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PubMed2000

Assessing spirituality in primary care practice: is there time?

Over the past decade, increased attention has centered on the connection between spirituality and health. While there is general agreement that a balance of mind, body, and soul is necessary for the maintenance of health, many providers express discomfort in spiritual assessment and caregiving, citing lack of time, education, and spiritual self-awareness as key reasons. In response to these identified barriers to spiritual caregiving, faculty at the Boston College School of Nursing Family Nurse Practitioner Program designed a faculty-student practice whose focus is to integrate spiritual care into primary care practice. This article discusses the practice model and the process of preparing nurse practitioner (NP) students to assess patient spirituality within the context of a shifting care environment. It encourages all NPs to include spiritual assessment and care in daily practice.

Education, Nursing, Graduate↗

PubMed2000

[The establishment of the "dollhouse" at Oslo hospital].

The "Dollhouse" at Oslo Hospital was established in 1778 in a municipal institution built in 1538 to serve poor people that had become struck by illness. A medical doctor cared for the insane inmates' somatic ailments and a priest for the needs of the soul. However, from the beginning of the nineteenth century the medical view came to dominate. The first Norwegian law concerning "The Treatment and Care of the Insane" was approved in 1848, co-authored by the first medical superintendent at Oslo Hospital, Herman Wedel Major, the first institutional psychiatrist in Norway. The Oslo Hospital is still in operation, now for both sexes as part of the community-run psychiatric services in Oslo.

Community Mental Health Services↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Welcome everything.

The failure of management is largely a failure to bring our whole selves to it. What parts of your self do you bring to your work? Do you bring only the management mind, only logic, only the company guidelines? Or do you bring your passions, your values, your soul, your deepest self? Do you react? Or do you respond? Letting go of what you think you know can be the first step to a creative and powerful response. Many of the tools we use in management can actually remove us from the experience and make it harder to respond. Reacting closes down options. Responding opens up possibilities and nurtures trust. This is kindness transformed into a business imperative--responsiveness.

Creativity↗

PubMed2000

Morphological phenotypes in neoplastic progression of benz(alpha)pyrene-treated breast epithelial cells.

The neoplastic conversion of a normal cell to a malignant one is a multistage process that occurs after a series of molecular alterations. Several chemical and physical agents can alter the morphology of different types of cells. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been valuable in evaluating changes that occur in the progression of transformation. MCF-10F, a spontaneously immortalized human breast epithelial cell line (Soule et al., 1990), was treated with benz(alpha)pyrene (BP) (Calaf and Russo, 1993) and then transfected with the c-Ha-ras oncogene (Calaf et al., 1995). The phenotypic changes of breast cancer progression were studied through the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Activated oncogenes have been detected in a variety of malignant tumors and the altered expression of certain genes seems to play a role in the cancer process. Carcinogen-treated and transfected cells showed a progression of changes in the morphology, anchorage independent growth, invasiveness and capability of tumor formation in the SCID mice. This in vitro cancer model can parallel the progression of breast cancer seen through molecular changes that occur and have been observed during the natural development of this disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Characteristics of spirituality, assessment, and prayer in holistic nursing.

There is a rediscovery and interest in spirituality at the outset of the third millennium. The challenge will be to harness the spiritual energy naturally available so that patients may be healed and not necessarily cured. Engaging in a patient's own healing process, nurturing a spirituality of life, learning the tools of spiritual assessment, developing ways of praying, being attentive to developing caring relationships so as to be an "Anam Cara" or soul friend, and networking with other spiritual care professionals are useful resources for the holistic nurse.

Christianity↗

PubMed1999

Melatonin in humans-where we are 40 years after its discovery.

Although the pineal gland was well known for more than 2000 years and has been documented since Galen (130-200 AD), for many centuries different theories concerning its function were presented. The organ was believed to be a sphincter (ancient Greeks), the point at which the soul preeminently controls the body (Descartes, 1596-1650), a rudimentary organ (up to the 19th century), and a gland having endocrine function. Endocrine function of the pineal was postulated already at the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century with the notion of antigonadotropic pineal influence, and the functional cooperation between the pineal and hypothalamo-hypophysial axis, but no secretory substance responsible for the gland function was known. In 1958 Lerner and coworkers succeeded in isolating from bovine pineal glands the compound termed melatonin because of its blanching effect on melanophores. This discovery constituted the milestone for further pineal research. Since then the knowledge of the structure and function of the pineal gland has tremendously increased, especially during the last two decades. However, it should be stressed that many problems in pineal research still must be solved. In this paper, the recent knowledge on the role of melatonin in humans is briefly presented.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

[Scientific ethics and frozen embryos].

BACKGROUND: Scientific Ethics is the theory and praxis of decisions. Philosophical Ethics is presented as the theory and praxis of the good. As the good differs among cultures, Philosophical Ethics is dependent on the endo-cultural good conception. The decision (included that one of adhesion or not to a world vision) depends on neuro-psychic specific factors: i) cognitive factors that include mostly the knowledge of the alternatives and their consequences and the ideological or religious conception of good in relation to the alternatives; ii) affective factors that make alternatives pleasant, unpleasant or neutral, attractive, repulsive or neutral; iii) emotional factors that associate to alternatives anger, peace or neutrality, sadness, happiness or neutrality; iv) value factors that assign importance, triviality or neutrality to alternatives, or assign them significance, irrelevancy or neutrality. There are unspecific factors such as the psychic energy, desire or others. Mixed factors such as attitude, motivation, intention and others. Scientific Ethics deals with the mind as a materio-energetic process which is different from the soul, eggs and embryos of any species are full individuals of that species, because, they have initiated a copy of their genome that specify, give autonomy and define them as individuals. For Scientific Ethics to leave frozen embryos like that for ever, to defrost and get rid of them or to use their cells for science are synonymous of killing them. To defrost them to use their cells as stem cells for somatic cell therapy or to implant them into uteri to continue their development is to maintain alive their cells, but only the implantation allows their maintenance as individuals, thus, being the only compatible with the Christian ethics. The compatibility of these alternatives with other ethics is discussed.

Cryopreservation↗

PubMed2001

Euthanasia: a denial of sense.

Is active euthanasia an expression of respect for human dignity and freedom or not? Liberal utilitarians and catholic personalists differ on this question because they use different concepts of freedom and have different attitudes to whether life has a sense beyond material utility. While the former can claim that one has no duty to go on living an unpleasant and useless life against one's will, for the latter even a materially substandard life is a chance for spiritual growth not to be discarded because human suffering is meaningful too, and not a mere senseless disutility. Patient autonomy will not, for a personalist doctor, imply a duty to fulfil the patient's wish for euthanasia, because his moral duty towards his own soul overrides all other considerations. The threshold argument, commonly appealed to by personalists against legalizing euthanasia, should not be interpreted as a factual conjecture of the worst possible scenario but rather as a principal claim according to which a state which lets citizens to be reified as means for utility is thereby already entirely immoral.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The Health Boards in New Spain. 18th and 19th Centuries].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the function of New Spain's Boards of Health, which were created in times of emergencies as in epidemic diseases or natural catastrophes. MATERIAL: Most of the information comes from primary sources, such as the rules, orders and reports of the Boards of Health. RESULTS: Whenever an epidemic disease appeared in New Spain, there were not enough physicians, hospitals or medical services to fulfill the needs of society. The response was the creation of Boards of Health that functioned as charitable groups. Their purpose was to provide food, clothing and medical support to the sick, by collecting donations and distributing them among the needed, and also by assigning physicians to specific geographical sectors within cities. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Boards of Health was useful to fight epidemics in New Spain allowing the team work not only among physicians, but also among parish priests and neighborhood to offer assistance and help to sick people as medical, welfare work and soulful support.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed2001

Bioethics for clinicians: 27. Catholic bioethics.

There is a long tradition of bioethical reasoning within the Roman Catholic faith, a tradition expressed in scripture, the writings of the Doctors of the Church, papal encyclical documents and reflections by contemporary Catholic theologians. Catholic bioethics is concerned with a broad range of issues, including social justice and the right to health care, the duty to preserve life and the limits of that duty, the ethics of human reproduction and end-of-life decisions. Fundamental to Catholic bioethics is a belief in the sanctity of life and a metaphysical conception of the person as a composite of body and soul. Although there is considerable consensus among Catholic thinkers, differences in philosophical approach have given rise to some diversity of opinion with respect to specific issues. Given the influential history of Catholic reflection on ethical matters, the number of people in Canada who profess to be Catholic, and the continuing presence of Catholic health care institutions, it is helpful for clinicians to be familiar with the central tenets of this tradition while respecting the differing perspectives of patients who identify themselves as Catholic.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Antoniana Margarita: Gómez Pereira, Francisco Lobato and the antecedents of cerebral mechanicism during the Spanish renaissance].

The year 2000 is the fifth century of the birth, in Medina del Campo (Vallodolid, Spain) of licenciado Perea (Gomez Perea or Pereira). A man of the Renaissance, he was an outstanding doctor, humanist, theologist, nominalist philosopher, naturalist and practical engineer. He developed the first modern theory of behavior, based purely on mechanicistic principles, describing his ideas in a text known by the curious title of Antoniana Margarita. The objective of this paper is to pay him homage on the fifth centenary of his birth, making a historiographic study of Gomez Perea and his works, with particular emphasis on the ideological basis and its relationship with Renaissance hydraulic engineering, collaborating with his colleague Francisco Lobato, author of one of the only two pretechnological codices of sixteenth century Spain. The book Antoniana Margarita is written in Renaissance Latin and was published in Medina del Campo in 1554. It represents the first truly modern approach to brain function which excludes the providencialist concepts of Galen involving the soul and the spirit, in vogue until then, transmitted through the Arab and Scholastic tradition. Analyzing his theory of the automatism of animals Perea made the first description ever of the reflex arc and the conditioned reflex. He also established a topographical model of the brain in which he sketched the functioning of the prefrontal cortex and neurophysiology of memory. Perea was the immediate forerunner of Neuropsychology and of the methodology and organicist thought which predominates in modern Neurobiology. He was also a visionary of the Evolution of Darwin and of modern aetiology.

Brain↗

PubMed1997

[Matter and spirit: the unconscious in Carl Gustav Carus's psychology (1779-1868)].

Carl Gustav Carus, one of the originators of a doctrine centered on the unconscious, is an interesting figure from current viewpoints. The doctrine he espoused was psychological, but in addition, the author sought foundations for his thinking in the biological knowledge of his time. The unconscious that Carus postulated was simultaneously biological, material and psychological in nature. Thus the history of psychism--the history of the soul--was related with the individual's and the species's biological history. From this perspective the unconscious was recognized as an indispensable element of rational thought. This theory, which recalls in many aspects that of C.G. Jung, made possible the medical study of psychic life and the revaluation of unconscious factors of psychism which were usually denigrated by modern anthropologists and moralists.

History, 18th Century↗

PubMed1999

A historical review on the recognition of well-being and diseases in Japanese literature: its multiplex construction.

In 1997 the Japanese government enacted a law concerning organ transplantation offered by brain-dead patients. However, there were no cases of transplantation carried out according to this law during this one year. This might be partly explained by the psychological background of the recognition of well-being, disease or death among Japanese citizens. This investigation was performed in an attempt to reveal the psychological background of matter among Japanese citizens as shown in Japanese literature from ancient to modern times. The result showed that a multiplex construction exists in the recognition of well-being, disease or death which is partly inherited by modern Japanese citizens. (1) Pre-Buddhist era: people believed that soul and spirit were immortal, and also believed in the miraculous power of language. (2) Old-Buddhist era: people believed in the power of an evil spirit or imprecation, and incantation and prayers were very common procedures to avoid such ill omens. (3) New-Buddhist era: people felt themselves drawn toward yearning for the world of Buddha, and believed in the future existence. (4) Confucianism and Buddhism era: people worshiped God and Buddha, and accepted any trouble as misfortune. (5) Modern science era: people recognize the value of rationality.

Attitude to Death↗

PubMed1999

Byzantine psychosomatic medicine (10th- 15th century).

Original elements of the psychosomatic medicine are examined by the most important byzantine physicians and medico-philosophers during the 10th -15th centuries. These topics concern the psycosomatic unity of the human personality, the psychosomatic disturbances, diseases and interactions, organic diseases, which cause psychical disorders, psychical pathological reactions, which result in somatic diseases, the psychology of the depth of the soul, the psychosomatic pathogenetic reasons of psychiatric and neurological diseases and suicide, the influence of witchcraft on psychosomatic affections, maniac and demoniac patients. The psychosomatic treatment has a holistic preventive and curative character and encloses sanitary and dietary measures, physiotherapy, curative bathing, strong purgation, pharmaceutical preparations proportional to the disease, religious disposition, psychoanalysis and psychotherapy with dialogue and the contribution of the divine factor. The late byzantine medical science contributed mainly to the progress of the psychosomatic medicine and therapeutics. The saint woman physician Hermione (1st -2nd cent.) is considered as the protectress of psychosomatic medicine.

Byzantium↗

PubMed1995

[Galen on the seat of the mind: medical experiment and philosophical tradition].

In books I-VI of his On the doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, the medical scientist and philosopher Galen of Pergamon (c. 129-210 CE) defends the platonic tripartition and trilocation of the soul against the cardiocentric theory endorsed by the Aristotelians, Stoics and many physicians. This article concentrates on Galen's anatomical experiments (vivisections) concerned with the nervous and arterial systems. These experiments are embedded in a theoretical framework derived in large part from Aristotelian theory of science. Though Galen is to some extent aware of certain theoretical problems involved in experimentation, notably that of experimental error, he remains in many respects a captive of a traditional debate, which is marked by a limited set of available options. Thus his experiments serve the purpose of confirming the platonic position, even though they are sometimes open to alternative interpretations.

Brain↗

PubMed1998

[With reference to the body anthropology: a human being].

What does a man consist of? - the query "as old as a world". Does he consist of soul and body being the separate independent entities, or is he a mixture of those elements constituting an inseparable whole? It is a question which scientists of various disciplines are still trying to answer. While belief that those two elements coexist separately was sufficient for dualists, the burden of constant search for the "liaison" between the spiritual and the corporeal lay on the monists. The intellectual change of modern and post-modern times inaugurated the change also in this respect. The anthropological controversy assumes different shapes now: man is seen monisticaly, as a whole, and new directions in seeing the world and cognition are being formed. Phenomenology as well as cultural anthropology has done a lot in this field. While studying human body it also studies a man as a whole (body - subject); human body changes as if inherently according to a biological order but it is also shaped by "history", i.e. events, society, learning, politics, culture. And in those contexts body is studied by anthropology - a new specialization emerges: anthropology of body.

Anthropology↗

PubMed1998

[The moral dimension of death and sickness in 18th century work "Los desahuciados del mundo y de la gloria" by Diego de Torres Villarroela].

Diego de Torres Villarroel (1694-1770), astrologer, mathematician, satirist and moralist is one of the most interesting representatives of the first half of the 18th century Spanish literature who combined in his works the satiric passion with popularising of scientific knowledge. His work Los desahuciados del mundo y la gloria (Doomed to the World and Eternal Life) brings almost clinical description of fifteen cases of lethal disease and clarification of their origin and development consistent with medical knowledge of the time. The exhibition of medical erudition is only a pretext for a moralising lecture in which malfunction of body is connected with the misdemeanour of soul. In the face of omnipotent death and powerlessness of medicine of those times to most of serious illnesses, the scientific description of illness becomes a starting point for pondering the fragility of human life and urging to preparation for meeting with the final matters.

Death↗

PubMed1998

[The attitude of the New Guinea natives towards illnesses].

According to the traditional views of the New Guinea natives sudden violent illnesses, epidemics, disabilities, congenital deformities, mental handicaps, accidents, violent deaths are most of the times being ascribed to actions of the supernatural forces, usually to ghosts and magic. Only the slight wounds and insufficient functions weaknesses if their physical base was evident, suicide, senile or death at war (although not always) were considered as "natural". According to the natives, breach of common law granted by the supernatural, especially of taboo is the basic cause of sickness and death. The diagnosis and treatment of the patient is carried in accordance with this concept. Quacks start with trying to establish the "actual" cause of sickness or death; often the blame is attributed to effect of destructive magic of several kinds. Especially dangerous is the so called "death spell", particularly the one connected with "poisoning" or "destruction of interior" by a witch or wizard. On the basis of established cause the quack applies treatment consisting usually of many elements. At first the actual cause is to be removed, i.e. the sick person has to undo the damage he made or ease the wrath of the supernatural and, if need be, the soul of the patient which got lost or was abducted has to be found. Sometimes the wizard who cast the spell has to be identified and made to give an antidote to the sick person. Occasionally the quack extracted the foreign body from the body of a sick person. Customarily the sick person received also the multi-component curing specimen consisting of, among others, herbs of great curing effect. The composition of those specimens, especially of antidote for "magic poisons" is kept secret.

Disease↗