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PubMed1986

Extending urban services in developing countries: policy options and organizational choices.

Governments in developing countries will face serious problems in extending basic social services, public facilities, and infrastructure for their rapidly growing urban populations during the next decade. The steadily increasing concentration of the poor in cities will exacerbate already severe strains on urban services. Innovative solutions will be needed to meet the growing demands for urban services. In addition to expanding national and municipal efforts, governments in developing countries must also explore alternative policies and organizational arrangements for meeting the basic needs of their urban population. Among the potential alternatives are: using market surrogates to improve service delivery; lowering the costs of service provision through changes in regulations and controls on urban development; actively supporting self-help and service upgrading schemes by the poor; promoting public-private cooperation and private sector participation in service delivery; increasing effective demand for services by promoting employment and higher incomes; and enacting and implementing policies that attempt to redistribute migration to small and intermediate-sized cities. Each alternative has advantages and limitations that planners and policy-makers must take into consideration in forging effective urban development strategies.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age at menarche and urbanization in Cameroon: current status and secular trends.

Status quo data on the age at menarche were obtained on samples of Cameroonian girls living in urban (Yaoundé) (n = 205), suburban (n = 505) and rural areas (n = 201). Mean ages at menarche, estimated by probit analysis, are 13.18 years (SD 1.08) in Yaoundé, 13.98 years (SD 1.55) in the suburban area, and 14.27 years (SD 1.65) in the rural area. The early menarcheal age observed in Yaoundé girls attending 'privileged schools' (12.72 years, SD 1.18) substantiates the hypothesis that in good environmental conditions Africans are as early-maturing as Asiatic or Mediterranean populations. Comparison with retrospective data on age at menarche during previous decades reveals the presence of a clear secular trend towards earlier maturation, at a rate of 2.5-3.2 months per decade, only in the main cities of the country (Yaoundé/Douala) and a lack of temporal variation in rural areas. The degree of urbanization influences maturational age and its evolution, probably through improvements in the nutritional standards.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Caribbean immigrants in Britain and Canada: socio-demographic aspects.

This is an overview of demographic characteristics of migrants from the Caribbean to Great Britain and Canada, based on official data. "In 1981 there were approximately 295,000 Caribbean born persons living in Britain and 211,000 in Canada. In addition there was a 'second generation' of about 250,000 in Britain and 50,000 in Canada. Immigration from the Caribbean reached its peak in Britain in 1961 and in 1974 for Canada. The latter country was more selective in terms of education and includes a francophone group from Haiti. There is substantial residential segregation in the inner cities of London and Birmingham, but a greater degree of dispersion within Montreal and Toronto. There are growing problems of unemployment among Black youths, in both countries." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

Selective effects of marriage migrations on the population redistribution in a hierarchical regional system of Japan.

"Based on the data on 11,470 household heads and spouses in a national survey [in Japan], this paper studies the selective effects of marriage migrations on five types of prefectures: (1) metropolitan core, (2) suburban, (3) regional growth pole, (4) peripheral non-kaso, and (5) peripheral kaso prefectures. The selective effects are examined in terms of five personal factors: sex, nativity, education, period of marriage, and sibling status.... Primary and onward migrations were much more important than return migrations so that marriage migrations increased the non-native's share of the population of every type of [prefecture]. Marriage migrations resulted in further deterioration of the quality of human capital in peripheral prefectures. The transition from high to moderate economic growth in the early 1970s was accompanied by sharp reversals in the net transfers of marriage migrants in metropolitan cores and regional growth poles in opposite directions." (SUMMARY IN JPN)

Asia↗
PubMed1985

Greece.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1991

The distinguishing features of urbanization in socialist countries.

Urbanization in developing socialist countries (DSC) is described and compared with urban growth in market-economy countries. The author finds that "the common characteristics of DSC urbanization are mainly composed of two...factors: firstly, they all use a similar set of economic development models. This set of models is different from the development models of capitalist countries. Secondly, compared with population movement in a so-called 'state of anarchy' in an urban economy, socialist countries stress that population movement, just like the deployment of other productive force elements, must submit to central economic planning, and population movement should occur in a 'planned' way."

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Family change and support of the elderly in Asia: what do we know?

"After outlining variations in traditional family systems in Asia, this article discusses likely impacts of urbanization, industrialization and migration on family structure and care of the elderly. Evidence about changing family support for the elderly in Asia is then reviewed. The article's main conclusion is that future changes in Asian countries and areas seem likely to erode traditional family-based systems of care for the elderly, even if the overall welfare of the elderly improves because of higher incomes. Problems faced by elderly women are likely to be especially acute and may require special policies to deal with them."

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Modelling population changes in small English urban areas.

The authors examine processes underlying the growth of small urban areas in England. "There is evidence of 'people-led' growth in environmentally attractive locations (for example, through retirement migration). However, growth of small- and medium-sized towns also reflects employment decentralisation and deconcentration to freestanding or satellite towns, and the extension of commuter hinterlands.... Government policies encouraging growth are also demonstrated to be significant." The processes resulting in population decline in some small towns are identified. "The impact on modelling growth in urban areas of a diversity of causal processes and locational contexts for growth is considered."

Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Urbanization, the informal sector and migration: issues for research and cooperation.

Only recently have development studies begun to examine the complex set of relationships between urbanization, the growth of the informal sector, and internal migration in Latin America. This paper suggests that the economic crisis of the 1980s has resulted in significant changes in these phenomena and that 1 of the most important changes has been the growth of return international migration between Latin American countries. Also of importance are the continued migration flows to North America. The paper argues that the interconnectedness of these phenomena requires more multinational research efforts.

Americas↗