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PubMed2005

Social scientific paradigms of masculinity and their implications for research and practice in men's mental health.

Clinical researchers and practitioners are increasingly aware of the need for quality theory, research, and intervention in men's mental health. Successful work in this area requires an understanding of the multitude of ways that gender, and more specifically masculinities, can be conceptualized beyond a sole focus on sex differences between men and women. Drawing from a range of social sciences in addition to psychology, the authors consider several theoretical, research, and clinical directions that can follow from social learning, psychodynamic, social constructionist, and feminist paradigms. It is concluded that thinking deeply and critically within different paradigms of masculinity is critical for progress in both research and practice.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Reflections on the first decade of the HIV/AIDS pandemic: opportunities and priorities for international behavioural research and interventions.

AIDS, a sexually transmitted disease, is unlikely to respond in the near term to either common sense or scientific innovation. Other forces are at play here that embrace the psychobiology of reproduction, addictive behaviour, and the social sciences. We must explore these matters within the historical and cultural context. We must push to the limit the science of behaviour and behaviour modification. To meet this challenge, the social and behavioural sciences and the natural sciences must form a new union in which the sum is greater than the parts. The integration of population biology into research strategies will require special attention. Planning the design and employment of interventions and the evaluation of their effects will require the use of mathematical models. Efforts to change individual and social behaviour must be tailored to the cultural circumstances of the afflicted populations. None of this will be easy. But the changing sexual behaviour among homosexual men and the increasing use of condoms by prostitutes and their customers in many societies stand as testimony to the power of public efforts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modes of analysis in qualitative research in health: critical perspective and spoken reflexions].

There is a consistent theoretical and methodological foundations on qualitative health research provided mainly by social sciences. However, this existent overlap between social and health aspects is a wide multidisciplinary field still underexplored. This article offers an overview of the main paradigms, methodologies and theoretical tendencies of qualitative research analyses within the health sciences context. Based on an initial classification, two opposite extremes for setting the bounds of the qualitative analysis continuum--from designs focusing on data description, which are purely exploratory, to those which go into theorizing processes so as to draw out interpretations and inferences--are discussed. Qualitative research is an important tool in the analysis of health problems from a social and cultural point of view. Adopting different procedures such as content and speech analysis, qualitative research approaches communication patterns and examines the diverse language ideologies. Sociological and anthropological traditions provide unique methodologies which allow to know the context where the phenomena appear and set out theoretical proposals in order to explain them, for example ethnomethodology or analytical induction. Lastly, some keys are suggested for developing a common area, out of which new epistemological perspectives may be set out based on different disciplines coming together.

Qualitative Research↗
PubMed2006

Process evaluation for community participation.

This review provides a synthesis of published public health and social science literature to determine how process evaluation has been used to examine community participation and its intermediary role in health and social change outcomes. Community participation is defined, and its relationship to other community-development principles and evaluation and research methods is described. Then, case studies and research initiatives help answer questions such as who participates and why? What are the benefits and challenges of community participation? What qualitative and quantitative methods are used in process evaluations to measure community participation? What measures are used to help define the influence of community participation in community-based interventions? A better understanding of these issues is needed to ensure that community participation is valued and used effectively to plan and implement health-promotion initiatives and evaluate their processes and outcomes.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The psyche, the immunological system and problems of health and disease].

Psychoneuroimmunology is a new tendency in the science, which integrates medicine and the social sciences. Interdisciplinary point of view on the etiology and the treatment of the many diseases fortifies the empirically holistic conception. Which is very old in medicine. The disease is the result of the collapse of the defensive mechanism in stress. The nervous, hormonal and immunological systems are integrated. The social environment and stress influence the individuals personality and cause diseases. The difficult situations, for instance: death of a close person divorce, examination, solitude etc., frequently cause immunosuppression. Psychotherapy can "wake" up the immune system.

Health Status↗
PubMed1996

[Not Available].

In studying the genesis of 'Generalplan Ost' one can elucidate the alliance of academic research and military expansion in Nazi Germany in a unique way. By 'Generalplan Ost' we understand the total German planning effort in transforming the territories of Poland, the Baltic republics and Soviet Union, which were occupied since the beginning of World War II. In this scientists were not only provided with ample opportunities for research by the National Socialist government, but the Nazi policy of occupation created the preconditions necessary for putting theoretical models into practice. this was done in complete disregard of pre-existing structures in population, settlement, society, economy, and patterns of traffic. The principal aim consisted in the total transformation of the envisaged Eastern European sphere and the implantation of a new National Socialist social order style in Eastern Europe. Scientific planning not only implied a declaration of war against the very people living in the geographic sphere covered by the plan, but presupposed the existence of war in order to put the plan into practice. In a rare mixture of social science, geography and biology, instruments of science made possible and provoked the social selection and deportation of human beings as well as attempts at 'Germanization' and 'Umvolkung'. It is a well known fact, that deportation and extermination became a brutal reality as an intrinsic ingredient of these planning efforts.

Europe↗
PubMed2001

Occupational health and social resources.

There is a relationship between the changes in work-related diseases and the following factors: the transformation of the organization of work, organizational development, as well as human and social changes in the work environment. These factors also influence the maintenance of industrial health and safety standards at work. Safety technology will continue to be important, but will be reduced in significance compared to the so-called soft factors, that is, all dimensions and parameters affecting people's health and social environment at the work place. It seems that in the future the relationship between the social resource development and work protection will become more relevant. Social resource development influences the quality of work performance and motivation, the quality of work and work protection, the likelihood of accidents and breakdowns, and the level of self-control and capacity of change. The consequences of work protection research will be discussed in this article with a focus on the contribution of social sciences.

Germany↗
PubMed2005

Religious attitudes toward prescriptions, medicines, and doctors in France.

Although the social sciences have studied the influence of social environment on individual behaviors regarding medication, very little research has been done on the variations that exist between patients in equivalent social contexts but with diverse religious backgrounds. This article presents the results of research on the correlation between patients' religious-cultural background (Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, or Muslim) and their behaviors regarding medication. It shows that the cultural origin as well as the collective history of the groups to which patients belong impacts their attitudes toward prescriptions, medicines, their own bodies, and doctors.

Attitude↗
PubMed1982

Toward a theory of patient satisfaction.

Despite the widespread concern in health care literature with patients'--or clients'--satisfaction, there has been no explicit definition of that concept nor systematic consideration of its determinants and consequences. The definition of satisfaction proposed here is derived from Fishbein and Ajzen's attitude theory and from job satisfaction research. Among the various probable determinants of a patient's satisfaction with health care are his/her attitudes and perceptions prior to experiencing that care; after reviewing relevant social science theories, we hypothesize five such social psychological variables which affect satisfaction ratings. The present attempt to define the concept patient satisfaction and to hypothesize some of its determinants can be regarded as first steps in building a theory of patient satisfaction.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Quality of life instruments in studies of menorrhagia: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The use of quality of life (QoL) instruments in menorrhagia research is increasing but there is concern that not enough emphasis is placed on patient-focus in these measurements, i.e. on issues which are of importance to patients and reflect their experiences and concerns (clinical face validity). The objective was to assess the quality of QoL instruments in studies of menorrhagia. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review of published research. Papers were identified through MEDLINE (1966-April 2000), EMBASE (1980-April 2000), Science Citation Index (1981-April 2000), Social Science Citation Index (1981-April 2000), CINAHL (1982-1999) and PsychLIT (1966-1999), and by manual searching of bibliographies of known primary and review articles. Studies were selected if they assessed women with menorrhagia for life quality, either developing QoL instruments or applying them as an outcome measure. Selected studies were assessed for quality of their QoL instruments, using a 17 items checklist including 10 items for clinical face validity (issues of relevance to patients' expectations and concerns) and 7 items for measurement properties (such as reliability, responsiveness, etc.). RESULTS: A total of 19 articles, 8 on instrument development and 11 on application, were included in the review. The generic Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF36) was used in 12/19 (63%) studies. Only two studies developed new specific QoL instruments for menorrhagia but they complied with 7/17 (41%) and 10/17 (59%) of the quality criteria. Quality assessment showed that only 7/19 (37%) studies complied with more than half the criteria for face validity whereas 17/19 (90%) studies complied with more than half of the criteria for measurement properties (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Among existing QoL instruments, there is good compliance with the quality criteria for measurement properties but not with those for clinical face validity. There is a need to develop methodologically sound disease specific QoL instruments in menorrhagia focussing both on face validity and measurement properties.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The impact on the international literature of the scientific production of Italian researchers in the disciplines "psychiatry" and "psychology". A bibliometric evaluation].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to present the results of a citation analysis concerned with the impact of Italian researchers and institutions in psychiatry and psychology upon the international scientific community. METHOD: The analysis has been performed using a database of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI): All scientific papers which were published between 1981 and 1998 in psychiatric and psychological journals included in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) were considered. The most cited Italian papers, authors and institutions are reported, as well the most frequently utilised journals. RESULTS: Publications concerned with neuropsychology, psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry were the most cited. This prevalence also affected the ranking of the most cited authors, even though, in this case, research groups in disciplines such as clinical psychology and epidemiological psychiatry appeared to be strong. The four most productive Italian Universities were characterized by the presence of both a School of Medicine and a School of Psychology. The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology were the most frequent vehicles of scientific communication. CONCLUSIONS: The results entail important implications for Italian research in psychology and psychiatry. On a general level, these analyses appear to be helpful for monitoring scientific production by granting agencies and for comparing different individual researchers. On a more specific level the analysis has identified the leading trends in research of Italian psychiatry and psychology.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1989

Analysis of behavioral durations in observational studies of social interaction.

Many social science disciplines investigate dyadic or triadic social interaction by recording the interactive behaviors as qualitative codes. This article introduces a method for analyzing and interpreting variation in the durations of coded behaviors obtained during such interactions. Using survival analysis and event history analysis as its basis, this article discusses the use of regression techniques that enable the researcher to assess how the distributions of behavioral durations depend on covariate observations. An analysis of conflicts between mothers and children illustrates the discussion, using the proportional hazards model. Behavioral and attitudinal differences among the mother-son dyad predicted variation in the durations of mothers' negative statements to their sons.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Research on public mental health in the German-speaking area].

OBJECTIVE: From the point of view of public mental health, research on mental disorders still leads a shadowy existence in the German-speaking countries. The aim of this work is to determine the state of affairs of research in this field based on the publications in scientific journals. METHOD: Including the German and international journals listed in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for the psychosocial field, a systematic search was done for the year 2003. RESULTS: The majority of public mental health research in the German-speaking countries is focused on a few institutions only. Particularly for Germany, clear-cut regional distinctions can be found. While there is a large amount of mental health care research and attitudinal research, only a small amount of the research is focused on prevention and health economics. CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates future avenues of research. There is legitimate hope that existing gaps will be overcome in the future.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1978

The experiment in medical education at the City College of New York.

Described is a program leading to the B.S. and M.D. degrees in six or seven years which integrates the physical sciences with the basic medical sciences and emphasizes the humanities and social sciences as a necessary component of the physician's education. The selection process is designed to identify young men and women who will become primary care physicians in underserved urban communities. At the end of the fourth year it was shown that the graduates were comparable with second-year medical students as measured by national examinations. It is suggested that the changes made in the premedical curriculum merit general consideration inasmuch as the course work is more pertinent to the practive of medicine and offers a sound education for other health careers for those unable to continue their medical training.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

Census based deprivation indices: their weighting and validation.

KEY ISSUES--Over one hundred years of social science research has shown that different social groups have different probabilities of suffering from multiple deprivation; yet census based deprivation indices frequently assign equal weightings to each of their component variables. This becomes highly problematic when these indices are used as the basis for allocating resources to local and health authorities. In order to ensure fairness and accuracy in resource allocation these indices should be both weighted and validated. STUDY RESULTS--Weightings are derived from the Breadline Britain in the 1990s survey to produce a census based deprivation index that estimates the percentage of poor households at electoral ward level. Examples of validation methodology are discussed and the estimate of the proportion of poor households is shown to be highly correlated with both low income and morbidity as estimated from the 1991 census. DATA SOURCES--The 1991 census local base statistics (LBS) and small area statistics (SAS) aggregated for the 8519 electoral wards of England. The Breadline Britain in the 1990s survey: a nationally representative survey of 1831 households specifically designed to measure poverty and multiple deprivation.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Research assisting nursing practice: a philosophical view].

The authors of the present article reflect on the difficulties of nursing research and its relation with its practice, which is based on the philosophy of praxis. Initially, there is a discussion on the relationship between theory and praxis from a philosophical perspective. The authors make a resumed review of nursing knowledge in the last century. Finally, they present the dialectic of interactions as a possibility of advancing beyond the territories of the dialectic of work. According to the authors, complex areas of knowledge related to health/illness/care cannot be exclusively studied by formal sciences or exclusively by biological and social sciences. They believe that a consistent epistemological project has to consider a third area that would include the dialectic of reasoning and the dialectic of representations.

Nursing Research↗
PubMed1976

The Lehigh--Medical College of Pennsylvania six-year B.A.-M.D. program.

Lehigh University and the Medical College of Pennsylvania have developed a program in which selected high school students are admitted directly to medical school. The students spend two years at the university completing the premedical basic sciences and the required humanities and social sciences for the bachelor's degree. Students may choose to extend the two-year university phase to three or four years. Science credit is given by the university for medical school courses, and the student graduates with a B.A. degree after four years and an M.D. degree after six years.

Curriculum↗