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PubMed1979

Serum potassium and uric acid changes during treatment with timolol alone and in combination with a diuretic.

Timolol, 10 to 40 mg daily, given to 103 patients with uncomplicated arterial hypertension induced significant increments of serum potassium at all dose levels (p less than 0.05). The magnitude of the increments was dependent on daily timolol dosage. When hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride were added, serum potassium decreased (p less than 0.001), but a major determinant of the magnitude of the decrease was the dosage change of the timolol. Serum uric acid was influenced in a paradoxical way during timolol monotherapy; there was a rise in all 3 dosage groups (p less than 0.02) but the lowest group showed the largest increase and vice versa. On addition of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride, there was a further increase in serum uric acid, the magnitude of which depended on the concomitant reduction in the dose of timolol, with reductions in dose causing a larger rise in serum uric acid and increments, a smaller rise. The increments of serum uric acid were greater in females than in males during both treatment periods. The results indicate that beta blockers induce dose-dependent rises in serum potassium and may counteract undesirable effects of diuretics on serum potassium. Beta blockers seem to have a paradoxical effect on serum uric acid and may aggravate the hyperuricemia induced by diuretics.

Amiloride↗

PubMed1987

Uric acid and urea in relation to protein catabolism in long-term fasting geese.

Five ganders were subjected to an experimental fast comparable to that which spontaneously occurs during breeding in domestic geese, and during migration and breeding in various wild birds. Plasma uric acid and urea concentrations, and their excretion as a proportion of total nitrogen excretion, were studied in relation to daily change in body mass per unit body mass, mg/mdt. This variable has previously been found to reflect changes in protein catabolism over the three phases of fast: I, dm/mdt and protein utilization both decrease; II, they are maintained at a low value; and III, they increase. In the fed state, daily total nitrogen excretion was 5 gN X 24 h-1; uric acid, ammonia and urea accounted for 51, 15 and 5% respectively. The high remaining proportion of excreted nitrogen (29%), after subtraction of uric acid-N, ammonia-N and urea-N to total nitrogen, accords with the literature. During fasting, the changes in daily excretion of uric acid, urea, ammonia and total nitrogen followed a pattern essentially similar to that for dm/mdt. Uric acid accounted for a progressively increasing fraction of total nitrogen, up to 76% at the end of phase III, while urea remained at a constant 5%. Plasma concentrations of both uric acid and urea followed similar trends during the fast, in particular both increasing during phase III, i.e. when there was a rise in nitrogen excretion. This suggests they could be used as an index in field investigations, to determine whether birds which naturally fast in connection with specific activities have entered into the situation where proteins are no longer spared.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1990

Prophylaxis of uric acid and cystine stones.

Although they are two very distinct entities, uric acid and cystine stone disease share a common physico-chemical background, i.e. urinary supersaturation with respect to a compound that is poorly soluble in an acid milieu. Therefore, high-fluid intake and urine alkalinization, preferably by potassium citrate, are of utmost importance for prophylaxis. Urinary excretion of uric acid and cystine may be reduced by dietary measures as well as by drug therapy (allopurinol and thiols, respectively).

Cystine↗

PubMed2001

Body weight, serum uric acid and lipid profile one year after spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Survey of the serum lipoprotein profile, uric acid levels and body weight in Chinese patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) one year after injury, and to report the data of patients with SCI at different levels. METHODS: Seventy-seven Chinese patients with SCI categorized into cervical SCI, thoracic SCI, and lumbar SCI groups were enrolled in the study. The serum uric acid and lipoprotein profiles of these patients were evaluated one year after injury. All of the data in those different groups of SCI patients were compared with normal levels. Body weight before and after injury were also evaluated. RESULTS: Serum uric acid was within normal limits in all three SCI groups. A similar lower in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was observed in all three groups of SCI patients. Higher serum levels were observed in total cholesterol (TC) in the lumbar SCI group, triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the thoracic and lumbar SCI group, and TC/HDL-C ratio in all three SCI groups. Decrease of body weight were noted in cervical and thoracic SCI patients. CONCLUSION: Further long-term follow up was necessary to determine the serum lipid and body weight change in patients with SCI at different levels.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Ammonia and uric acid formation after rapid intravenous fructose administration to healthy subjects and patients with compensated cirrhosis of the liver.

To seven healthy volunteers, 12 and 24 g i.v. fructose were administered in the form of 20% solution at a rate of 4 g/min. After both doses, during the 10th min after the completed intravenous administration, a statistically significant increase of serum ammonia and serum uric acid occurred. After 24 g, the rise of the uric acid level remains significant during the 40th min after administration, while ammonia values return to the basal level. Increments of ammonia and uric acid are higher after a larger fructose dose. Under the same set-up and at the same rate, 24 g fructose were administered to eight patients with compensated cirrhosis of the liver. The rise of uric acid was practically the same as in healthy subjects similar to the rise of the ammonia level during the 10th min after administration. 40 min after administration, however, the ammonia level in cirrhotic patients remained significantly raised, as compared with the initial level.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Influence of an inhibitor of monoaminooxidase (nialamide) on the serum levels, urinary excretion and plasma clearance of urea, uric acid and creatinine in adult and growing rats.

Serum levels, urinary excretion and plasma clearance of urea, uric acid and creatinine were studied in adult (230 g) and growing (75 g) rats under the influence of nialamide (an IMAO) administered in daily doses of 20 mg/100 g diet during 15 or 30 days in adults and 10 mg/100 g diet during 15 days in growing rats. A pair feeding design was used in both ages. Serum levels of urea rose in adult rats fed nialamide for 30 days while urinary excretion decreased. No change in serum levels were noted in growing rats although urinary excretion showed a net increase. Serum uric acid levels were increased in adult female rats given nialamide for 30 days, while urinary excretion fell in both sexes. Growing rats showed a drop in urinary excretion of uric acid. Serum creatinine levels were unchanged in adult and growing rats after treatment with nialamide, although a marked increase was recorded in urinary excretion in both groups.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Stable isotope ratios and uric acid preservation in termites belonging to three feeding habits in Thailand.

Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios and uric acid concentrations in termites sampled from a dry evergreen forest in Thailand, were determined across three kinds of feeding habits. Feeding habits of Microcerotermes crassus, which is an abundant wood-feeder, and Dicuspiditermes makhamensis, a common soil-feeding termite, were confirmed by isotopic signatures. Lichen feeding termites (Hospitalitermes birmanicus, H. bicolor and H. ataramensis) were characterized by low delta15N values, suggesting that they assimilated nitrogen deposited from the atmosphere. There was also a significant difference in uric acid concentrations between termites representing different feeding habits. No significant relationships were found between uric acid concentrations and delta15N or delta13C in Hospitalitermes. However, delta15N values were correlated with C/N ratios in H. birmanicus, except in one colony of H. ataramensis. delta13C values in both species were negatively correlated with C/N ratios.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The relationship between urinary inhibitory activity and endogenous concentrations of glycosaminoglycans and uric acid: comparison of urines from stone-formers and normal subjects.

The inhibitory effect of urine from 64 male stone-formers and from 42 normal men on the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals was measured. The degree of inhibition of each urine specimen was related to the endogenous concentrations of glycosaminoglycans, uric acid, and creatinine, and to the ratio of glycosaminoglycan to uric acid concentrations. No significant difference between the two groups of subjects with regard to the effect of urine on crystal growth or aggregation was found. Inhibitory activity was found to be significantly correlated with the urinary concentration of glycosaminoglycans, creatinine and uric acid, but not to the ratio of glycosaminoglycan/uric acid concentrations. It was concluded that urinary inhibitory activity depends only partly on the endogenous concentration of glycosaminoglycans and that the inhibitory activity of these compounds in vitro does not depend on the associated level of uric acid in the urine.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effect of dietary protein and urea on in vitro caecal ammonia production from urea and uric acid in cockerels.

1. Single Comb White Leghorn adult cockerels were fed on 50 g/kg protein diet, 200 g/kg protein diet or 50 g/kg protein diet plus urea and in vitro ammoniagenesis from urea and uric acid in the caeca was determined. 2. Four-fold protein intake caused about 4.6-fold increase in caecal ammonia production from urea (P < 0.05), and tended to increase it from uric acid as compared with 50 g/kg protein-fed birds. 3. Dietary urea significantly increased caecal ammonia production from urea and uric acid by about 2 and 3 times as much as those of control birds, respectively (P < 0.05). 4. It is concluded that increased protein intake and the feeding of urea are able to induce ammoniagenesis from urea and uric acid in the caeca of fowls.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Creatinine, urea and uric acid in amniotic fluid, maternal and umbilical cord blood at delivery.

Amniotic fluid, maternal vein serum and umbilical cord serum were obtained almost simultaneously from 31 women after an uneventful course of pregnancy. Specimens of amniotic fluid contaminated by blood or meconium were excluded. Creatinine, urea and uric acid were measured by autoanalyser techniques. The concentrations of creatinine, urea and uric acid in amniotic fluid were significantly higher when compared with the levels in maternal vein serum or umbilical cord serum. Between maternal and umbilical cord serum there were only small or no differences. The linear correlations of creatinine, urea and uric acid between maternal and umbilical cord serum were greater than those between amniotic fluid and maternal serum of amniotic fluid and cord serum. It is suggested that the high levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid in amniotic fluid are primarily determined by fetal urine.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed2002

Studies of sol-gel ceramic film incorporating methylene blue on glassy carbon: an electrocatalytic system for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic and uric acids.

In this work, we investigated the immobilization of methylene blue in a methyltrimethoxysilane sol-gel ceramic film on a glassy carbon electrode. Up to a certain saturation level, under our conditions, it was found that the methylene blue was tightly held and did not leach out into aqueous solutions, even with continuous immersion for up to 1 month. The electrochemical behavior of the immobilized methylene blue was then studied. pH variation revealed that there were two distinct redox couples whose existences were pH-dependent. The methylene blue/sol-gel film was also examined as an electrocatalytic system for ascorbic and uric acid oxidations. It was revealed that this system was highly sensitive for ascorbic and uric acid sensing (practical determination limits of 5.00 nM and 1.00 nM for ascorbic acid and uric acid, respectively) and also allowed simultaneous determination of these biomolecules. The simultaneous determination of these two analytes in a human urine sample was demonstrated. The stability of the methylene blue/sol-gel film/glassy carbon electrode sensing system was good, with up to at least a month of continual operation.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2005

Potential role of uric acid in the molecular pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the foremost cause of blindness among the elderly population in industrialised countries. Currently, there is no effective treatment for the majority of patients. To develop new and effective modes of therapy, understanding of the molecular basis of the disease is mandatory. Many age-related pathologies have been attributed to cumulative oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen intermediates. There is growing evidence that uric acid has antioxidant properties and it is a naturally occurring antioxidant. Based on antioxidant role in pathogenesis of ARMD and antioxidant properties of uric acid we conclude that altered uric acid metabolism could play a role in ARMD damage and pathogenesis. Future research needs to evaluate uric acid metabolism in ARMD patients.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1984

Beer drinking and its effect on uric acid.

This study attempted to simulate the drinking habits of gout patients. Beer or squash was drunk over a 4-hour period on two successive days by five gouty and five normouricaemic men. Serum lactate increased with beer and squash, but elevation of plasma uric acid was confined to beer drinking. Urate clearance increased with both beverages, but 24-hour uric acid excretion was accentuated only by beer. The purine content of several beers was measured and the principal constituent found to be guanosine, which is probably the most readily absorbed dietary purine. It was concluded that the hyperuricaemic effect of beer was mediated by the digestion of purines contained by the beer and by an effect of ethanol on uric acid synthesis. There was no evidence that beer taken in usual quantities reduced the renal excretion of uric acid.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2005

Serum uric acid levels as a predictor of in-hospital death in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the value of serum uric acid levels in predicting in-hospital mortality of chronic heart failure patients hospitalized for decompensation in spite of appropriate medical therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted in patients who were admitted to our clinic between January 2003 and April 2004 due to decompensated heart failure. Only patients who had a functional capacity of class IV and who already received loop diuretic and ACE inhibitor therapy before their admission were included. Patients with recurrent admissions during this period were excluded. Eighty-five patients fulfilled these criteria: group I consisted of 25 patients who died during hospitalization whereas group II consisted of 60 patients who were discharged alive after treatment. Age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction derived from 2-D echocardiography, serum sodium (Na), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), creatinine, uric acid levels, white blood cell counts and drugs used on admission were the selected parameters as predictors of in-hospital mortality in these patients. When stepwise logistic regression analysis was used, female sex and serum uric acid levels at admission appear to be the only predictors of death during that hospitalization independent of other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Serum uric acid levels may be used as a predictor of death in hospitalized heart failure patients with class IV symptoms.

Aged↗

PubMed1977

[Blood uric acid in myeloma].

A study was made of the mean blood uric acid level in a group of patients with myeloma, assessed before treatment and in cases where renal insufficiency had been formally excluded. This mean uric acid level of the blood was 63.3 +/- 15 mg. per liter in a groupe of 16 men, and 59.5 +/- 16.5 mg. per liter in a group of 18 women. Comparison of these findings with those obtained in a number of control groups suggests that in myeloma without renal failure, mild hyperuricemia exists. No clear mention of this fact is found in previous publications. The moderate extent of this hyperuricemia is probably due to the fairly slow growth of the myelomatous tumor mass. It is suggested that accurate determinations of the variations of the uricemia and uraturia might yield exact data concerning the sensitivity of the myelomatous cells to the cytolytic agents used to combat them.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed1986

Significance of the measurement of uric acid fractional clearance in diuretic induced hyponatraemia.

The biochemical features of severe hyponatraemia due to thiazide administration in 7 non-oedematous patients were compared with those in hyponatraemia due to frusemide. Hypouricaemia has been shown to occur in hyponatraemia due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone activity and this was measured along with fractional uric acid clearances in all the patients. Five of the patients had been on thiazides (or hydrochlorothiazide with amiloride) for only a few days to a few weeks. Fractional uric acid clearance was elevated and serum uric acid levels were low in five of them and returned to the normal range on restoration of serum sodium to normal. By contrast, the patients on frusemide did not show any abnormality in fractional uric acid clearance at any stage. These results are consistent with excess ADH activity as having caused hyponatraemia induced by thiazides in 5 of the 7 cases, whereas frusemide caused a sodium depletion syndrome. Treatment in the former cases is by water restriction, and in frusemide-induced salt depletion by saline supplementation.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Selected physiologic and drug effects on serum uric acid levels in an elderly population.

A total of 2,923 elderly subjects were studied to determine the relationship between obesity, hypertension, thyroid disease, renal function, alcohol consumption, selected drugs, and the serum uric acid level. Comparison of the serum uric acid levels with indices of obesity demonstrated a strong correlation in normotensive (p less than .0001) and hypertensive (p less than .001) subjects. The serum creatinine level, when used alone, was not a reliable indicator of renal function. Of the drugs evaluated, diuretics had the most pronounced effect upon the serum uric acid level.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Nonenzymatic stopped-flow fluorimetric method for direct determination of uric acid in serum and urine.

A simple, direct, sensitive, and selective stopped-flow method for the fluorimetric determination of uric acid in serum and urine samples is described. The variation of fluorescence intensity during the reaction between uric acid and 1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene (triap) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is monitored. For these kinetic measurements peroxide is monitored. For these kinetic measurements we used a versatile stopped-flow module that can be fitted to any fluorimeter. The linear range of the proposed method is 0.08-3.00 mg of uric acid per liter, and the detection limit is 0.03 mg/L. Within- and between-assay CVs and selectivity data are reported. Results for serum and urine samples correlated well with those obtained by the uricase method The proposed method is inexpensive and requires no sophisticated detection equipment.

Adult↗