Drug-induced stuttering.
(1) Remember that some drugs can cause stuttering, even if this side effect appears to be rare.
Central Nervous System Agents↗
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[Is stuttering a functional dystonia?].
For some years the dystonias have been the subject of major studies and, as far as the generalised dystonias are concerned, of major therapeutic advances. The opposite is true of the so-called focal or functional dystonias, which include conditions such as Meige's syndrome, spasmodic torticollis, writer's cramp, dystonias using instruments especially in musicians, and spasmodic dysphonia. For the last group, the term functional dysphonia would seems to us to be more appropriate. It would appear that what is involved is a disorder not of a muscle group, but rather of a function. Consequently stuttering can, in our opinion, be legitimately considered as a dystonia affecting the articulation of speech, within the global context of a new neurological grouping which could be called 'dysfunctional neurology'.
Articulation Disorders↗
[Some considerations on stuttering].
Stuttering implements communication with interference through challenges other than sharing information, messages and emotion. This dramatic behaviour implies a phobic origin. The therapist must reproduce the symptom in its overall economy. Attentive listening, reassurance and non-submission of the esteem to the performance of expression should lead to a veritable reassessment of the challenges of expression.
Behavior Therapy↗
Dental management considerations in children who stutter.
Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders of childhood. It is characterized by involuntary pauses, reiteration and prolongation of sounds and syllables. Oral motor incoordination may make provision of dental treatment arduous. Familiarity with the verbal and nonverbal manifestations of the disorder and with the possible adverse psychosocial implications prepares the dentist best to meet the needs of this unique group of children.
Child↗
[Stuttering of the "Miror" of Andrei Tarkovski and "Passion" of Jean Luc Godard].
The "Miror" (1974) of Andrei Tarkovski and "Passion" (1982) of Jean-Luc Godard are two movies where the stuttering takes an important place. This trouble is a main subject of these two movies.
Motion Pictures↗
[Assessment of autonomous reactivity at stuttering treated in bronchodilatation therapy].
By the measurement of autonomous reactivity according to the variability of heart frequency we get a picture that describes the activity of autonomous nervous system and stuttering at bronchodilatal therapy.
Adolescent↗
[An integrated approach to the evaluation and treatment of the pre-school stutterer with speech and language problems: a case report].
This study aimed at the evaluation of the efficacy of a parent-centered intervention strategy, based on an integrated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of the pre-school stutterer. A number of psycho-linguistic, psycho-social, physiologic and fluency variables were measured before, during and after intervention. The therapy programme was individualized for and implemented with a mother and her four year old son. Results indicate a decrease in the mother's fluency-inhibiting interaction patterns, an improvement in her son's receptive and expressive language skills and an increase in speech fluency and naturalness. The extent to which this behaviour generalized to the extra-clinical situation is still undecided.
Child, Preschool↗
Tetanic syndrome questionnaire in stutterers.
Clinical symptoms of 32 stutterers--schoolchildren of 14-year average age were evaluated according to the questionnaire containing 45 complaints of tetanic syndrome. We found headache, fatigue, anxiety, paresthesias and hypothermia of limbs in 30 per cent of this group. More than 80 per cent of the patients had positive Chvostek sign and 60 per cent had positive ischemic and hyperventilation tests.
Adolescent↗
A case report of alprazolam-induced stuttering.
A case is presented in which, by a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, alprazolam was shown to produce reversible stuttering. Because this effect has been associated with tricyclic antidepressants but not benzodiazepines, the case provides further evidence for pharmacologic effects similar to tricyclic antidepressants.
Adult↗
Stuttering. The effect of treatment with D-amphetamine and a tranquilizing agent, trifluoperazine. A preliminary report on an uncontrolled study.
In an institution for the mentally retarded, an uncontrolled study was made on the effects of d-amphetamine, d-amphetamine followed by trifluoperazine, and of combined d-amphetamine and trifluoperazine on stuttering. Of 28 patients to whom d-amphetamine was given, 14 showed improvement after one month's treatment. Eight more showed improvement when trifluoperazine was given for one month to those who did not improve on d-amphetamine. In many cases, improvement was sustained at least six months after treatment was discontinued. Treatment with d-amphetamine was apparently more effective in patients with functional than with organic retardation.
Dextroamphetamine↗
Stuttering: in need of a unifying conceptual framework.
Perceptually fluent and disfluent speech reflect a continuum of coordination and can be best understood in terms of similar motor control processes. Speech movements may be considered to result from the interaction of inputs to motoneuron pools which alter the tuning of sensory-motor pathways and triggering inputs to specific muscles and muscle groups. A disorder incoordination may occur when any of these inputs is aberrantly affected by psychological, psychosocial or physiological variables. Specific phenomena associated with stuttering--adaptation, masking, whispering and voicing deviations--are interpreted in terms of these neuromotor processes. Therapeutic considerations are discussed.
Biomechanical Phenomena↗
Bethanechol in the treatment of stuttering.
A double-blind trial of bethanechol for the treatment of stuttering that used a crossover experimental design failed to find the drug superior to placebo. However, two of the patients who did respond favorably elected to continue with the medication and have remained more fluent after taking the drug for 6 months. The notion of "bethanechol responders" is advanced.
Adult↗
[Reliability of assessment of audible stuttering behavior].
The authors examine the essential aspects of the behaviour of the stutterer as perceived by the ear and discuss the reliability of the appreciation. The method of molecular analysis of speech samples of children aged from 7 to 12 years is described. The conclusion is that using this method, four out of the six categories of children examined show complete concordance and can be repeated as required; this is particularly true insofar as elongations, blockages, repetitions and interjections are concerned. However, one cannot consider as valid criteria the length of the pauses and the quality of breathing during phonation.
Child↗
[Conditions in stuttering. Results of an interdisciplinary study of 3- to 5-year-old children. Neurologic aspects].
Results recorded from neurological surveys are reported in the context of an interdisciplinary study conducted on 67 children aged three to five years at the onset of speech fluency disorders as well as investigations on 50 children of identical age and sex. The two groups (DS: disruption of speech; CG: control group) significantly differed from each other regarding family predisposition for stuttering. Sub-coordination and whole-body coordination were investigated. Both the occurrence of disorders and as the number of vegetative symptoms recorded from DS children were significantly higher than comparable values obtained from CG probands. Electroencephalographic recordings were taken only from the DS group, with 25 percent of them being interpreted as pathological. The conclusion is drawn that this study, once more, has provided evidence for the existence of somatic predisposition which, however, must not be considered identical with cerebral damage.
Autonomic Nervous System↗
[Conditions in stuttering. Results of an interdisciplinary study of 3- to 5-year-old children. Child psychiatric aspects].
An interdisciplinary study was conducted with 67 children aged three to five years at the onset of speech fluency impairment as well as with 50 controls identical to the above group by age and sex. Findings reported are on psychic conditions which were obtained by interviews with and examinations of parents and children as well as by watching children at play and by means of questionnaires. Children with disruption of speech (DS) significantly differed from children in the control group (CG) with regard to prevailing mood, affect, psychic stability, capability of concentration, sociability and timidity. These personality traits and behaviours deviating from normal with differing intensity, are interpreted as stutter-specific condition for consolidation of the disorder rather than as cause of the latter. Ways of intervention will depend on several aspects, including the specific influence of psychic components on the condition of the individual.
Arousal↗
[Disfluency disorders other than stuttering].
Fluency disorders other than stuttering, which is the major and above all most known form, can be observed and require rehabilitation. Fluency is the quality which enables speech to flow effortlessly with a comfortable delivery, pace and simple transitions. Acquired over a period of several years during childhood, fluency can be altered by numerous neurological syndromes, such as Parkinson's disease, spasmodic dysphonia, or substitution phonations such as the esophageal or tracheoesophageal voice. Their severity is variable and judged above all by the efficacy of communication. Management of the duration and spacing of language segments and their homogeneity with respect to meaning are just as important as the stability of the phonatory organs.
Language Disorders↗
Idiopathic stuttering priapism: recovery of detumescence mechanism with temporal use of antiandrogen.
We report a case of idiopathic stuttering priapism in a 56-year-old Japanese man. We treated his recurrent priapism in stepwise fashion by withdrawal of the alpha/beta-blocker he used for hypertension, administration of low doses of an antiandrogen and baclofen, and finally by increasing the dose of antiandrogen, which lowered his testosterone to the castration level and was effective in preventing priapism. After 6 months of antiandrogen treatment, his erectile function gradually recovered to the baseline level, and he had no recurrence of priapism during the following 6 months without any medication.
Baclofen↗
Stilboestrol and stuttering priapism in homozygous sickle-cell disease.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted in 11 patients with stuttering attacks of priapism and homozygous sickle-cell (SS) disease. Stilboestrol 5 mg daily was better than the placebo in preventing attacks.
Adolescent↗