures were analyzed automatically by means of Fast Fourier Transform and Autoregressive Method. Both Atr and Mec modified the activity in PAG, Atr had also the influence in MRF and MSC.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Electroencephalographic analysis of inter-central relations in hypothalamo-reticulo-limbic brain structures during treatment with corticosteroids and neuropeptides].

Intercentral relations between hypothalamus, limbic system and reticular formation were studied in rabbits and rats under systemic and central action of DSIP, ACTH, corticosteroids and stress (aggressive-defensive behaviour). The results obtained demonstrate changes in the adrenal cortex resulting from stress-inducing adrenocortical hormone content. The increase was achieved by the rise in ACTH level resulting in corticosteroid level elevation (endogenous elevation-aggressive behaviour) and by corticosteroid injections (exogenous elevation). Correlation analysis of structural interrelations after ACTH and corticosteroid injections demonstrated an increased correlation between hypothalamo-reticular-limbic structures. DSIP was shown to have an opposite effect. Correlation analysis revealed the potentials for the formation of new functional interrelations between hypothalamo-reticular-limbic structure in the motivation of aggression (stress) and the levels of corticosterone and DSIP. DSIP action depends on the initial corticosteroid blood level and is more marked in stress-inducing concentrations.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of brain structure volumes in insectivora and primates. VIII. Vestibular complex.

Volumes of the vestibular complex (VC) and its four main components (medial, inferior, lateral and superior nuclei; VM, VI, VL and VS) were measured in 28 species of Insectivora, 3 species of Scandentia, 18 species of prosimians, 26 species of non-human simians and in man. The relative size showed a definite tendency to increase 2-4.5 times from Insectivora through simians (expressed by size indices). The highest increase was found in VS, the lowest in VI and, in Pongidae and man, also in VL. The differences are discussed with respect to differences in the locomotory behavior of the various taxonomic groups and to differences in the fiber connections and thus different functions of the various nuclei. Species which exploit a 3-dimensional environment and execute fast and complicated head and body movements have a larger VC than closely related species confined to the ground or which are less skilled leapers. The great increase of the VS may be related to the predominant role of vision in primates, particularly in simians.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Changes in the functional activity of cortical brain structures and their blood supply during motion sickness in the alert rabbit].

In alert rabbits, sea sickness induced an increase in the cerebral blood supply, alteration of the ECoG frequency components, bradycardia, hypotension. Different responses of the bioelectrical activity were revealed in summer and winter. The enhancement of bioelectrical activity and blood flow in the motor cortex were shorter than in the auditory and visual areas. These changes become more obvious in repeated fits of sea sickness and gradually reduced later on. In winter, the responses of the rabbit electrophysiological parameters are more obvious and longer lasting than in summer. The blood supply parameters preserved in summer whereas the ECoG changes returned to initial values faster in summer.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Emotional correlates of structural brain injury with particular emphasis on post-stroke mood disorders.

This article reviews the emotional disorders which have historically been associated with brain injury and hypotheses about the nature of the relationship between emotional symptoms and neuropathology. Although a causal connection between emotional disorders and neurophysiological changes in the brain has been proposed, most clinicians have attributed the emotional disorders to a psychological response to the lesion-induced impairments. Relatively recent studies utilizing measurement of emotions, however, have suggested that emotional symptoms are not explained by severity of impairment. Studies of lateralization of emotional response to brain injury are discussed which exemplify the development of neurobiological theories for post-brain injury mood disorders. The importance of lesion size and location, time since injury, as well as physical and intellectual impairments and social factors on post-brain injury emotional disorders, are all reviewed in relation to recent findings. Results of a recent double-blind drug study suggest that post-stroke depressive disorders may be treatable with antidepressants.

Affect↗