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PubMed2005

Fluoride intake and fractional urinary fluoride excretion of Colombian preschool children.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to assess the total fluoride intake and the fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) relative to the customary daily fluoride (F) ingestion in preschool children between 48-59 months of age. DESIGN: Total fluoride ingestion, from dietary and toothpaste samples was determined in 120 young children, dwellers of four Colombian cities. A "duplicate plate" technique was used. In Colombia, table salt is fluoridated to a concentration of between 180-220 mg F/kg. Individual (n=96) FUFE values were calculated as the ratio between the total amount of F excreted in the urine and the total amount of F ingested, over a 24-hour period. RESULTS: The average daily F-intake was 0.098 mg F/kg/day; 95% C.I. = 0.085-0.111 mg F/kg/day. The proportion of fluoride ingestion from toothpaste to the total fluoride intake was higher than 66% in all cities. The average FUFE values of subjects from each of the four Colombian cities under study did not differ significantly (ANOVA; p >0.91). The average 24-hour FUFE value for preschool children was 0.33; 95% C.I. = 0.29-0.37. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest that preschool children residing in Colombian urban areas are ingesting amounts of fluoride above the upper limit of the proposed safe threshold. FUFE values are similar to those reported in previous studies where daily F-doses were equal or higher than 0.064 mg F/kg.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Views on oral health care strategies.

The Oral Health Programme (ORH) is a health promotion and disease prevention initiative. ORH should be integrated into primary health care programmes by building policies suited to each country and based on the common risk factor approach. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are highly prevalent in recommended. Although cost-effective, water and salt fluoridation are often unavailable and topical fluorides are recommended. Governments and industry must ensure availability of affordable fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride toothpaste should also be used to control periodontal diseases. The atraumatic restorative treatment approach should be used to treat dental caries. The Basic Package of Oral Care (BPOC) for deprived communities outlines this approach in detail. Continuous training and research are recommended for personnel to keep pace with changes in methods of prevention and treatment procedures.

Child↗
PubMed2006

[The effect of fluorides on the surface structure of titanium implants].

The high fluoride concentration and the acidic pH in tooth-paste used to prevent caries may modify the surface structure of implants made of titanium. Oxidative agents thicken and condense the titanium-dioxid layer on the surface of titanium and improve its stability against corrosion effects, while reductive agents like fluoride may have the opposite effect and attack this layer. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of fluoride containing toothpaste and gel on the titanium dioxid layer of titanium. The surfaces of the titanium (commercial pure grade I.) discs were treated with toothpaste and gel containing 0.125 % and 1.25 % fluoride, respectively. The changes in the surface structure were analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our results demonstrated that fluoride strongly binds to the titanium surface and modifies its structure in case of fluoride containing gels.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2004

[Dietary and hygienic aspects of fluoride exposure in pregnant women].

The study was undertaken to assess the exposure of pregnant women to fluoride on the basis of diet preferences and hygienic habits revealed with a questionnaire. The group included 59 women aged 22-39, living in a large urban agglomeration. Questions concerned sources of fluoride such as diet (tap water, tea, fish, poultry), use of fluoride-containing preparations for oral hygiene and substances containing fluoride for additional prophylaxis. The oral health status was clinically examined and caries intensity was assessed with the mean DMF-t index. According to the clinical examination, the mean DMF-t index was 13.64 and ranged from 1 to 23. Consumption of tap water averaged 0.73 L (max. 2.5 L), including 0.55 L (max. 2.5 L) of tea. Poultry was a regular part of the diet in only 14 of the respondents (24%) and only 3 (5%) sporadically (once a week) ate ocean fish. All the respondents used toothpaste containing fluoride, but only 15.3% applied professional prophylaxis with fluoride preparations. As far as the diet is concerned, individual differences in the intake of fluorides were significant. Interestingly, despite the declared everyday use of fluorine-containing toothpaste, the caries intensity index was rather high, suggesting the need for special dental care in this group of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A novel dentifrice technology for advanced oral health protection: A review of technical and clinical data.

Throughout the world, dentifrices have played a key role in the practice of good oral hygiene and promotion of better oral health. In addition to providing general dental cleaning, toothpastes also have served as an excellent vehicle for the introduction of new agents that deliver therapeutic and cosmetic benefits. Key examples of using dentifrices to provide added benefits include the introduction in 1955 of the first fluoridated toothpaste clinically proven to fight caries (Crest Cavity Protection) and the launch of the first tartar-control dentifrice (Crest Tartar Control) in the mid-1980s. To continue expanding the health and esthetic benefits offered by a single dentifrice, a multitude of agents have been investigated over the past 3 decades. The focus of these investigations has been in the multibenefit segment, the most widely used among US consumers.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supragingival calculus in children with gastrostomy feeding: significant reduction with a caregiver-applied tartar-control dentifrice.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the anti-calculus benefit of Crest Dual Action Whitening Toothpaste in gastrostomy (GT) children compared to a control anti-caries dentifrice. METHODS: A double-blind randomized crossover design was used to compare the two dentifrices. A convenience sample of 24 GT subjects, 3-12 years old, was given a consensus baseline Volpe-Manhold Index calculus score by 2 trained examiners, followed by a dental prophylaxis to remove all calculus. Each child was randomly assigned to either study or control dentifrice groups. Caregivers brushed subjects' teeth twice daily with the unlabelled dentifrice for at least 45 seconds. Calculus was scored at 8 weeks (+/- 1 week) by the same investigators. Subjects then had a prophylaxis and received the alternative dentifrice. Subjects returned 8 weeks (+/- 1 week) later for final calculus scoring. RESULTS: The study dentifrice significantly reduced supragingival calculus from baseline by 58% compared to control dentifrice (p<0.005 need exact p-value unless it is <.001; maybe it's reported in the paper). Calculus levels decreased by 68% over the study duration, irrespective of dentifrice. ANOVA found no significant differences in calculus scores based on gender, race, history of reflux, aspiration pneumonia, or oral intake of food. Calculus was significantly related to history of aspiration pneumonia (p<0.05 need exact p-value here). CONCLUSION: Crest Dual Action Whitening Toothpaste was effective and better than anti-caries control dentifrice in reducing calculus in GT children.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1991

Fluoride release from glass ionomer cement in vivo and in vitro.

The aims of this study were to investigate in vivo the release of fluoride from three glass ionomer cements (GICs) Vitrebond, Ketac-Fil and ChemFil II into the saliva of preschool children for a 1-year period and also to study in vitro the release-absorption-release of fluoride from the same GICs for 16 weeks. In the first part of the study, glass ionomer restorations were placed in primary teeth in preschool children. Unstimulated saliva was collected and the fluoride in the saliva was measured before placement of the restorations, immediately after, after 3 weeks, after 6 weeks, and after 1 year. In the second part of the study, test specimens of GICs were placed in deionized water and the release of fluoride was measured weekly for 16 weeks. At week 12, samples were exposed to fluoride toothpaste. The concentration of fluoride in saliva was 0.04 ppm before placement of the restorations. After three weeks it had increased to 0.8 ppm and the level remained as high as 0.3 ppm even after 1 year. In the laboratory study the tested glass ionomer cements showed a capacity to absorb fluoride from the fluoride toothpaste and then release it. It is concluded that glass ionomer cement can act as a rechargeable slow release fluoride device.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Anticalculus dentifrices. A new era in preventive dentistry?].

Anticalculus toothpastes are available on the market. Toothpastes with Zinc compounds interfere mainly with the plaque formation. Dentifrices containing pyrophosphate give the highest reductions in calculus formation. The inclusion of pyrophosphate in a fluoride containing dentifrice did not interfere with the cariostatic action of fluoride on tooth enamel. The influence of anticalculus dentifrices on root caries and root hypersensitivity are, so far, not documented. Fundamentally, a lot of doubt still exists about the precise role of supragingival calculus formation in the onset of periodontal disease.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1989

Global changes in caries prevalence and dental manpower requirements: 2. The reasons underlying the changes in prevalence.

A Joint Working Group of the WHO and FDI was formed in 1981 to investigate the dramatic decrease in caries in children and young people that had been observed in a number of industrialized countries in the 1970s. The results of this investigation are reported in this series of three articles. Part 1 described the assembly and analysis of all available data from 20 selected countries. Nine developed countries showed substantial++ reductions in caries. The most probable reasons for these reductions will be examined here. These included: widespread exposure to fluoride in the form of fluoridated water, fluoride supplements and fluoridated toothpaste; the provision of preventive dental health services; increased dental awareness through organized education programmes; and ready access to dental services. Comparison with Japan, which has not experienced a similar reduction in caries, indicates that the single most important factor was the availability of fluoride toothpaste. The possible effects on dental manpower needs of a declining caries incidence will be discussed in Part 3.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1989

Topical fluorides.

Fluoride is currently conceived as acting for the most part topically, reducing dissolution and enhancing remineralization of the enamel. The introduction of small amounts of fluoride into the mouth as often as possible is therefore important. Regular use of fluoride toothpastes is the most practicable way of maintaining elevated fluoride concentrations at the plaque-enamel interface. The importance of fluoride toothpastes as the basic caries preventive method requires emphasizing. For those who need additional fluoride therapy, frequent rinsing with dilute fluoride solutions or topical applications of concentrated fluoride solutions, gels or varnishes are the commonest alternatives. None of these methods is superior to any other. Thus, choice of method depends on costs, convenience, patient acceptance and safety.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1987

Fluoride clearance of whole saliva in young school children after topical application.

The importance of fluoride in the saliva after topical F-application has been a matter of discussion in recent years. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the elevation and clearance of fluoride in whole saliva in 24 seven-year-old children, 5, 30 and 120 minutes after the following topical fluoride treatments. Exp. 1: chewing F-tablets - (0.25 mg F - ACO); Exp. 2: sucking F-tablets - (0.25 mg F - Fludent); Exp. 3: F-chewing gum - (0.25 mg F - Fluomin); Exp. 4: F-mouthrinsing - (0.2% NaF); Exp. 5: F-toothpaste - (250 ppm F - ACTA); Exp. 6: F-toothpaste - (1000 ppm F); Exp. 7: F-varnish - (2.3% F - Duraphat). Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed "the time factor" was statistically significant. The interaction between "time factor" and "treatment factor" is obvious. After F-varnish (Duraphat) and F-mouthrinsing treatment there was a significantly increased fluoride concentration in the saliva even after 120 minutes compared to the other treatments. After F-varnish treatment, the concentration in saliva two hours after application was statistically significantly higher than for the other treatments. The mouthrinsings resulted in comparison to the F-varnish in a lower F-concentration after 30 and 120 minutes which however was statistically significantly higher than the F-concentration following the other treatments. No statistical difference was found between F-applications after 30 and 120 minutes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of two dentifrices in the control of chlorhexidine-induced stain.

An eight-week, double-blind, parallel and unsupervised clinical study was conducted to compare the ability of two dentifrices, Arm & Hammer Dental Care toothpaste and Crest toothpaste, to prevent the formation of stain induced by the twice daily use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex). Stain formation was evaluated through the use of a new index (Modified Stain Index) designed to selectively detect stain of the proximal and facial surfaces of the anterior teeth. Examinations of stain formation were conducted at two-week intervals for a total of eight weeks. The results indicated equivalent stain prevention benefits for Arm & Hammer Dental Care and Crest when evaluated during eight weeks of chlorhexidine therapy. The modified stain index was shown to be valuable for discriminating location and intensity of early stain formation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study on a human model of the in situ absorption by enamel of fluorine obtained from the NaF and Na2PO3F contained in tooth pastes].

A denture model was used in situ in cross experiment to assess fluorine absorption by impaired enamel from toothpastes containing NaF and Na2PO3F. Six toothpastes were used in experiment: two contained NaF, three Na2PO3F, and one contained no fluorine. Twenty-five volunteers participated in experiment, who were fitted with dentures with sites of impaired enamel located close to each other. Each participant in the experiment was to accidentally clean his or her teeth with one of the pastes three times daily for two weeks. Then the enamel specimens were removed and analysed for fluorine content. The experiment lasted till each volunteer spent all the six pastes offered. The results indicated a much higher efficacy of NaF-containing pastes as regards fluorine absorption by impaired enamel than the ones containing Na2PO3F; the presence of decalcinated phosphate did not enhance the activity of Na2PO3F.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Qualitative microanalysis of ions and ultrastructural changes in dentin exposed to laser irradiation and to metal salts solution.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the ultrastructural changes in dentin after treatment with the Nd:YAG laser and/or metal salt solutions and verified the presence of Sn++, Sr++, and F- in dentin structure. STUDY DESIGNS/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty dentin disks were randomly divided into groups (n = 10): (I) control (no treatment), (II) Nd:YAG (1.5 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz, 125 J/cm2), (III) 10% SnF2 aqueous solution for 30 minutes, (IV) Nd:YAG+10% SnF2 aqueous solution for 30 minutes, (V) 10% SrCl2 toothpaste for 30 minutes, (VI) Nd:YAG+10% SrCl2 toothpaste for 30 minutes. Then, all samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the samples from Groups I to IV for the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). RESULTS: SEM evaluation revealed occluded dentinal tubules and a dentin surface altered by the laser irradiation. The EDX microanalysis revealed Sn++ at a depth of 250 microm in Group IV and not deeper than 100 microm in Group III. In Group V, Sr++ was not deeper than 50 microm, but it could be detected at a depth of 500 microm in Group VI. F- was found only in Group IV. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrastructural changes caused by laser irradiation can increase dentin uptake of Sn++, Sr++, and F-.

Dentifrices↗
PubMed1990

Fluoride in the prevention of caries in the preschool child.

The use of fluorides has benefited greatly the dental health of preschool children. Water fluoridation cuts caries by half in the deciduous dentition as it does in the permanent dentition. In the absence of water fluoridation, fluoride dietary supplements can be used and are effective. For practical reasons it may be useful to limit their use to those at risk from caries and those seen to be prone to caries. There has been some concern over links between early use of fluoride toothpastes and the occurrence of very mild fluorosis. Although this is not perceived as a problem by parents or the community, it is prudent to recommend that parents clean their children's teeth with a pea-size amount of toothpaste. Fluoride varnishes are effective and are useful for preventing caries in young children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Caries risk after interproximal enamel reduction.

INTRODUCTION: Air-rotor stripping (ARS) is a commonly used method to alleviate crowding in the permanent dentition. Its widespread acceptance, however, has been limited by the potential increase in caries risk of the abraded enamel surface. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of ARS-treated enamel surfaces with intact surfaces in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. METHODS: Forty patients treated with ARS were examined clinically and radiographically for caries 1 to 6 years after interproximal enamel reduction. All patients were seen by their dentists for prophylaxis at 6-month intervals during active orthodontic treatment and were exposed to fluoridated water and toothpaste. Topical fluoride agents or sealants were not applied on the abraded surface after any ARS session. Caries incidence was compared between ARS-treated and unaltered surfaces within subjects. The decayed, missing, filled tooth (DMFT) and surface (DMFS) scores were used to evaluate the subjects' overall caries risk. RESULTS: Totals of 376 test and 376 control surfaces were examined. The number of interproximal lesions detected was found to be low with no statistically significant difference detected between the groups (test = 3; control = 6; P = .33]. The DMFT and DMFS scores increased significantly during the study period, indicating that these patients were clearly at risk of tooth decay (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the risk of caries is not affected by ARS. Furthermore, our data show that the application of topical fluoride on the enamel surfaces immediately after ARS in patients exposed to fluoridated water and fluoride-containing toothpaste may not provide any additional benefit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Influence of buffering effects of dentifrices and fluoride gels on abrasion on eroded dentine.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of abrasion resistance of eroded and non-eroded dentine brushed with experimental dentifrices and gels of varying buffering capacities. DESIGN: One hundred and twenty human dentine specimens were distributed among six groups (A-F) according to the different buffering capacities of experimental toothpastes and gels. The dentifrices (pH: 4.5) and gels (pH: 4.5) differed in fluoride content, RDA-value and buffer capacity (given as mg KOH needed for neutralisation): (A) 0.125%F, RDA: 77, 6mg KOH; (B) 0.125%F, RDA: 125, 24mg KOH; (C) 0.125%F, RDA: 129, 12mg KOH; (D) 0%F, RDA: 81, 1.55mg KOH; (E) 1.25%F, RDA: 21, 8.5mg KOH; (F) 0.125%F, RDA: 7, 3.11mg KOH. Ten specimens were cycled through three alternating demineralisations (1% citric acid, 5min) and remineralisations (artificial saliva, 1min) including brushing abrasion in an automatic brushing machine (2 x 2000 strokes). Ten samples of each group were not eroded, but only brushed. RESULTS: After three cycles, loss of dentine was determined by profilometry (mean +/- S.D. [microm]). Eroded samples: (A) 37.12+/-4.95; (B) 48.67+/-4.77; (C) 39.88+/-3.76; (D) 32.92+/-2.67; (E) 3.65+/-1.35; (F) 6.47+/-1.31. Uneroded samples: (A) 30.78+/-6.47; (B) 37.84+/-7.75; (C) 30.07+/-3.05; (D) 26.93+/-2.30; (E) 1.76+/-0.94; (F) 0.51+/-0.18. Analysis of variance revealed significantly higher abrasion values for the eroded compared to the non-eroded samples (P<or=0.05). Dentifrices with same pH-value, fluoride content and similar RDA-values but a higher buffering capacity exhibited significantly more abrasion than toothpastes with lower buffering capacity. Highly-concentrated fluoride gel with higher buffering capacity lead to less abrasion values compared to the gel with low fluoride concentration and low buffering capacity. CONCLUSION: Toothbrushing abrasion behaviour of eroded dentine may be influenced by the fluoride content, RDA-value and buffering capacity of the applied dentifrice or gel.

Buffers↗
PubMed2006

Lead and cadmium in human teeth from Jordan by atomic absorption spectrometry: Some factors influencing their concentrations.

The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in human teeth and to investigate the affecting factors. Teeth samples (n = 268) were collected from people living in different cities in Jordan including Amman, Zarqa, Al-Mafraq and Irbid and analyzed for Pb and Cd using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). A questionnaire was used to gather information on each person, such as age, sex, place where the patient lives, smoking, presence of amalgam fillings inside the mouth, and whether the patient uses toothpaste or not. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cd were 28.91 microg/g and 0.44 microg/g, respectively. The results indicate that there is a clear relation between Pb and Cd concentrations and the presence of amalgam fillings, smoking, and place of living. Pb was sex-dependent, whereas Cd was not. Our results show that Pb and Cd concentrations in samples obtained from Al-Mafraq and Irbid are higher than those obtained from Amman and Zarqa. Pb was highest in Mafraq, whereas Cd was highest in Irbid. The Pb and Cd concentrations in teeth from smokers (means: Pb = 31.89 microg/g, Cd = 0.49 microg/g) were significantly higher than those from nonsmokers (means: Pb = 24.07 microg/g, Cd = 0.37 microg/g). Pb and Cd concentrations in teeth of patients with amalgam fillings (means: Pb = 31.02 microg/g and Cd = 0.52 microg/g) were significantly higher than those from patients without amalgam fillings (means: Pb = 26.87 microg/g and Cd = 0.41 microg/g). Our results show that brushing the teeth daily with toothpaste does not significantly decrease the concentration of both Pb and Cd. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cd do not vary significantly between the ages 20-30, 31-40, and 41-50, but both increased rapidly at age 51-60.

Adult↗