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PubMed1977

[Diphtheria epidemic in eastern Switzerland in 1974].

A diphtheria epidemic in the eastern part of Switzerland in 1974 and the measures which were taken for its management and eradication are described. In particular it is pointed out that at present diphtheria displays atypical clinical symptoms in Europe, a fact that renders the diagnosis very difficult in many cases. Therefore, it is important to perform a throat swab in every patient with suspected diphtheria; it is also necessary to explicitly require a search for C. diphtheriae. The early recognition and early treatment of diphtheria with penicillin or erythromycin is of the utmost importance in order to avoid neurological and cardiac complications. With regard to the management and eradication of a diphtheria epidemic, the most important measures are rapid antibiotic protection of all contacts and a widespread immunization of the population. Vaccination of adults with a DiTe vaccine containing a reduced amount of Di-toxoid is recommanded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[New aspects of the part of the vector played by Ixodes ricinus L. in Switzerland. Preliminary note (author's transl)].

The authors, after having recalled their recent work on Ixodes ricinus ecology, give the new results about the part played by this species in the transmission of different infectious agents in Switzerland. I. ricinus was already known to be the most important vector of the tick borne encephalitis virus, and of protozoans of the Babesia genus. In this article, we describe the existence in the hemolymphe of different I. ricinus populations, of a rickettsia species related to the RMST group (Rocky-Mountain Spotted Fever), of a trypanosome, which is close to T. theileri, and of an infectious larval form (L3) of Dipetalonema rugosicauda. An outline is suggested with the object of illustrating the functioning of a natural foci of tick encephalitis. The biological significance of the unusual presence of trypanosomes and of larval filariae in ticks is also discussed. The authors underline the fact that rickettsia, trypanosomes and filarial forms are observed for the first time in Swiss I. ricinus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Causes of tooth loss in Switzerland. Results of an inquiry of private dental practitioners].

The reasons for tooth loss in different age groups were analysed. The data were compiled from questionnaires sent to 99 private dental practices chosen at random in Switzerland. Caries was the most common reason given for tooth extraction in younger age groups. After 40 years of age, however, the number of teeth extracted because of periodontal disease was higher than the number removed for any other reason.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis) in Switzerland. Clinical course and morphological findings in a case following long-term therapy].

The clinical course and morphological findings are reported of visceral paracoccidioidomycosis or South American blastomycosis with lung involvement in a 47-year-old male after specific antimycotic treatment for 11 years. The patient had been infected during a stay in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1950 to 1954. The diagnosis was established in 1959 after his return to St. Gall, Switzerland, in tissue from buccal mucosa and cervical lymph node biopsy and in fungus cultures. The patient was treated with Fungizone (amphotericin B) and with the sulfonamide Fanasil. He died in 1970 from acute right heart failure. Autopsy revealed multiple encapsulated mycotic foci in both lungs, together with healed foci and pulmonary fibrosis. Histological examination showed a large amount of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the mycotic foci, but cultural proof was no longer possible. In the buccal mucosa and lymph nodes, only fungus-free scars were observed. There are only a few effective antimycotic agents. With a thorough knowledge of their side effects and dosage modalities, it is possible to achieve highly satisfactory results.

Brazil↗
PubMed1979

[Inquiry of the Swiss Cardiology Society on long-term pacemakers in Switzerland in 1976 and 1977].

The Swiss Society of Cardiology has conducted a national inquiry into the state of pacing in Switzerland for the years 1976 and 1977. With a total of 1250 pacemakers implanted each year and a rate of first implantation of 146 per year and per million inhabitants, this study illustrates the methods of Swiss cardiologists and the problems which they meet in the field. It is generally agreed, as in other countries, that stimulation of the right ventricle by endocavitary approach with demand pacemakers generated by lithium batteries appears to be excellent for the moment. Pacemakers which can be programmed were not in widespread use during the period of this study. The incidence of various complications is considered.

Electrodes↗
PubMed1979

Ixodes ricinus: vector of a hitherto undescribed spotted fever group agent in Switzerland.

A tick/rickettsial survey in various parts of Switzerland revealed the presence of a new, hitherto undescribed spotted fever group rickettsia ("Swiss agent") in up to 11.7% of I. ricinus collected off vegetation. Infection in ticks was found to be generalized with rickettsiae developing intracellularly and occasionally also intranuclearly. As a result of massive growth in ovarial tissues, including the germinative cells, the rate of transovarial and filial infection was 100%. The "Swiss agent" appears to be nonpathogenic for guinea pigs, domestic rabbits, and Swiss mice, but in male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) it produces a microscopically detectable infection in the tunica vaginalis. The rickettsia grows well in tissue culture systems including chick embryo fibroblast, Vero, and vole tissue cells, when inoculated via yolk sac into 5-day-old hens' eggs, it kills 100% of the embryos after 5 to 7 days. Antigenic relatedness of the "Swiss agent" to rickettsiae of the spotted fever group was indicated by indirect and direct fluorescent antibody staining. Preliminary serologic typing by microimmunofluorescence and by microagglutination indicated that the "Swiss agent" differs from all prototype strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae studied so far.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Normogram study of the health of male industrial workers in northern Switzerland. Part 3: present medical care - frequency].

A study has been conducted to obtain representative data on the health of industrial workers in northern Switzerland. 1260 men from 44 plants were covered. At the time of the study 21.3% were under treatment by a doctor. From all these patients 14.4% were suffering from heart diseases, 12.6% from articular rheumatism and muscle diseases, 10.3% from neurological and 9% from dermatological diseases. Of subjects aged 43--65, 1.7 times more were under treatment by a doctor than subjects aged 20--42.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Mortality trends in Switzerland 1951-1977. Principal categories of the causes of death].

Analysis of age-standardized death rates for the main categories of deaths, over the period 1951--1977, shows a three-quarter fall in mortality from infectious diseases, a reduction of mortality from cardiovascular disease more accentuated in women (-46%) than in men (-23%) and a decrease in mortality from tumors in women only (-21%). Suicide rates slightly increased and mortality from accidents started to decrease in 1971, more markedly in men than in women. As regards the last category including all other causes of deaths, a decline in mortality of approximately a half in both sexes was observed. Calculation of the potential years of life lost between ages 1 and 70 (PYLL) reveals that in men, for the year 1977, 25% were due to accidents, 23% to tumours and 22% to cardiovascular diseases, whereas in women tumours came first (36%) and preceded cardiovascular disease (17%). Analysis of PYLL by individual cause of death shows, in decreasing order of importance, for men: motor accidents, suicide, ischaemic heart disease, other accidents, cancer of lung, cerebrovascular disease and cirrhosis of liver, and for women: suicide, breast cancer, motor accidents, other accidents, cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease and uterine cancer. Finally, life expectancy at birth increased, over the period 1951--1977, from 66.4 to 71.8 years in men and from 71.0 to 78.4 years in women, which ranks Switzerland third among the 10 industrialized countries studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[The influence of the geographic, demographic and socio-economic factors on the mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Switzerland (author's transl)].

The age-standardized mortality rate of Swiss men from ischaemic heart disease (ICD 8th revision, codes 410-414) can be placed between the higher mortality rate of the Federal Republic of Germany and the lower one of France. A geographical gradient is also found within Switzerland: the German speaking areas register higher rates than the French speaking areas, and this difference is more pronounced for comparisons of large cities than for rural locations. These mortality rates are not biased by the other diseases of the heart (ICD codes 420-429). In addition to this geographical gradient, the socio-economic classes, marital status and the number of children are the best demographic and social indicators to discriminate in multivariate form the deaths from ischaemic heart disease among all deaths of men aged 45 to 64 years: the relative risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease is higher among men in non-manual professions (especially in non-independent situations) and among married men with two or none children. The results confirm the importance of the psycho-socio-cultural factors in the etiology of ischaemic heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

House dust mites in Switzerland. III. Allergenic properties of the mites.

The allergenic properties of the nine mite species prevalent in the house dust of northwestern Switzerland (Basel and surroundings) were studies. For the preparation of mite extracts, the average weight of each species was first determined and then the number per culture glass counted. Thus the extracts were prepared according to the weight of the mites. They were tested on 115 patients with ashma and/or rhinitis. Tests with patients own house dust and with a human dander/yeast mixture, which served as culture medium for the mites, were carried out simultaneously. Test results were either positive or negative for all substances in 93 patients (80 per cent). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei caused the most frequent and most severe reactions. The species Glycyphagus destructor, G. privatus, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Gohieria fusca, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Acarus siro seem to play a less important role, if any, in house dust allergies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[1st cured case of bovine herpes mamillitis in Switzerland].

The first outbreak of bovine herpes mamillitis in Switzerland has been observed and diagnosed in autumn 1983. Bovid herpesvirus type 2 (BHV-2) could be isolated from lesions of the cows' teats and was characterized by its morphology and by serological methods. Serological examinations of all the animals of the affected herd did not reveal conclusive data relating to time and source of the primary infection. Questions concerning epidemiology, especially in view of latency, therapeutic and prophylactic possibilities are discussed.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1982

[Acquired immunologic deficiency syndrome, opportunistic infections and homosexuality. Presentation of 3 cases studied in Switzerland].

Three cases of multiple opportunistic infections in previously healthy homosexual males were observed in 3 different University Hospitals in Switzerland. Two of the patients died. Infections were multiple, with P. carinii pneumonia (3 cases), chronic mucocutaneous ulcers probably due to Herpes simplex virus (2 cases), mucosal candidiasis (2 cases) and disseminated infections due to cytomegalovirus (1 case) and Mycobacterium avium (1 case). All patients had depressed cellular immunity with marked lymphopenia. These cases are similar to those recently observed in the United States, but two of the patients had never been to the USA although both had vacationed in Haïti where the syndrome has been described. These patients illustrate that this new syndrome should also be suspected outside the USA when a patient (especially a male homosexual) presents with persistent fever of unknown origin and develops opportunistic infections without obvious underlying disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[SUVA (Swiss Accident Insurance Fund) and silicosis. Silicosis in Switzerland. Development of technological dust control].

In Switzerland the technical measures against quartz dust started in 1948 when wet drilling was compulsoryly introduced, initially in underground mining. The miners using the first wet drilling machines had serious problems with water, and only with the introduction of carriage drilling machines in 1963 did the method fully break through. Dust caused by blasting operations and by loading of the resultant material was limited by ventilation and sprinkling of water. In 1966 the first full-face cutting machines were used, and it was necessary to install a dust chamber behind the drill from which dust could be taken to a dust arrester. The problem of dust limitation when using boom cutters at sectional areas of more than 20 sq. meters without a pilot tunnel has not been resolved. Since 1970, dust in quarries and stone-cutter workshops has been successfully combated by the use of exhaust pumps in combination with filters. The use of quartz sand to clean metal pieces (sandblast) was forbidden in 1960. Today, materials of the same value, but quartz-free, are available. In foundries, dust production can be limited by continuous automation and installation of exhaust pumps in moulding units. For more than 30 years now the technical equipment has been available for successful prevention of quartz dust emissions. However, at some plants it is still difficult to persuade the personnel to use the protective equipment.

Dust↗
PubMed1983

[Pneumoconiosis research in Switzerland in the past and today].

The history of pneumoconiosis research in Switzerland from the 16th century to the present day is briefly summarized. The concerns and aims of a silicosis research group founded at the end of World War II by faculty members of Zurich University, Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ) and by the SUVA (Swiss national accident insurance) are presented. The salient results of interdisciplinary research on the pathogenicity of particle size and fibrogenicity of various mineral and non-mineral dusts are discussed, and related questions of cancer epidemiology are considered.

Asbestosis↗
PubMed1984

[Cadaveric kidney transplantation and HLA typing in Switzerland 1977-1981. Combined analysis of Swisstransplant and EDTA Registry].

Graft survival for cadaveric kidneys transplanted in Switzerland between 1977 and 1981 was analysed according to HLA matching grade. Most if not all recipients had received blood transfusions before grafting. One year survival for first cadaveric grafts averaged 72 +/- 4% and differed little between groups of transplants with widely varying tissue matching grades both at the HLA A/B as well as DR loci. Hyperimmunized recipients with cytotoxic antibodies to over 50% of a random blood donor panel had equally satisfactory graft survival, particularly when matched according to Swisstransplant kidney exchange rules (2 or more HLA A/B identities, 1 or no HLA A/B mismatch). The 81 second cadaveric grafts had a 1-year survival of 60 +/- 8%. Swisstransplant policy, of restricting organ exchange between centres to kidneys for hyperimmunized recipients, appears to have saved time and resources without jeopardizing transplant results.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1978

[The re-emergence of human rabies in Switzerland. A case history].

The circumstances, clinical symptoms, and outcome of a case of human rabies are reported. The disease was conveyed by a housecat. Since the report gave no cause for concern, antirabies vaccination was not considered to be necessary. After a delay of 157 days prodromi appeared and the patient was finally hospitalized 3 days later displaying signs of the encephalitic stage. After 2 days, the patient went into the paralytic stage; death occurred 3 days later due to refractory circulatory and respiratory failure. In endemic rabies areas such as Switzerland, human rabies may, as demonstrated by our case report, always sporadically occur. Rabies should be considered in cases of encephalitis or encephalitis-like syndromes.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[AIDS in Switzerland].

Around 4000 cases of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) have been recorded worldwide. In Switzerland 18 cases has been reported to the Federal Office of Public Health up to February 1, 1984, of whom 15 were men and 3 women. Up to now 16 of the patients have died. 9 of the people involved were homosexuals and 6 Africans, but none of them was a haemophiliac or drug addict. Four patients were not in a definable risk group. Most of the AIDS patients had stayed in the USA, Haiti or equatorial Africa before falling ill. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was found in 9 of 13 Swiss patients, and Kaposi sarcoma in 5 homosexuals and three African patients. The T-helper/T-suppressor ratio proved to be pathologically reduced in all patients in whom this investigation was carried out.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗