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PubMed1995

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1989). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].

Susceptibilities of Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia spp. isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 10 hospitals during June 1989 to May 1990 to various antimicrobial agents were compared with those in the same period of previous years according to a classification, uncomplicated UTIs, complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter, and complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter. As for Citrobacter spp., P. mirabilis and Serratia spp., which were detected very few in 1989, their susceptibilities were not observed an obvious change. As for Enterobacter spp., the susceptible strains to flomoxef, cefixime, cefuzonam and ceftazidime increased in complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter. The susceptibilities of E. coli to penicillins increased slightly in complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter. Against Klebsiella spp., a good activity of minocycline or cephems was found. The susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin and new quinolones increased in uncomplicated UTIs. These data should be considered in clinical treatment of various urinary tract infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Secular variation in frequency of premature ventricular contractions in untreated individuals.

Six-hour electrocardiographic monitorings were initially recorded from 40 ambulatory adult subjects (39 male, one female) on successive days. Thirty-eight of the subjects were monitored 6 weeks to 18 months later. Studies of paired time periods, Poisson modeling, and other statistical examinations were performed. Despite an underlying consistency in the data, there was considerable variation in PVC frequency from hour to hour, day to day, and over longer periods of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Secular changes in the clinical manifestation and pathologic pattern of early gastric cancer in Taiwan.

To investigate whether there has been a time trend change in the percentage of early gastric cancer to gastric cancer and the clinicopathologic features of early gastric cancer in Taiwan, we reviewed 208 patients diagnosed between 1964 and 1992. Patients were divided into group I from 1964-1980 (n = 106) and group II from 1981-1992 (n = 102). The percentage of early gastric cancer among total gastric resections in group II (14.7%) did not differ from group I (12.7%; p = 0.19). Epigastralgia (58.2%) was the most common complaint; 11.8% (12/102) of cancers in group II were incidentally detected by endoscopy. Endoscopy provided a better diagnostic aid than did radiology. Tumors were frequently located in the antrum (50.9%) with a mean diameter of 2.8 cm. Small cancers of less than 1 cm in diameter were more prevalent in group II (37.3%) than group I (10.4%; p < 0.001). Cancers of the elevated type (17.8%) were uncommon in contrast to depressed ones (82.2%; p < 0.001). The frequency of mucosal carcinoma (51.0%) was similar to submucosal carcinoma (49.0%). Mucosal carcinoma had less lymph node metastases (3.1%) than submucosal carcinoma (12.2%; p < 0.05) with an overall frequency of metastases of 7.5% (14/186). The five-year survival rate of group I (91.7%) was not statistically different from group II (94.6%). We concluded that, except for the symptomatology and the ability to diagnose, the clinicopathologic features of early gastric cancer were similar between these two time periods. Repeated investigation of suspicious lesions and endoscopic screening on asymptomatic subjects may increase the rate of detection and thus guarantee a favorable outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Secular trends in cerebrovascular mortality.

Since 1950 a marked decrease in cerebrovascular mortality has occurred in most Western countries. To evaluate whether changes in the pharmacological treatment of hypertension, introduced during the period observed (1950-87), have influenced this downward trend the linear time-trends over the period considered were calculated. Mass treatment of hypertension at the population level started in the early 1970s. Before this period a marked decrease in cerebrovascular mortality had already occurred. Moreover, the linear time trends were highly significant over the whole period with several correlation coefficients of > 0.98. The decrease in cerebrovascular mortality can best be explained by a decreased salt and saturated fat intake in the populations considered. In several Eastern European countries cerebrovascular mortality has increased. This runs parallel with an increase in all-cause mortality and an increase in ischaemic heart disease mortality and can be explained by the high saturated fat intake of these populations. The data show that important changes in cerebrovascular mortality are also occurring in the older age groups, e.g. 70-74 and 80-84 years. Epidemiological data point towards nutrition as playing an important role in the evolution of cerebrovascular mortality over the period considered.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Surveillance for geographic and secular trends in congenital syphilis--United States, 1983-1991.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: CDC monitors trends in the occurrence of congenital syphilis (CS) in the United States by using surveillance data sent from state and local health departments. Comparisons of data from this surveillance system with data from the Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases/HIV Prevention and the Birth Defects Monitoring Program (BDMP) can be used to assess the potential effects of changes in case finding and reporting practices on these trends. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This report covers CS surveillance in the United States for the years 1983-1991. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: Cases of CS among infants < 1 year of age and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis among women are reported quarterly to CDC. The BDMP is a CDC national surveillance system that samples hospital discharge data on U.S. births. RESULTS: During the period 1983-1991, 12,151 CS cases were reported. Before 1988, regional CS incidence increased 35%-131% annually. Larger increases occurred in the Northeast (578%) in 1989 and in the South (178%), Midwest (244%), and West (777%) in 1990. Within regions, these larger increases were temporally related to increases in P&S syphilis in women and changes to a more sensitive CS case definition. INTERPRETATION: CS incidence has increased since 1983 in all regions of the United States. Increases since 1988 reflect both changes in surveillance reporting practices--the surveillance case definition for CS was changed in 1988 and further revised in 1989--and a true increase in incidence. ACTIONS TAKEN: These data indicate where CS prevention efforts need to be targeted. To facilitate reporting of CS cases, CDC has developed a) a shorter form for reporting cases of CS after 1991 and b) a software package for use by state and local health departments to enter and analyze CS data.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Secular trends of tuberculosis in western Europe.

Deaths due to tuberculosis have decreased uniformly in all countries in Western Europe, and most have occurred among those aged > or = 65 years. In recent years, tuberculosis case notifications have continued to decline in Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Spain, and have levelled off in Sweden and the United Kingdom; increases have, however, been recorded in Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, and Switzerland. In Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland an increasing number of cases of tuberculosis among foreign-born residents has resulted in a change from the expected downward trend. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection appears to contribute only marginally to the overall tuberculosis morbidity; however, it appears to be important in Paris and its surrounding areas, and tuberculosis is very common among HIV-infected persons in Italy and Spain. Despite these recent changes in the incidence of tuberculosis, there is currently no evidence of its increased transmission among the youngest age groups of the indigenous populations. Properly designed disease surveillance systems are critical for monitoring the tuberculosis trends so that each country can identify its own high-risk groups and target interventions to prevent, diagnose, and treat the disease. Tuberculosis remains a global disease and because of increasing human migrations, its elimination in Western Europe cannot be envisaged without concomitant improvements in its control in high-incidence, resource-poor countries.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secular trends in New York City hospital discharge diagnoses of congenital syphilis and cocaine dependence, 1982-88.

The ecologic relationship between the incidence of reactive serologic tests for syphilis among 2,229 newborns and diagnoses that included cocaine dependence among 17,219 hospitalized women ages 15-44 in New York City was investigated. Citywide, race-specific and zip code-specific annual rates were computed. The residential zip codes were grouped into quartiles by cumulative level of diagnoses that included cocaine dependence, and citywide and race-specific annual rates of congenital syphilis were computed in each quartile. From 1982 to 1988, the citywide rate of congenital syphilis for all races increased from 1.2 to 5.8 per 1,000 live births, while rates of cocaine dependence discharges increased from 23.3 to 423.3 per 100,000 women of all races during the same period. For African American infants, citywide rates of congenital syphilis increased from 1.8 to 10.6 per 1,000 live births. In quartile-specific analyses of African American women and newborns, rates of congenital syphilis increased from 1.9 to 14.6 in the highest cocaine-exposure quartile; from 2.1 to 12.4 in the third; from 1.5 to 7.6 in the second; and, from 1.6 to 2.8 in the lowest cocaine-exposure quartile. This study provides support for the hypothesis that cocaine dependence in women may be associated with congenital syphilis infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Secular changes in treatment in a school dental service.

The caries decline has affected child dental treatment in many countries. There has been a change towards fewer extractions and pulpotomies in deciduous teeth, and restorative techniques and restorations in deciduous and permanent teeth have become less complex. New materials, particularly glass ionomer cements (GIC), have found acceptance. The School Dental Service (SDS) in Western Australia (WA), one of the world's largest dental care organisations, holds good data on children's dental health and on the types of treatment provided since 1980. This paper reports these data. Oral health is recorded as caries experience on a random sample of patients. Treatment provided is recorded by operators after each patient visit and collated monthly. About 240,000 children (> 90 per cent of those eligible) and currently enrolled in the SDS and the clinical staffing is about 150-160 dental therapists and 27 dentists. Caries experience has fallen in all age groups in recent years, except that in 1992 and 1993 dmft rose slightly in six-year-old children. All types of operative treatment are used less frequently now than in 1980. In deciduous teeth restorations, GIC dominates but amalgam remains the most widely chosen material in permanent teeth. The use of fissure sealants (using GIC) peaked in 1988 and, as a result of management decisions, has declined since then. The decline in the need for dental treatment has reduced costs and enabled the SDS to offer care to an expanding group of children in WA. The results achieved by the SDS in WA demonstrate that a service based primarily on dental auxiliaries is viable and efficient.

Adolescent↗