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PubMedDate not supplied

Integration of universal design of instruction in occupational therapy professional education: responding to student diversity.

Application of the seven principles of universal design of instruction in occupational therapy education is intended to meet the diverse learning needs of students and provide full access to educational experiences without disadvantaging some students (Bowe, 2000; Burgstahler, 2001; McGuire & Scott, 2002). The intended outcome is success for all students. Further, universal design of instruction is congruent with the occupational therapy core value of mutual respect, whereby... We treat people fairly and equitably. We acknowledge and support others regardless of differences. We appreciate their qualities, capabilities and contributions (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2003). While the benefits of universal design of instruction in occupational therapy curricula appear to be extensive, a caveat must be included. Use of any instructional design tool is legitimized when grounded in research. Though literature in multiple disciplines is expanding related to universal design of instruction, we need research specific to occupational therapy education.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1990

Universal health insurance: lessons of the 1970s, prospects for the 1990s.

In the 1970s, proposals for universal health insurance were not successful. Health care providers, insurers, and others negotiating in the political process foresaw a better future without such legislation. Today, the growth of health insurance coverage has unmistakably reversed. Moral discomfort and self-interest shape the new politics of universal health insurance for the 1990s. Hospitals, physicians, insurers, employers, and tens of millions of individuals would benefit from a universal health insurance plan that was mindful of their concerns and interests. Proposals that require employers to provide insurance for full-time employees and expand public programs to cover to cover other uninsured persons now have the greatest chances for enactment. As leaders, health services and health insurance executives should be in the vanguard of efforts to enact universal health insurance.

Employment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Tulane University Medical Center/Columbia partnership: opportunities and challenges for pathology.

A joint venture between the largest health-care corporation in the country (Columbia/HCA) and Tulane University Hospital/Clinic was established about 1 year ago. Early indications are that the partnership is successful and mutually beneficial. For Tulane University Medical Center, the joint venture provides financial stability and support for academic centers of excellence. Tulane University Hospital/Clinic will become the referral center for complicated cases from the regional Columbia hospitals. The Tulane University Hospital laboratories are positioned to become the regional referral laboratory for esoteric testing. For the pathologists of the regional Columbia hospitals, the opportunity beckons to form a group of equal partners that will contract with Columbia to provide laboratory services at Columbia hospitals and to consolidate the laboratories in the New Orleans division. Columbia has brought corporate expertise, capital, and opportunities for cost-saving economies of scale to the partnership. Quality and cost-effectiveness of patients care will be emphasized as will research on clinical outcomes. This model of corporate/academic partnership represents a new option for academic medical centers around the country as they respond to the rapid changes in the health-care environment.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1998

Dental fear among university students: implications for pharmacological research.

University students are often subjects in randomized clinical trials involving anxiolytic and analgesic medications used during clinical dental and medical procedures. The purpose of this study was to describe a typical university student population available for research by using data from a mail survey. Subjects were 350 students chosen randomly from all enrolled, full-time, traditional students on the main campus at the University of Washington in Seattle, WA. The aim was to determine the extent and nature of dental anxiety in this population. In addition, the relationships between subject willingness to receive dental injections and general and mental health and medical avoidance and medical fears were examined. The Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was used to measure dental anxiety. Dental anxiety was prevalent in this population; 19% of students reported high rates of dental fear. Thirteen percent of students had never had a dental injection. Students with no experience with dental injections were more reluctant than those with experience to receive an injection if one were needed. DAS scores were correlated with injection reluctance. Students who were reluctant to go ahead with a dental injection also reported poorer general and mental health than those who were less reluctant. These students also reported higher medical avoidance and medical anxiety scores. University students provide a rich source of potential subjects for clinical research. The student population, like the community at large, contains people with high levels of dental and medical fear.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed1999

Self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and drinking behavior in three ALDH2 genotypes among Japanese university students.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol abuse is one of the most serious health problems among young adults. Nearly half of the Japanese population is sensitive to alcohol due to a genetic polymorphism in low K(m) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). In the present study, we investigated the effects of the ALDH2 genotype on both self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese university students. METHODS: The study subjects were 423 (389 males and 34 females) university students in a medical university. The subjects completed a questionnaire regarding self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and alcohol drinking behavior. The ALDH2 genotype was determined through digestion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products by a restriction enzyme Ksp632I. The frequency of alcohol-associated symptoms generally increased in the order ALDH2*1/*1, ALDH2*1/*2, ALDH2*2/*2 among males. The frequency of those who drink > or = 5 days/week was less than 10% in all genotype groups. However, the frequency of those who drink 1-4 days/week was significantly higher in ALDH2*1/*1 than that in ALDH2*1/*2 and in ALDH2*2/*2. A similar tendency also was observed in females. Mean amounts of alcohol consumption per occasion in the three ALDH2 genotypes stratified by drinking frequency generally increased significantly in the order ALDH2*2/*2, ALDH2*1/*2, ALDH2*1/*1 in both sexes. The proportion of binge drinkers defined by those who drink ethanol of > or = 75 ml per occasion on average also increased in the order ALDH2*2/*2 (0.0%), ALDH2*1/*2 (9.8%), ALDH2*1/*1 (22.1%) among male drinkers (> or = 1 day/month). CONCLUSIONS: We for the first time demonstrated clear associations between the ALDH2 genotype, self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms, and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese university students.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effect of Celsior and University of Wisconsin solutions on myocardial metabolism and function after warm ischemia.

BACKGROUND: Optimal preservation of donor hearts remains a significant concern during transplantation. Organ shortage led to an increase in the use of damaged hearts. METHODS: To study the effect of preservation solutions on recovery of myocardial metabolism and function after warm ischemia, 10 dogs underwent 30 minutes of warm global ischemia under cardiopulmonary bypass. The animals were then administered 1 liter of Celsior (5 dogs), an extracellular crystalloid solution or 1 liter of University of Wisconsin solution (5 dogs), cooled at 4 degrees C, followed by 60 minutes of cold preservation and 30 minutes of warm blood reperfusion. Interstitial myocardial pH and pO2 changes were measured. The left ventricle dP/dt was measured before and after the ischemic episode, as where creatine kinase, troponine T and lactate serum levels. RESULTS: Tissue pH averaged 6.9+/-0.1, 6.2+/-0.1, 6.7+/-0.1 and 6.8+/-0.1 before and after warm ischemia, following the 60 minutes of cold preservation and the reperfusion period in animals treated with the Celsior solution, compared to 6.8+/-0.1, 6.4+/-0.1, 7+/-0.1 and 6.8+/-0.2 respectively in dogs treated with the University of Wisconsin solution (p<0.05). Oxygen tension in the myocardium averaged 36+/-8 mmHg before warm ischemia and 59+/-31 mmHg after in animals that received Celsior compared to 30+/-10 mmHg and 49+/-7 mmHg in dogs treated with University of Wisconsin (p>0.05). Global myocardial function decreased significantly following reperfusion compared to baseline in both groups of animals. The serum levels of creatine kinase, troponine T and lactate increased significantly during the experiment although there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Both preservation solutions (Celsior and University of Wisconsin) resulted in suboptimal recovery of myocardial function and metabolism when administered after a period of warm ischemia. Strategies to improve recovery of damaged donor hearts remain to be appropriately defined.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding occupational risk of exposure to HIV among medical students at the Medical School of the Federal University of Minas Gerais].

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occupational risk of medical students, their knowledge and practice of universal biosafety measures and hepatitis B immunization coverage. A specific questionnaire was applied to 136 medical students of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: 87 (64%) students were involved in surgical procedures, 68 (50%) had been exposed to blood, 90 (66.2%) knew the universal biosafety measures and 33 (24.3%) knew the procedure in case of blood exposure. Thus, this population has a high risk of blood exposure and although there is a low formal knowledge about universal biosafety measures, most of these were generally used. New strategies, such as formal teaching of universal biosafety measures, in loco supervision, and biosafety teams, are necessary to change this situation.

Brazil↗
PubMed1999

First year experience at the University of Connecticut with NSF design projects to aid persons with disabilities.

This paper provides an overview of the first year experience at University of Connecticut (UConn) with National Science Foundation (NSF) Senior Design Projects to Aid Persons with Disabilities. Devices and software to aid persons with disabilities often need custom modification, are prohibitively expensive, or even nonexistent. Much of the disabled community does not have access to custom modification of available devices, and other benefits of current technology. Moreover, when available, engineering and support salaries make the cost of any custom modifications beyond the reach of most disabled individuals. The NSF in 1988 started to provide a mechanism whereby student engineers at universities throughout the United States designed and constructed devices for persons with disabilities. This program combined the academic requirement of a design experience with enhanced educational opportunities for students, and improved the quality of life for disabled individuals. Students and university faculty provided, through their normal ABET accredited senior design class, engineering time to design and build the device or software, and the NSF provided funds, competitively awarded to universities, for supplies, equipment and fabrication costs for the design projects. Described in this report are first year experiences at UConn with this NSF program including lecture topics, site visits to clients and project selection, required reports and the WWW, course structure and organization.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2001

Needle stick injuries during medical training among Thai pre-clinical year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.

OBJECTIVE: To study episodes of needle stick injuries during medical training among pre-clinical year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University. SETTING: Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study. SUBJECTS: 375 pre-clinical year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University during academic year 1998-1999. METHOD: Questionnaire survey and interviewing. RESULTS: In this study only 5 students revealed that they had ever had accidental exposure during venipuncture training. Each episode of exposure was different in the details. Most of the accidents occurred after venipuncture practice (80%). CONCLUSION: Although the universal precautions are taught in many subjects, we also found that accidental exposures still occur. Not only prevention of accidents but also post-exposure management should be frequently reiterated to the medical students at every level. Any medical practice of students should be under supervisor control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Anthropometric indices and physical fitness in university undergraduates with different physical activity.

Physical activity and fitness have important health promoting effects with respect to arterosclerosis and coronary heart disease in particular. An intervention study of physical status and physical activity in university undergraduates (University of Tartu) has been carried out. The physically inactive (Group I) consisted of 310 undergraduates (235 females and 75 males) of the Faculty of Medicine. The physically active (Group II) was recruited from among undergraduates (22 females and 23 males) of the Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, who participated in training sessions regularly, 3 to 5 times per week. Anthropometric body measurements, arm force, vital capacity and exercise test on the bicycle ergometer (PWC170) were performed. There were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of anthropometric indices in case of physically inactive and physically active female subjects. In the group of physically active male undergraduates, weight and shoulder width were larger than in students with physically sedentary life style (p < 0.05). Most of the female and male students had normal BMI. There were statistically significant differences in the mean values of vital capacity, arm force and aerobic working capacity between the study groups, while physically active students had higher physical capacity (p < 0.001). Mean anthropometric indices demonstrated a statistically significant increase in both female and male university undergraduates after the interval of 30 years. Normal BMI and anthropometric indices do not serve a as guarantee of physical fitness for university undergraduates who are involved in sedentary life style. Regular physical activity has a strong positive impact on physical fitness, particularly on aerobic capacity which is the most important health promoting component of physical fitness with respect to coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Edward Grzegorzewski, graduate of the Warsaw University's medical department and first rektor of the medical academy at Gdansk].

Born on October 4, 1906, in Tobolsk (Siberia), Edward Grezegorzewski was the son of an ophthamologist and descendant of a Polish exile to Siberia. Grzegorzewski came to Poland in 1922. He finished his secondary education in Lwow and then studied medicine (1925-1931), first in Lwow and then in Warsaw. He received the degree of doctor of medicine at the Medical Department of the Warsaw University on July 4, 1931. After his internship, he began work as a research assistant at the State Office of Hygiene in Warsaw (January 1, 1932). From August 1932 until January 1934 he was on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship in the United States. After his return to Poland, he held a number of exectuive positions in the Health Department of the Warsaw City Council, the State Office of Hygiene, and the State School of Hygiene. At the same time he conducted his own research work, concentrating on the socio-hygienic facets of common epidemic diseases and on combatting such disease by means of large-scale action. He was planning to defend his Habilitationsschrift in 1939, but the outbreak of war interfered with his plans. During the German occupation he first worked as specialist in fighting epidemics in Warsaw, and then as a ward doctor at a sanatorium in Otwock near Warsaw. After the liberation, in September 1944, Grzegorzewski he was appointed head of the Health Department of the Ministry of Social Care and Health. On September 20, 1945, he defended his Habilitationsschrift at the Medical Department of the Maria Sklodowska-Curie University in Lublin. In July 1945 he was put in charge of setting up a Medical Academy in Gdansk and in January 1946 became its first rektor (president). In the spring of 1941, Grzegorzewski had received an invitation from Geneva to take part in work on organizing and devising the World Health Organization. After the establishment of WHO, he became head of its department concerned with supervision, organization and training in the field of hygiene. When his term of office expired he stayed abroad, working as professor of hygiene at several universities in the USA, Latin America and Asia. In 1968 he retired from the position of Professor of Hygiene at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore. Edward Grzegorzewski died in Baltimore in 1982.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2002

[Living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure--medical treatment organization in Kyushu University].

Liver transplantation has been recognized as an effective therapeutic method for end-stage liver disease in Japan. Fulminant hepatic failure is also an indication for liver transplantation, and the number of patients undergoing liver transplantation has been increasing. Reversibility and urgency are characteristics of fulminant hepatitis. If given appropriate critical support, many patients recover spontaneously. However, many patients develop cerebral edema or multiorgan failure before the liver can regenerate. From October 1996 to July 2002, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) was performed to 84 end stage liver disease patients in Kyushu University. Twenty-four (28.6%) of 84 LDLTs were for fulminant hepatic failure. In Kyushu University, LDLT candidates including urgent cases were discussed with indication in the liver transplantation committee (the medical professions division and an outside-the-university committee are included) and then the coordinator committee performs informed consent. LDLT can be performed only by cooperation of each section concerned such as Transfusion part, Medicine part, Radiation part, Operation part, Intensive Care Unit and so on. In this paper, we outline about fulminant hepatic failure and living donor liver transplantation, and describe the fulminant hepatitis medical treatment organization in Kyushu University.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The stress of the university experience for students with Asperger syndrome.

College students, with or without disabilities, are faced with numerous stressful situations within the university environment. For an individual diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, success at this level requires non-traditional supports. With limited knowledge of this disorder, the university staff are faced with a distinct disadvantage in their efforts to outline an appropriate plan. While providing traditional academic assistance is now commonplace, federal laws mandate that universities widen the scope of support so as not to exclude any student from campus activities or programs. In an effort to provide a framework for support, this article interfaces diagnostic information with the realities of college life. Areas of focus include the transition process, social rules, engagement in academic activities, and mastering a new life of independence. It is hoped that the presented suggestions might prove helpful as universities begin to establish service support teams and outline plans of support.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A cost-effectiveness analysis of universal versus selective immunization with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin in Finland.

SETTING: Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Gueŕin (BCG) is provided to all infants born in Finland. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of universal versus selective BCG immunization. DESIGN: A Markov model was developed to simulate rates of tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease (NTM), and to examine the cost-effectiveness in terms of cost per case averted of three different strategies: universal BCG, selective BCG (10% of infants at higher TB risk than other infants) or no BCG immunization. RESULTS: In a cohort of 60,000 infants over 15 years, the model predicts five cases each of TB and NTM disease with universal immunization, 8-21 TB and 31 NTM cases with various strategies of selective immunization, and 25 TB and 34 NTM cases with no BCG immunization. BCG side-effects are predicted in 5, 0.5 and 0 infants, respectively. The cost per case averted for immunization strategies ranges from a cost of 38,311 US dollars to a savings of 323 dollars as selective immunization becomes more efficient at targeting infants at highest risk of TB. CONCLUSIONS: In a country with a low incidence of pediatric tuberculosis, selective BCG immunization is a more cost-effective strategy than universal BCG immunization for the prevention of tuberculosis, but results in an increase in NTM cases.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2003

University of Wyoming, College of Engineering, undergraduate design projects to aid Wyoming persons with disabilities.

In Spring 2002 the University of Wyoming received NSF funding from the Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Systems to provide a meaningful design experience for University of Wyoming, College of Engineering students that will directly aid individuals with disabilities within the state of Wyoming. Other universities have participated in this very worthwhile program [1, 2, 3]. To achieve the program purpose, the following objectives were established: Provide engineering students multi-disciplinary, meaningful, community service design projects, Provide persons with disabilities assistive devices to empower them to achieve the maximum individual growth and development and afford them the opportunity to participate in all aspects of life as they choose, Provide engineering students education and awareness on the special needs and challenges of persons with disabilities, and Provide undergraduate engineering students exposure to the biomedical field of engineering. To accomplish these objectives the College of Engineering partnered with three organizations that provide education and service related to disability. Specifically, the college has joined with the Wyoming Institute for Disabilities (WIND) assistive technology program, Wyoming New Options in Technology (WYNOT) and their Sports and Outdoor Assistive Recreation (SOAR) project along with the university's Special Education program. In this paper we will describe how the program was created, developed, and its current status.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biophysical basis for principles of universality of speech perception].

There is increasing evidence that the synergistic interaction of the objectively accepted low-frequency rhythm and the subjectively accepted high-frequency sound is a source of speech "sense". The lack of one of these components or of their synergistic interaction results in the loss of "sense" of the acoustic signal being perceived. As for the universality of perception of the sound component of speech, there is a model of sound perception, which ensures this universality. This model describes the dynamics of audition using the synchronization model of oscillations in the Ruell-Takens scenario of transition to chaos. The oscillations are described by Hopf bifurcations known to be structurally stable, which just provides the universality of sound perception. However, up till now, nothing was known about the mechanism of rhythm. It was shown in our study that the mechanism of rhythm is described by the Feigenbaum scenario of transition to chaos. Upon transition from oscillations to chaos, this scenario incorporates a critical point near which the dynamics of the system is described in an universal way.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Scientific-Pedagogic School of Biological and Medical Chemistry of the O. O. Bogomolets National Medical University (on the 160th year of its founding)].

In this work the most important stages of the scientific-pedagogic school of biologic and medical chemistry formation in Bogomolets National Medical University starting from the period of foundation as early as in 1863 till nowadays the Chair of Medical Chemistry and Physics as a part of Medical Faculty of Saint Volodymyr Emperor University in the city of Kyiv have been estimated and generalized. The especial attention is attracted to the fact, that it was Kyiv University where firstly the Chair of Biochemistry was created in order of stuyding the regularities of biochemical processes running in the human organism and metabolism disturbances inducing the pathologic processes at some diseases. The scientific and scientific-pedagogical trends of the chair work in different periods of its development are presented, simltneously the leading role of famous Ukrainian scientists--biochemicians in foundation and development of biologic and medical chemistry scientific school in the University are emphasized. Nowadays the Chair is the educational and scientific center supporting and developing the best traditions on training the specialists of different qualification levels: physicians Masters of Science, Philosophy Doctors and Doctors of Science in Medicine and Biology. The Chair is considered to be a basic one among the Ukraine higher medic and pharmaceutic educational institutions having the III-IV accreditation rate on the problems of teaching-organizational, educational-methodical and scientific work. On the Chair base there is functioning the Scientific Problem-Solving Commission of Ministry of health Protections of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine "Biological and medical Chemistry" (the chairman is the Corresponding-Member of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Prof. Yu.I. Gubsky. The Chair personnel compiled and issued the contemporary manuals in Ukraine language on Biologic and Bioorganic Chemistry.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1992

Use of dental services by students of Helsinki University during six years.

This follow-up study was carried out to survey the utilization of dental services among university students, together with treatment modalities received during their six years of university studies. Initially 20-year-old students were followed during six years, starting from their first year at the University of Helsinki. Results of the questionnaire showed that during the previous 12 months 59% of the students had had a dental appointment, mostly on their own initiative. According to the patient register, 83% of the students, during their studies, had received dental care financially subsidized at the Finnish Student Health Service (FSHS) in Helsinki. During the six years of follow-up, the mean number of appointments was 9.3 per patient (SD 6.8). Female students made dental appointments relatively more often than did male students (p < 0.01). The main treatment modality was restorative care. Patients did not show up for 3.5% of all appointments reserved. One sixth of all visits were made by a group representing 5% of the study group. In conclusion, as the utilization of FSHS dental services was very common, and as restorative dentistry continues to be the main treatment modality among Finnish university students, prophylaxis of caries in systematic dental health care programmes at FSHS is of prime importance and thus has a good possibility to reach each student.

Adult↗