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PubMed2003

The opportunities and challenges of personalized genome-based molecular therapies for cancer: targets, technologies, and molecular chaperones.

There are now unprecedented opportunities for the development of improved drugs for cancer treatment. Following on from the Human Genome Project, the Cancer Genome Project and related activities will define most of the genes in the majority of common human cancers over the next 5 years. This will provide the opportunity to develop a range of drugs targeted to the precise molecular abnormalities that drive various human cancers and opens up the possibility of personalized therapies targeted to the molecular pathology and genomics of individual patients and their malignancies. The new molecular therapies should be more effective and have less-severe side effects than cytotoxic agents. To develop the new generation of molecular cancer therapeutics as rapidly as possible, it is essential to harness the power of a range of new technologies. These include: genomic and proteomic methodologies (particularly gene expression microarrays); robotic high-throughput screening of diverse compound collections, together with in silico and fragment-based screening techniques; new structural biology methods for rational drug design (especially high-throughput X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance); and advanced chemical technologies, including combinatorial and parallel synthesis. Two major challenges to cancer drug discovery are: (1) the ability to convert potent and selective lead compounds with activity by the desired mechanism on tumor cells in culture into agents with robust, drug-like properties, particularly in terms of pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties; and (2) the development of validated pharmacodynamic endpoints and molecular markers of drug response, ideally using noninvasive imaging technologies. The use of various new technologies will be exemplified. A major conceptual and practical issue facing the development and use of the new molecular cancer therapeutics is whether a single drug that targets one of a series of key molecular abnormalities in a particular cancer (e.g. BRAF) will be sufficient on its own to deliver clinical benefit ("house of cards" and tumor addiction models). The alternative scenario is that it will require either a combination of agents or a class of drug that has downstream effects on a range of oncogenic targets. Inhibitors of the heat-shock protein (HSP) 90 molecular chaperone are of particular interest in the latter regard, because they offer the potential of inhibiting multiple oncogenic pathways and simultaneous blockade of all six "hallmark traits" of cancer through direct interaction with a single molecular drug target. The first-in-class HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG exhibited good activity in animal models and is now showing evidence of molecular and clinical activity in ongoing clinical trials. Novel HSP90 inhibitors are also being sought. The development of HSP90 inhibitors is used to exemplify the application of new technologies in drug discovery against a novel molecular target, and in particular the need for innovative pharmacodynamic endpoints is emphasized as an essential component of hypothesis-testing clinical trials.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2006

Interactive technologies and videotapes for patient education in cancer care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.

GOALS OF WORK: Patients diagnosed with cancer need education as they face complex decisions. There is limited evidence about the impact of new educational technologies for cancer patients. This paper investigates whether interactive technologies and videotapes for patient education in cancer care improve knowledge, satisfaction or other outcomes. METHODS: Literature search of five computerised databases (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and bibliography searches identified relevant randomized controlled trials. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality. Summary effects for knowledge and satisfaction were calculated using random-effects models (RevMan 4.2 software). Continuous data were summarised as weighted mean differences and dichotomous data as odds ratios, each with their respective 95% confidence interval. Standardised effect sizes for these outcomes were calculated and contrasted. RESULTS: Nine randomised control trials with 1,678 patients were identified. Three evaluated the use of videotapes, and six evaluated computer technologies. Studies were of good-quality design but were variable in instruments, content, populations, outcomes and results. Educational technologies showed improved patient knowledge (effect sizes ranging from 0.12 to 1.03). Satisfaction was improved in some studies, but the overall effect was more equivocal--effect sizes ranged (0.05 to 0.40) of benefit for knowledge and from 0 to 0.40 for satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The trials present preliminary evaluations of the technology in North America, the UK and Australia. There is a trend to improved knowledge and satisfaction. The ways in which the interventions are delivered and the extent of communication with a health professional affect patient responses.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed2006

Protein transduction technology offers a novel therapeutic approach for diabetes.

Diabetes remains a major burden, with more than 200 million people affected worldwide, representing 6% of the population. New technology, known as protein transduction technology, has been recently developed. A variety of peptides, known as protein transduction domains or cell-penetrating peptides, have been characterized for their ability to translocate into live cells. There are numerous examples of biologically active full-length proteins and peptides that have been delivered to cells and tissues both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting new avenues for the treatment of several diseases. Some studies have shown that this technology is useful for the treatment of diabetes. In islet isolation and transplantation, cell-permeable peptides deliver anti-apoptotic molecules to protect islets. Another peptide provides immunosuppression for fully mismatched islet allografts in mice. These findings suggest that peptide drugs could lead to outcome improvement for pancreatic islet transplantation. In mice with type 2 diabetes, a cell-penetrating peptide markedly improves insulin resistance and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Moreover, the technology facilitates the differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells. Protein transduction technology has opened up several possibilities for the development of new peptide/protein drugs for the treatment of diabetes.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗

PubMed2002

SCAR Radiologic Technologist Survey: analysis of the impact of digital technologies on productivity.

As medical reimbursements continue to decline, increasing financial pressures are placed upon medical imaging providers. This burden is exacerbated by the existing radiologic technologist (RT) crisis, which has caused RT salaries to trend upward. One strategy to address these trends is employing technology to improve technologist productivity. While industry-wide RT productivity benchmarks have been established for film-based operation, little to date has been published in the medical literature regarding similar productivity measures for filmless operation using PACS. This study was undertaken to document the complex relationship between technologist productivity and implementation of digital radiography and digital information technologies, including PACS and hospital/radiology information systems (HIS/RIS). A nationwide survey was conducted with 112 participating institutions, in varying degrees of digital technology implementation. Technologist productivity was defined as the number of annual exams performed per technologist full-time equivalent (FTE). Productivity analyses were performed among the different demographic and technology profile groups, with a focus on general radiography, which accounts for 65-70% of imaging department volumes. When evaluating the relationship between technologist productivity and digital technology implementation, improved productivity measures were observed for institutions implementing HIS/RIS, modality worklist, and PACS. The timing of PACS implementation was found to have a significant effect on technologist productivity measures, with an initial 10.8% drop in productivity during the first year of PACS implementation, followed by a 27.8% increase in productivity beyond year one. This suggests there is a "PACS learning curve" phenomenon, which should be considered when institutions are planning for PACS implementation.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2005

A general framework for characterizing studies of brain interface technology.

The development of brain interface (BI) technology continues to attract researchers with a wide range of backgrounds and expertise. Though the BI community is committed to accurate and objective evaluation of methods, systems, and technology, the very diversity of the methods and terminology used in the field hinders understanding and impairs technology cross-fertilization and cross-group validation of findings. Underlying this dilemma is a lack of common perspective and language. As seen in our previous works in this area, our approach to remedy this problem is to propose language in the form of taxonomy and functional models. Our intent is to document and validate our best thinking in this area and publish a perspective that will stimulate discussion. We encourage others to do the same with the belief that focused discussion on language issues will accelerate the inherently slow natural evolution of language selection and thus alleviate related problems. In this work, we propose a theoretical framework for describing BI-technology-related studies. The proposed framework is based on the theoretical concepts and terminology from classical science, assistive technology development, human-computer interaction, and previous BI-related works. Using a representative set of studies from the literature, the proposed BI study framework was shown to be complete and appropriate perspective for thoroughly characterizing a BI study. We have also demonstrated that this BI study framework is useful for (1) objectively reviewing existing BI study designs and results, (2) comparing designs and results of multiple BI studies, (3) designing new studies or objectively reporting BI study results, and (4) facilitating intra- and inter-group communication and the education of new researchers. As such, it forms a sound and appropriate basis for community discussion.

Brain↗

PubMed2006

Public, experts, and acceptance of advanced medical technologies: the case of organ transplant and gene therapy in Japan.

In 1997, after long social debates, the Japanese government enacted a law on organ transplantation from brain-dead bodies. Since 1993, on gene therapy, administrative agencies have issued a series of guidelines. This study seeks to elucidate when people became aware of the issues and when they formed their opinions on organ transplant and gene therapy. At the same time, it aims to examine at which point in time experts, those in university ethical committees and in academic societies, consider these technologies became accepted among the public. A self-administered questionnaire was sent by mail to a stratified random sampling of 3,000 people nationwide in Japan. Another questionnaire was sent both to the member societies of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences and to the ethical committees of all the medical schools in Japan. Results of the surveys indicated that many of the public remained undecided on the desirability of organ transplant or gene therapy at the time of enactment of official guidelines. A substantial part of them formed their opinions in subsequent periods, especially around the time of first implementation and thereafter. Experts of the academic societies and of the university ethical committees regarded the time of implementation as an important factor in the acceptance of the technologies in society. Since many people formed their opinion during the period of technological implementation, communications efforts to facilitate public understanding of science and technology, as well as to advance practical discussion on policy alternatives in this period can play a key role in determining the fate of technological innovation and ethical debates in medicine.

Expert Testimony↗

PubMed2005

Collaborative technology use by healthcare teams.

This paper reviews the literature on the use of collaborative technologies by healthcare teams between 1980 and 2003. Multiple databases were searched with explicit inclusion criteria that yielded 17 conceptual and empirical papers. The discussions of these literatures centered on the individual, team, and technological dimensions of collaborative technology use within healthcare teams. Results show that collaborative healthcare technologies can have positive effects on team work processes at both the individual and group level. The limited number of research studies accentuates the need for additional research in this area. Future research should focus on defining team tasks; determining which type of groupware works for a particular health setting; and exploring the effects of groupware on patient care delivery and the organization. Without research in these areas, it will be difficult to harness the full advantages of using groupware technologies by collaborative healthcare teams.

Communication↗

PubMed2001

New technologies and therapeutic approaches for the management of pediatric diabetes.

Evolving trends in technology and therapeutic strategies create a very exciting time for the management of diabetes. Technology, like the internet, helps us to keep up with this fast-paced, changing world of diabetes. New therapies most often begin with adult clinical trials; once safety and efficacy are demonstrated, practice recommendations follow for the pediatric population. The Diabetes Research Working Group has defined potentially important new directions and technologies for diabetes research. The group has recommended the creation of regional centers of technologic excellence, if contemporary diabetes research is to succeed. An overview of recent advances in diabetes technology follows covering five main areas: monitoring, telemedicine, insulin analogues, insulin delivery devices, and islet cell transplantation.

Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring↗

PubMed2005

Educational technologies and the teaching of ethics in science and engineering.

To support the teaching of ethics in science and engineering, educational technologies offer a variety of functions: communication between students and instructors, production of documents, distribution of documents, archiving of class sessions, and access to remote resources. Instructors may choose to use these functions of the technologies at different levels of intensity, to support a variety of pedagogies, consistent with accepted good practices. Good pedagogical practices are illustrated in this paper with four examples of uses of educational technologies in the teaching of ethics in science and engineering. Educational technologies impose costs for the purchase of hardware, licensing of software, hiring of support personnel, and training of instructors. Whether the benefits justify these costs is an unsettled question. While many researchers are studying the possible benefits of educational technologies, all instructors should assess the effectiveness of their practices.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1996

Human interaction with technology: the accidental user.

Information technology is part of a growing number of applications in work and everyday life. It seems inevitable that the average person soon will have to interact with information technology in many ways, even when there is no desire to do so. Examples include finding a book in a library, personal financial transactions, the health sector, traffic and transportation, process control, etc. People who in this way are forced to interact with information technology shall be called accidental users. The accidental users poses a particular challenge to the design of technological artefacts because the disciplines of dealing with human-machine interaction are predicated on the assumption that users are motivated and have a minimum level of knowledge and skills. In particular, models of 'human error' and human reliability implicitly assume that users are benign and only fail as anticipated by designers. In this paper we investigate the extent to which current models of human erroneous actions and cognitive reliability can be used to account for interactions between accidental users and technology.

Attitude to Computers↗

PubMed1988

Appropriate technology for manufacturing: Some management issues.

This paper introduces the idea of appropriate technology and applies it to the choices organisations make when designing, implementing and managing advanced manufacturing technologies. Five sets of choices are considered: the type and level of technology; the allocation of functions between humans and machines; the role of humans in advanced systems; the organisation structures to support them; and the ways in which people participate in their design. The paper concludes that most organisations are not effective at developing and implementing appropriate technologies, and that ergonomists have failed to meet the needs of technologies and managers in these areas.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

The affinity technology in downstream processing.

The quality criteria imposed on several biochemicals are stringent, thus, high-separation purification technology is important to downstream processing. Affinity-based purification technologies are regarded as the finest available, and each one differs in its purifying ability, economy, processing speed and capacity. The most widely used affinity technology is classical affinity chromatography, however, other chromatography-based approaches have also been developed, for example, perfusion affinity chromatography, hyperdiffusion affinity chromatography, high-performance affinity chromatography, centrifugal affinity chromatography, affinity repulsion chromatography, heterobifunctional ligand affinity chromatography and the various chromatographic applications of 'affinity tails'. On the other hand, non-chromatographic affinity technologies aim at high throughput and seek to circumvent problems associated with diffusion limitations experienced with most chromatographic packings. Continuous affinity recycle extraction, aqueous two-phase affinity partitioning, membrane affinity filtration, affinity cross-flow ultrafiltration, reversible soluble affinity polymer separation and affinity precipitation are all non-chromatographic technologies. Several types of affinity ligands are used to different extents; antibodies and their fragments, receptors and their binding substances, avidin/biotin systems, textile and biomimetic dyes, (oligo)peptides, antisense peptides, chelated metal cations, lectins and phenylboronates, protein A and G, calmodulin, DNA, sequence-specific DNA, (oligo)nucleotides and heparin. Likewise, there are several support types developed and used; natural, synthetic, inorganic and composite materials.

Affinity Labels↗

PubMed1993

The focused use of posters for graduate education in the complex technological nursing environment.

Posters are increasingly recognised as both a method of professional communication and a strategy for learning and assessment in nurse education. Rapid technological developments in health care and the nursing practice environment are generating specific educational needs in relation to the use of technology. There is a move to incorporate within the traditional rational technical focus a broader, more comprehensive understanding of technology, technological equipment and procedures. Technological innovations are an ideal subject matter for poster presentations at the graduate level particularly as broader dimensions such as the impetus for introduction, the research base, the evaluation strategy and the cost can be incorporated. Each poster can become a teaching focus for a student presentation to classmates or other professional forums in order to catalyse discussions of these wider dimensions. A description of the use of posters for these purposes with examples and comments by participants is included.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed1984

Medical technology and professional dominance theory.

The expansion of medical technology in hospitals is commonly asserted to be a result of the preferences of medical doctors translated into organizational policies as a result of professional dominance in health care organizations. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical bases for hypotheses of professional dominance and the utility of these hypotheses in explaining hospital decisions to adopt new medical technologies. The analysis, which is based on 5 years of data collection including 378 personal interviews at 25 U.S. hospitals, indicates that appropriate application of the concept requires specification of the type of physician exercising influence and of the hospital decision systems within which it is exercised. Specification is needed because neither physicians nor hospitals are unitary categories when considered in relation to technology adoptions . In this paper, four categories of physicians are identified: community generalists, community specialists, referral specialists and hospital-based specialists. Members of these categories exhibit different skills and interests, different relationships to hospitals and hospital technologies, and differential access to the resources of organization influence including two unrelated to professional dominance. To understand the exercise of physician influence, it is further useful to differentiate three decision systems which review and pass judgement on different types of hospital technologies. They are: the medical-individualistic, the fiscal-managerial and the strategic-institutional. The three decision systems make decisions in accord with different values and goals and display different decision structures and dynamics. Ironically , the physicians who most clearly possess the resources of influence associated with professional dominance are centrally involved in only one of the three systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Data Collection↗

PubMed1990

Achievements in microbial technology.

In 1973, recombinant DNA technology was born and the age of the "new biotechnology" came upon us. Today we are seeing the amazing results of recombinant DNA technology, hybridoma technology, enzyme engineering and protein engineering. These techniques are exerting major effects on basic research and on health care, diagnostics and agriculture and soon will bring about changes in other industries such as petroleum, mining, foods and chemicals. Entire pathways of primary and secondary metabolism have been cloned and expressed in foreign microorganisms. The development of recombinant DNA technology is having its major impact on the production of rare polypeptides such as mammalian enzymes, hormones, antibodies and biological response modifiers. In addition to natural polypeptides, analogs are being produced by recombinant DNA technology and this has added an extra dimension of excitement to the field. The future is thus insured for the expanded use of microorganisms in the biotechnological world and the continued improvement in microbial processes to reduce the cost of drugs, enzymes and specialty chemicals.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

The influence of high technology care on patients, their relatives and nurses.

This article focuses on the potentially dichotomous relationship of caring for critically ill patients in a high technology environment. Does technology enhance or hinder the quality of patient care delivered by nurses in such an environment? The discussion within this article is initially at a societal level before focusing at an interpersonal level within a specific care setting. The author argues for finding a balance between high technology and humanity within the intensive care environment by highlighting the psychological impact that this may have on patients, relatives and nurses. Guidance as to how a balance may be achieved is also provided. Technology is an explicit theme within the text, whilst the concept of power that technology holds is discussed in an implicit manner.

Critical Care↗

PubMed2026

Application of emerging technologies in the antiviral field.

Viral diseases pose a serious threat to global public health, agriculture, and biosecurity. Conventional antiviral strategies are often limited by an incomplete understanding of disease mechanisms, poor targeting precision, and slow response times. Emerging technologies are now reshaping the landscape of antiviral research. This review examines the roles of four key frontiers, including organoid models, gene editing, AI-driven molecular design, and synthetic biology. Organoids provide physiologically relevant platforms that model virus-host interactions and disease progression. Viral infections remain a major challenge to human and animal health, agriculture, and biosecurity. Progress in antiviral research is constrained by the complexity of viral pathogenesis, the diversity and rapid evolution of viruses, and the limited translational relevance of some traditional model systems. Recent advances in organoid technology, gene editing, artificial intelligence, and synthetic biology are expanding the toolkit available for antiviral research and development. In this review, we discuss how these four technological frontiers contribute to disease modeling, target discovery, molecular design, and translational innovation. Organoids, in particular, provide physiologically relevant systems for investigating viral infection, tissue tropism, host responses, and pathogenesis. Gene editing tools, such as CRISPR, enable precise manipulation of host and viral genomes, facilitating the development of resistant organisms and next-generation vaccine platforms. AI technologies, including AlphaFold for structure prediction and platforms for de novo protein design, address long-standing bottlenecks in structural biology and offer powerful means to engineer antiviral proteins, antibodies, and vaccine antigens. Synthetic biology, guided by the Design-Build-Test-Learn cycle, integrates computational design, genetic assembly, and functional validation into a cohesive pipeline. Together, these technologies form a synergistic workflow that spans disease modeling, target discovery, molecular design, construction, testing, and iterative optimization. This integrated approach is shifting antiviral development from traditional empirical methods toward more precise, intelligent strategies. The review also highlights ongoing challenges in integration and scalability, stressing that high-quality biological datasets and stronger interdisciplinary collaboration are essential for realizing translational potential. By presenting a cohesive view of these converging methodologies, this review offers a framework to guide the intelligent evolution of antiviral strategies in both human and animal health.

Antiviral↗

PubMed2004

An evaluation of surfactant foam technology in remediation of contaminated soil.

Soil contamination is notoriously difficult to treat because the contaminants are often tightly bound to the soil particles. Conventional remediation technologies are becoming less popular due to the high treatment costs. This paper gives a comprehensive overview and evaluation of an emerging promising alternative, surfactant foam technology. Different from other approaches, surfactant foam technology may be designed either to remove contaminants or/and simultaneously act as an augmentation for the existing technologies such as pump-and-treat systems and bioremediation processes to improve the contaminant removal efficiency and cost effectiveness. Encouraging results were achieved from laboratory and field demonstrations. However, as an innovative technology, there are many factors to be investigated with the future development. Special attention is paid to the selection of the most appropriate foaming surfactant and surfactant concentration, which are critical to the success of the implementation of the remediation process and have significant effects on the treatment costs. Moreover, development of predictive mathematical models in for future research is helpful to optimize the remediation process.

Bacteria↗