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Results for “TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS”

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PubMed1975

Quantitative assay of diphtherial toxin and of immunologically cross-reacting proteins by reversed passive hemagglutination.

A reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) assay for diptherial toxin has been developed. Antitoxic antibodies were isolated from commercially available equine diptherial antitoxin by immunoabsorption using highly purified diphtherial toxin covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. Formalinized, tanned sheep erythrocytes sensitized with the purified antitoxic antibodies are specifically agglutinated by diphtherial toxin but are not agglutinated by extracellular antigens of Corynebacterium diptheriae that are unrelated to toxin. The RPHA assay described can detect less than 20 pg of diphtherial toxin and is comparable in sensitivity to intracutaneous tests for toxin. The RPHA assay was shown to be at least 1,000 times more sensitive than quantitative immunological assays for diptherial toxin performed by single radial immunodiffusion or by one-dimensional double diffusion in agar gels. Fragment A prepared from purified diphtherial toxin and nontoxic mutant proteins that cross-react immunologically with toxin can be assayed directly by RPHA, but the sensitivity of the assay for these proteins is less than for native diphtherial toxin. Inhibition of RPHA was also shown to be a sensitive quantitative method for measuring diptherial antitoxin in vitro.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1983

Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. VIII. Evidence for a translocation step in the cytotoxic action of Shiga toxin.

Shigella toxin interacts with HeLa cells by binding to a glycoprotein cell surface receptor and, after a lag period, inactivates the 60S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis. The lag period may be due to energy-dependent translocation of the toxin to the interior of the cells. This step was investigated with agents known to inhibit glucose metabolism, mitochondrial energy production, or macromolecular synthesis and with drugs that alter the cytoskeletal system or lysosomes. Metabolic inhibitors reduced both cytotoxicity and binding of the toxin. All agents tested except actinomycin D also diminished endocytosis. Effects on cytotoxicity were partially reversed in the presence of the membrane permeabilizer dimethylsulfoxide. Various cytochalasins, colchicine, vinca alkaloids, chloroquine, and steroids also reduced the activity of the toxin. These diverse agents are probably acting on a common pathway affecting the internalization and/or intracellular processing of shigella toxin. Translocation of this toxin apparently occurs by endocytosis from the cell surface.

Antitoxins↗
PubMed1986

Antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in sera of patients and healthy people in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Sera from 33 persons with staphylococcal infections and from 37 healthy persons were surveyed for the presence of antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Thirty-one (93.9%) of the patients and 35 (94.6%) of the control group had antibodies to one or more of the enterotoxins. The numbers of patients with antibody to the enterotoxins were as follows: A, 8; B, 9; C, 7; D, 17; E, 21; and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, 11. The numbers of healthy individuals with antibody to the enterotoxins were as follows: A, 6; B, 12; C, 8; D, 27; E, 21; and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, 9.

Antitoxins↗
PubMed2004

Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) as a mucosal adjuvant enhances induction of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin antibodies in mice by intranasal administration with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) combination vaccine.

Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) which is produced by Bacillus brevis carrying pNU212-CTB acts as a mucosal adjuvant capable of enhancing host immune responses specific to unrelated, mucosally co-administered vaccine antigens. When mice were administered intranasally with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) combination vaccine consisting of diphtheria toxoid (DTd), tetanus toxoid (TTd), pertussis toxoid (PTd), and formalin-treated filamentous hemagglutinin (fFHA), the presence of rCTB elevated constantly high values of DTd- and TTd-specific serum ELISA IgG antibody titres, and protective levels of diphtheria and tetanus toxin-neutralizing antibodies but the absence of rCTB did not. Moreover, the addition of rCTB protected all mice against tetanic symptoms and deaths. DPT combination vaccine raised high levels of serum anti-PT IgG antibody titres regardless of rCTB and protected mice from Bordetella pertussis challenge. These results suggest that co-administration of rCTB as an adjuvant is necessary for induction of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin antibodies on the occasion of intranasal administration of DPT combination vaccine.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗