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PubMed1991

Glomus tumors of the temporal bone: electron microscopic and immunohistochemical evaluation.

Glomus tumors arising in the temporal bone are now recognized as being part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Material from 12 glomus tumors was studied by means of electron microscopic and immunohistochemical techniques to determine whether there was an association between tumor size, patient age, and the neuroendocrine functions of these tumors. Electronmicroscopic evaluation (seven tumors) revealed a highly variable concentration of neurosecretory granules. Immunohistochemical staining (nine tumors) demonstrated that glomus tumors do arise from neural ectoderm and that they all contain serotonin. The concentration of serotonin seems to correlate with the concentration of neurosecretory granules seen on electronmicroscopy. In addition, higher levels of serotonin were found in two patients who were in their late sixties. It is possible that some of the neuroendocrine activity associated with glomus tumors could be the result of the release of serotonin.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Temporal bone characteristics in Meniere's disease.

The petrous portion of the temporal bone in patients with Meniere's disease differs from that of healthy individuals mainly in its lack of periaqueductal pneumatization and its consequently short and narrow vestibular aqueduct. Diminished pneumatization may have an impact upon the tomographic reproducibility of the aqueduct. A total lack of periaqueductal pneumatization is prevalent in long-standing Meniere's disease. Tomography may serve as a tool by providing a basis for the choice of surgical procedure. Roentgenologic and histologic studies have indicated that the pars rugosa of the endolymphatic sac in normals mainly is housed inside the distal part of the vestibular aqueduct. In patients with Meniere's disease, the sac might be located outside the aqueduct and therefore deprived of the functions of the loose and highly vascular tissue normally surrounding it within the aqueduct. This might influence the total vascular supply of the sac, thereby interfering with its resorptive and immunodefensive functions.

Endolymphatic Sac↗
PubMed1988

Temporal bone histopathology over 15 years post-stapedectomy.

Twenty-three temporal bones from 14 patients who had undergone stapedectomy more than 15 years (the longest, 28 years) preceding death were studied microscopically. Although a foreign body reaction was still found in the ears with a polyethylene prosthesis, it was seldom found in the ears with a wire or Teflon prosthesis. As the resorption of the incus was not severe, it was suggested that it occurred in the early stage of post-stapedectomy and the structural condition of the incus and prosthesis was stable for a long time (even over 15 years) after stapedectomy. In all ears, the grafts on the oval window continued to be the adequate barrier between the middle ear and inner ear. Even though cupping of the graft membrane was frequently found, it seemed not to disturb the sound conduction. The depth of the cupping was correlated somewhat with the thickness of the graft.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Pediatric sensorineural hearing loss after temporal bone radiation.

In adults, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) resulting from megavoltage temporal bone radiation therapy (RT) is dose dependent. A review of the literature reveals only two cases of pediatric SNHL after RT without chemotherapy. This report presents four cases of late onset, asymmetric SNHL after RT in children treated for posterior fossa tumors. The children were treated with surgical resection of the tumor, followed by RT of 50 to 54 gray and no chemotherapy. These children, without evidence of tumor recurrence, developed severe SNHL 18 to 36 months after the completion of RT. Although no definite audiometric pattern was seen, most of the patients had a predominately high frequency SNHL in the poorer hearing ear, and fluctuant hearing in the better ear, without evidence of osteoradionecrosis or otitic infection. A review of the literature suggests that injury to the outer hair cells and cochlear neurons of the basal turn of the cochlea are possible sources for the hearing loss. Pretreatment audiologic evaluation as well as a minimum of 3 years of evaluations following RT would be prudent.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1976

[Methods for oscillography on the temporal bone preparation (author's transl)].

Oscillography of the middle ear structure on the temporal bone preparation are of essential importance for the expansion of our knowledge concerning physiological process and thus also for the further development of operation techniques that improve hearing. With the increased technical possibilities we are now able to make processes in the range of only few A measurable and visible. Accordingly, the methods employed for this purpose are complicated and manifold. The goal of this paper is to summarize these techniques as far as possible, to describe them in an understandable way, and to briefly point out their pros and cons. Optical methods, nearly all of which are in use today, as well as new methods such as laser interferometry and the Moessbauer technique, which can be performed only in few laboratories, are discussed.

Bone Conduction↗
PubMed1993

Pathological specimens of rat temporal bone--comparison between different fixative solution.

We investigated the difference in temporal bone specimens fixated by three sorts of fixative solution (10% formalin fixative, Wittmaack's fixative and Heidenhein-SuSa fixative). 1. 10% Formalin's fixative solution We found many pinkish precipitates, which are stained by hematoxy-eosin, in the scala media of the cochlea. Same substance is found in the perilymphatic space and endolymphatic space in the vestibulum. The fusion of the cells is indicated in the tectorial membrane, inner sulucus cell, outer sulucus cell especially in the apical turn of the cochlea. 2. Wittmaack's fixative solution The detachment of inner and outer sulucus cells are found from basilar membrane at the basal turn of the cochlea. The tendency in convex and concave form of the Reissner's membrane is most remarkable in these three fixative solution. 3. Heidenhein-SuSa fixative solution In this solution, no precipitates, no fusion of cells are found. No detachment of the inner or outer sulucus cells is also found. This study indicates that Heidenhein-SuSa fixation is most excellent fixative method.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Growth of the lateral surface of the temporal bone in children.

The adaptation of implantable auditory prostheses for use in children has raised questions concerning both what effect growth may have on the implant and what effect the implant may have on growth. The purpose of this study is to describe temporal bone lateral surface dimensions in children of different ages to draw inferences about growth rates. Using a surface projected grid and point calipers, 158 intact temporal bones from 103 individuals of known ages between birth and 20 years were measured at six points from a fixed reference. These specimens were located in the skeletal collections of the Smithsonian Institute's Museum of Natural History, the Medical Museum of Walter Reed Hospital at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Linear regression analysis helped clarify a bimodal pattern of growth in which marked increases in dimension occur from birth to 4 years of age and much less change is seen from age 4 to 20 years. These data suggest that implantation in children under 4 years of age is subject to maximal growth effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[The Wittmaack temporal bone collection and possibilities for cataloguing with electronic data processing].

Karl Wittmaack, head of the otology department at Greifswald (1904-1908) and professor of otorhinolaryngology at the universities of Jena (1908-1925) und Hamburg (1926-1946) created a unique histological collection of human and animal temporal bones that is thought to be the largest of its kind in the world. The serial sections of more than 1700 human temporal bones still represent current otological problems--many of which are now rare but are still encountered--such as tuberculosis, lues or diphtheria of the ear. Complications following acute otitis--which were much more frequent and dangerous in the pre-antibiotic era--can be studied in detail. There are numerous cases of labyrinthitis, meningitis, sinus thrombosis, brain abscess etc.--complications which must always be borne in mind to this day. The same is true for tumors like acoustic neurinomas or even malignant tumors, metastases, or manifestations of leukemia. Differences in pneumatization or changes of the bone structure as in otosclerosis have been the subjects of studies dating from Wittmaack's time until very recently. In spite of its topicality, the true value of the collection has only be appreciated by a limited group of persons, which may be due in part to difficulties in orientation within this vast amount of material. Although there are catalogues, it may be difficult to find the appropriate preparations for particular questions. Searching for such specimens often requires rummaging through the whole collection, sometimes resulting in damage or loss of slides or handwritten notes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Human temporal bone study on the postnatal ossification process of auditory ossicles.

OBJECTIVE: In infancy the head of the malleus and body of the incus normally contain bone marrow, which is gradually replaced by bone and converted into vascular channels with age. This study was carried out to clarify the age at which ossification of the ossicles is complete and to examine factors influencing the ossification process. STUDY DESIGN: Human temporal bone sections from 32 infants and children with or without congenital anomalies, aged 1 day to 9 years, who were born at term were studied. METHODS: The percentage bone marrow area occupying the head of the malleus and body of the incus was calculated in three horizontal temporal bone sections for each case, using computer-aided digital processing of images. RESULTS: Bone marrow was observed in both the malleus and incus in children until 25 months of age, while after the age of 25 months no bone marrow tissue was present in either of the ossicles. It appeared that the bone marrow space disappeared somewhat earlier in the malleus than in the incus. The bone marrow space around the otic capsule disappeared much earlier than that within the ossicles. The age at completion of ossification was correlated with neither the presence of congenital anomalies nor the presence of residual mesenchyme in the middle ear. CONCLUSIONS: Ossification of the ossicles seems to occur steadily throughout fetal life and after birth during development of the middle ear. Although the clinical significance of postnatal residual bone marrow within the ossicles is not known, it possibly plays a role as a blood-forming organ in early infancy.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2004

Endolymphatic duct violation during retrosigmoid dissection of the internal auditory canal: a human temporal bone radiographic study.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Successful hearing preservation after acoustic neuroma resection is sometimes complicated by delayed hearing deterioration. The goal of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that internal auditory canal (IAC) drilling during retrosigmoid acoustic neuroma removal may result in endolymphatic duct (ELD) injury, a potential cause of delayed hearing loss (HL) after hearing preservation surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Temporal bone anatomic and radiographic study and literature review. METHODS: Twenty-one human temporal bones were analyzed with high-resolution multislice computed tomography (HRMCT) and subjected to standard retrosigmoid IAC dissection with labyrinthine preservation and follow-up HRMCT for analyses of the ELD. A MEDLINE search was performed of studies documenting long-term hearing preservation outcomes after retrosigmoid dissection. RESULTS: Five of 21 (24%) bones were found to have violation of the ELD despite preservation of labyrinthine structures and the endolymphatic sac. These results correlate with the mean incidence of long-term hearing decline (26.6%). Reviews of human and animal studies indicate that injury to the ELD may create endolymphatic hydrops. CONCLUSIONS: The ELD is vulnerable to injury during IAC dissection even if labyrinthine structures at the lateral aspect of the IAC are preserved. These findings may be helpful in explaining and potentially preventing some cases of long-term hearing deterioration that may be a result of endolymphatic hydrops after ELD injury during acoustic tumor removal. Careful preoperative review of imaging studies using HRMCT may prove useful before retrosigmoid dissection.

Cadaver↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Extracranial technique for temporal bone removal.

Usijng a specifically designed circular bone plug cutter, an extracranial technique to obtain temporal bones for histological study is described. This technique is useful in cases in which conventional autopsy of the head it not possible or desirable.

Ear↗
PubMed2000

Extensive temporal bone pneumatization: incidental finding in a patient with TMJ dysfunction.

An 18-year-old male presented with symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A panoramic radiograph revealed slight erosion of the condylar heads, and an incidental finding of multilocular radiolucencies in the zygomatic processes of the right and left temporal bones. CT scans were undertaken to exclude any sinister cause. The radiolucencies were shown to be extensive bilateral pneumatization of the temporal bones. Conservative management relieved the symptoms of TMJ dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Langerhans histiocytosis of temporal bone: role of magnetic resonance imaging.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may involve nearly every organ of the body. In children, head and neck involvement has been reported in as many as 82% of patients. Sites of head and neck involvement include skull, temporal bone, orbit, mandible, maxilla and cervical nodes. In addition, patients may have coexisting central nervous system (CNS) involvement adjacent to, or remote from, osseous lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporal bone in patients with LCH is ideal for evaluating the extracranial extent of the soft-tissue mass and is complementary to computed tomography (CT) in the assessment of osseous erosion. MRI is superb in the evaluation of intracranial extension, usually into the middle cranial fossa, and of patency of adjacent vascular structures. It is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate patients with suspected CNS involvement of LCH, which includes lesions of the infundibulum, cerebrum, cerebellum, and extra-axial spaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Metastatic atrial myxoma to the temporal bone: case report.

A 25-year-old male underwent right mastoid surgery for removal of a soft tissue mass. At age 29 a left cardiac atrial myxoma was excised. At age 34 an expanding right supra-auricular mass with extension into the middle and posterior fossa necessitated total temporal bone resection. Pathology proved to be myxoma. Retrospective review of tissue obtained from the initial mastoid procedure was also myxoma. The temporal bone lesion was considered to be persistent and metastatic atrial myxoma. A review of atrial myxomas and this most unusual metastatic presentation is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Karl Wittmaack: his life, temporal bone collection, and publications. On the 100th anniversary of his birth.

Karl Wittmaack (1876-1972) was professor for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology at the universities of Jena (1908-1925) and Hamburg (1926-1946). He contributed a lot of pioneer work to experimental pathology of the ear. He left a unique collection of serial sections of temporal bones from animals (55,000 slides) and man (102, 000 slides). This paper gives some data on Wittmaack's life, his temporal bone collection and the unpublished list of his publications.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Are vestibular sensory cells preserved after destruction of Scarpa's ganglion? A study based on metastatic tumors of temporal bone.

OBJECTIVE: The contribution of nerve fibers to the maintenance of vestibular sensory cells is a controversial issue in previous studies using animals and has not yet been studied in humans. The authors investigated this issue by observing vestibular end organs in the temporal bone of three patients in whom the internal auditory canal was infiltrated with tumor cells, and Scarpa's ganglion cells showed complete degeneration. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: University Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology. PATIENTS: Three patients with malignant metastatic temporal bone tumors. INTERVENTION: We investigated the preservative state of vestibular sensory hair cells with the Scalpa's ganglion was destructed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maintenances of vestibular sensory hair cells. RESULTS: We found that sensory cells were intact despite the severe destruction of Scarpa's ganglion cells in two of the patients. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that human vestibular sensory cells can be maintained for an indefinite period after denervation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Temporal bone histopathology of cisplatin ototoxicity.

Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent that is useful in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Ototoxicity is a well-known adverse side effect of this drug and has been widely described in reports on clinical and animal studies. Few human temporal bone studies, however, have been performed for cisplatin ototoxicity. This report presents four cases of cisplatin ototoxicity in patients from whom temporal bone specimens with minimal post-mortem autolysis were obtained at autopsy. All patients received between 1 and 6 cycles of cisplatin with doses ranging from 100 to 165 mg/M2 per cycle. None of the patients received significant amounts of aminoglycosides or loop diuretics. Histopathologic changes included loss of inner and outer hair cells in the basal turn of the cochlea, degeneration of the stria vascularis, and a significant decrease in spiral ganglion cells predominantly in the upper turns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

CSF otorrhea complicating temporal bone osteoradionecrosis in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

A 44-year-old Chinese man with a history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma that was treated with radiotherapy presented with fluid in the middle ear. We performed a myringotomy and subsequently made a diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage secondary to osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of an otogenic CSF leak resulting from osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone. This case highlights the controversial role of myringotomy in the management of CSF otorrhea.

Adult↗